下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Public sports services in the UK，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的公共体育服务。公共体育服务就是提供体育公共产品和服务行为的总称，包括加强体育公共设施建设、发展体育公共事业，发布体育公共信息等，为丰富社会公众生活和参与社会体育活动提供社会保障和创造条件。英国作为现代体育的发源地，其公共体育服务发展伴随着公共服务管理的发展，具有独特的历史演进过程。在英国的公共体育服务建设中，有效地调整了在体育事业发展中的政府机构与民间组织的关系，实现了政策制定与政策执行的分离，从而达成了一种高效的有机组合。
After World War II, the British government's policies on sports development model basically followed the old system, that is, citizens' voluntary non-governmental non-profit organizations. The Wolfenden report - Sport in the Community - was proposed by the central government in 1960 as the number of nonprofits and participants in sports increased. In 1975, the white paper on sports and entertainment was issued, declaring that sports is a basic component of the social service system and an essential daily service for the community. Under the "welfare state" system, UK sport policy explicitly serves sport for all. The Sport Council, a semi-official body that provides sports policy, advice, reports, activities and implementation plans to the government, plays an important role. This has a lot to do with the structural framework of sports construction in the UK, that is, sports are mainly controlled by the market and sports non-profit organizations, with government actions accounting for only about 30%. To this day, the UK continues to develop sport within this framework.
On the other hand, Britain attaches great importance to the construction of physical education and starts to rebuild the overall plan of national physical education. After the sports department of the ministry of Education became an independent administrative department, Physical Training was changed to Physical Education. Physical Education, as an organic part of school Education, should realize the comprehensive functions of Physical, psychological and social Education. After Margaret thatcher came to power in 1979, professional clubs were responsible for establishing community sports programs in the context of the government's pursuit of privatization of public sector activities. However, their increasing business practices eventually resulted in the loss of community responsibility and the accountability to shareholders. In 1997, the new Labour government headed by Tony Blair carried out the comprehensive economic and social system reform in Britain with the "third way". The third path, a shorthand for a political and economic philosophy that straddle the line between traditional socialism and laissez-faire capitalism, emphasizes the building of strong civil society. In the field of sports, it is to change the government-led sports development model into one that emphasizes the autonomy of sports organizations. It is believed that the supply of public services should rely on the active participation of multiple subjects such as communities, non-governmental organizations and families, and should not be limited to the state or the private sector. The main contents include equal consultation of sports policies, mutual cooperation of sports organizations, government contract purchase of services and encouragement of volunteer services. Under this political idea, the government chose to cooperate with civil organizations, which became a strategy to realize the modernization of British sports development. In the 21st century, the British government has paid more attention to the relationship between sports and the overall development of communities, and constantly promoted the reform of public sports service policies and systems, all of which benefited from the strong support of sports policies and the mature development of public services.
The sports functional departments in Britain have an efficient management system, and the core lies in the effective separation of decision-making and implementation, as well as the effective separation of formulation and implementation. Specifically, the policy division is responsible for the formulation and planning of sport policy, while the non-government public governing bodies, such as the sport council of England and the sport council of England, are responsible for policy implementation. On the other hand, by purchasing public services through government contracts, the service functions are transferred to non-governmental organizations. The advantages of this system are as follows: first, the government's monopoly on the development of sports is reduced, and its functions are limited to the formulation and consultation of rules. Specific rights of implementation are given to non-governmental organizations, which effectively provides the development space and freedom for the field of public sports services. Secondly, by applying the principles of macroeconomics and social economics, externalizing the management process and utilizing the market mechanism to regulate sports policies, the dynamic optimization of the overall efficiency is achieved within the possible scope, and the ineffective components of pure government regulation are avoided. Finally, through the way of division of labor, the efficiency of policy making is improved. The government applies more human and material resources to the research and formulation of policies rather than the trivial implementation and implementation, which not only gives play to the unit cost advantage of division of labor, but also reasonably avoids the unclear responsibilities of both parties.
According to the basic principles of public economics, the government's direct provision of public sports services is likely to lead to inefficiency and waste. To solve this problem, the British government has adopted an indirect approach to provide public sports services. The above efficient management system provides institutional guarantee for this purpose. One obvious manifestation is the source of funds for public sports services. In public sports, the role of the British government has changed from a provider of funds to a guide of policies and an evaluator of performance, and civil organizations have become direct providers of services. Civil organizations based on public initiative can meet people's diversified sports demands, stimulate the enthusiasm and initiative of ordinary citizens, and form the social network structure of social sports governance. Through the market mechanism, the low efficiency caused by the government's direct provision of services is effectively avoided, and the volunteerism of civil organizations maintains social equity. A good balance is achieved by giving consideration to both efficiency and equity.
As a public product under the condition of market economy, value-added is also one of the characteristics of public sports service. New Labour emphasizes the significant and far-reaching role of sports as social investment, and regards the development of sports as an important social investment for social cohesion, civic identity, crime reduction and health education, etc., so as to achieve the goal of maximizing the overall social effect through the broad participation of the masses. According to statistics, this social investment has brought about a return rate of about 500 percent to the British government every year. In addition, investment in football has helped reduce juvenile crime in poor communities. In a word, the social and economic components of sports development are organically combined through social investment, so as to promote the coordinated social and economic development of the country. It can be seen from this that the development of British sports has also played a powerful role in boosting the progress of the whole country.
In the planned economy period under the "all-around government" management system in China, the government is not only the producer of residents' sports public services, but also the supervisor and controller, so the function and role of public services are actually weakened. After the reform of market economic system, the government no longer seeks to directly manage sports public service activities, but gradually guides social organizations to govern by transferring specific management and service functions to outside the government.
According to the governance theory: "the essential feature of governance and good governance is the independent management of public affairs by civil society organizations or the cooperative management with the government. Therefore, the key to China's sports reform lies in the transfer of some functions to non-governmental organizations, strengthening decision-making and supervision, and establishing a "limited" and "effective" government.
The first step is for the government to devolve executive power and reduce monopoly power. Through economic regulation and legal means to indirectly control sports, form a government, market and society in the supply of public sports services in the division of labor, complementary, competition and cooperation management mechanism, improve the efficiency and quality of public sports service supply. Secondly, establish a complete set of laws and regulations. As possible to meet the requirements of the service object at the same time, from the legal safeguard of cooperation between government, business, non-governmental organizations, the public sports service supply main body behavior effectively supervise, specification, fundamentally guarantee the fair competition between different supply main body and the effectiveness of the cooperation between each other, eventually form a diversified supply of public sports service system. Thirdly, establish and improve the overall monitoring and evaluation mechanism of sports management. With the scientific monitoring and evaluation mechanism of the process, the public sports service level can be effectively improved and timely revised and adjusted.
The object of public sports service is the key problem for the government to develop sports, that is, for whom to develop, which determines the goal and direction of the development of public sports service. As the masters of the country, the public should enjoy public sports services. Through the increase of the participation rate of sport for all, sports in Britain has been improved in health and education, youth cultivation, community development, social cohesion and other aspects, and has also reduced crime. In addition to obtaining a good sports development soil and the mass foundation, it has also promoted the coordinated development of national economy and society.
However, due to China's special national conditions and under the nationwide sports system, the development of sports focuses on competitive sports and ignores public sports services, leading to low participation in mass sports and generally low enthusiasm for sports. With the progress of China's social civilization and sustained economic development, people's demand for public sports services has undergone a great transformation, and it has become an obvious and inevitable trend that the desire for gold MEDALS in competitive competitions will be transferred to actual health and recreation. After the Beijing Olympic Games, China put forward the sports development strategy from a big sports country to a strong sports country. On the one hand, we should provide basic services to improve people's participation in sports. On the other hand, we should strengthen institutional building and civic awareness education, and encourage the public to participate in the whole process of public sports service. It is worth affirming that in recent years, faced with the pattern of dual public sports service system in urban and rural areas, China has gradually focused on narrowing the gap between regions and between urban and rural areas in public sports service, aiming at the equalization of public sports service for all.
The British government to promote the development of sports to choose cooperate with civil society organizations, not only can avoid the "government failure" and "market failure" caused the public sports service, get rid of the dilemma, fairness and efficiency is that individuals or groups of skills, interests, beliefs, and values through ngos platform to provide services to the public and community development, makes the transformation of traditional elite sports as a real mass sports. Therefore, this kind of service also plays an extremely important role in the construction of modern civil society.
The degree of social civilization and the supply of public services in a country or region depend to some extent on the number of social organizations. According to the NPO research institute of tsinghua university, sports, fitness and entertainment organizations account for 18.17 percent of the total number of over 300 social organizations in China. In the report of the 17th national congress of the communist party of China, it was proposed to achieve "effective connection and benign interaction between government administration and self-management of social organizations". Specifically, in the field of public sports service development, the development of non-profit sports organizations in Britain provides a mature example for China. By taking root at the grass-roots level, non-governmental sports organizations can not only fully mobilize social resources that the government cannot mobilize through administrative means, broaden the source channels of public sports service resources, but also effectively reduce administrative operation costs and improve the efficiency of public service supply. Therefore, the government should weaken the monopoly of public sports service and guide, support, encourage and promote the participation of civil society organizations in public sports service through various incentive measures. We should innovate the mechanism and mode of public sports service supply and play an important role in policy advocacy, social governance and public service.
The development of the contemporary British sports, is undoubtedly a great success with example, successfully juggle the fairness and efficiency, effectively adjust the plays in the development of undertakings of physical culture and sports the relationship between government agencies and ngos, realized the separation of policy making and policy implementation, to achieve a kind of efficient organic combination, and eventually help British sports enterprise out of the difficult position, to the bright road of revival. It should be reflected that the success of sports development in Britain is closely related to the development concept of adhering to mass sports and improving the opportunities and degree of participation in mass sports. Of course, the social system and national conditions of China and the UK are not completely the same, and the economic situation and the specific situation of the people are also very different. Therefore, it is not advisable to copy the reform experience of the UK completely. Therefore, China should selectively learn from the development experience of British sports in the future, break through the bottleneck of system innovation, break the shackles and limitations of thoughts, strive to improve the efficiency of the government and the development opportunities of social sports, and strive to go further on the development path of Chinese sports in the future.
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After World War II, the British government's policies on sports development model basically followed the old system, that is, citizens' voluntary non-governmental non-profit organizations. The Wolfenden report - Sport in the Community - was proposed by the central government in 1960 as the number of nonprofits and participants in sports increased. In 1975, the white paper on sports and entertainment was issued, declaring that sports is a basic component of the social service system and an essential daily service for the community. Under the "welfare state" system, UK sport policy explicitly serves sport for all. The Sport Council, a semi-official body that provides sports policy, advice, reports, activities and implementation plans to the government, plays an important role. This has a lot to do with the structural framework of sports construction in the UK, that is, sports are mainly controlled by the market and sports non-profit organizations, with government actions accounting for only about 30%. To this day, the UK continues to develop sport within this framework.
On the other hand, Britain attaches great importance to the construction of physical education and starts to rebuild the overall plan of national physical education. After the sports department of the ministry of Education became an independent administrative department, Physical Training was changed to Physical Education. Physical Education, as an organic part of school Education, should realize the comprehensive functions of Physical, psychological and social Education. After Margaret thatcher came to power in 1979, professional clubs were responsible for establishing community sports programs in the context of the government's pursuit of privatization of public sector activities. However, their increasing business practices eventually resulted in the loss of community responsibility and the accountability to shareholders. In 1997, the new Labour government headed by Tony Blair carried out the comprehensive economic and social system reform in Britain with the "third way". The third path, a shorthand for a political and economic philosophy that straddle the line between traditional socialism and laissez-faire capitalism, emphasizes the building of strong civil society. In the field of sports, it is to change the government-led sports development model into one that emphasizes the autonomy of sports organizations. It is believed that the supply of public services should rely on the active participation of multiple subjects such as communities, non-governmental organizations and families, and should not be limited to the state or the private sector. The main contents include equal consultation of sports policies, mutual cooperation of sports organizations, government contract purchase of services and encouragement of volunteer services. Under this political idea, the government chose to cooperate with civil organizations, which became a strategy to realize the modernization of British sports development. In the 21st century, the British government has paid more attention to the relationship between sports and the overall development of communities, and constantly promoted the reform of public sports service policies and systems, all of which benefited from the strong support of sports policies and the mature development of public services.
The sports functional departments in Britain have an efficient management system, and the core lies in the effective separation of decision-making and implementation, as well as the effective separation of formulation and implementation. Specifically, the policy division is responsible for the formulation and planning of sport policy, while the non-government public governing bodies, such as the sport council of England and the sport council of England, are responsible for policy implementation. On the other hand, by purchasing public services through government contracts, the service functions are transferred to non-governmental organizations. The advantages of this system are as follows: first, the government's monopoly on the development of sports is reduced, and its functions are limited to the formulation and consultation of rules. Specific rights of implementation are given to non-governmental organizations, which effectively provides the development space and freedom for the field of public sports services. Secondly, by applying the principles of macroeconomics and social economics, externalizing the management process and utilizing the market mechanism to regulate sports policies, the dynamic optimization of the overall efficiency is achieved within the possible scope, and the ineffective components of pure government regulation are avoided. Finally, through the way of division of labor, the efficiency of policy making is improved. The government applies more human and material resources to the research and formulation of policies rather than the trivial implementation and implementation, which not only gives play to the unit cost advantage of division of labor, but also reasonably avoids the unclear responsibilities of both parties.
According to the basic principles of public economics, the government's direct provision of public sports services is likely to lead to inefficiency and waste. To solve this problem, the British government has adopted an indirect approach to provide public sports services. The above efficient management system provides institutional guarantee for this purpose. One obvious manifestation is the source of funds for public sports services. In public sports, the role of the British government has changed from a provider of funds to a guide of policies and an evaluator of performance, and civil organizations have become direct providers of services. Civil organizations based on public initiative can meet people's diversified sports demands, stimulate the enthusiasm and initiative of ordinary citizens, and form the social network structure of social sports governance. Through the market mechanism, the low efficiency caused by the government's direct provision of services is effectively avoided, and the volunteerism of civil organizations maintains social equity. A good balance is achieved by giving consideration to both efficiency and equity.
As a public product under the condition of market economy, value-added is also one of the characteristics of public sports service. New Labour emphasizes the significant and far-reaching role of sports as social investment, and regards the development of sports as an important social investment for social cohesion, civic identity, crime reduction and health education, etc., so as to achieve the goal of maximizing the overall social effect through the broad participation of the masses. According to statistics, this social investment has brought about a return rate of about 500 percent to the British government every year. In addition, investment in football has helped reduce juvenile crime in poor communities. In a word, the social and economic components of sports development are organically combined through social investment, so as to promote the coordinated social and economic development of the country. It can be seen from this that the development of British sports has also played a powerful role in boosting the progress of the whole country.
In the planned economy period under the "all-around government" management system in China, the government is not only the producer of residents' sports public services, but also the supervisor and controller, so the function and role of public services are actually weakened. After the reform of market economic system, the government no longer seeks to directly manage sports public service activities, but gradually guides social organizations to govern by transferring specific management and service functions to outside the government.
According to the governance theory: "the essential feature of governance and good governance is the independent management of public affairs by civil society organizations or the cooperative management with the government. Therefore, the key to China's sports reform lies in the transfer of some functions to non-governmental organizations, strengthening decision-making and supervision, and establishing a "limited" and "effective" government.
The first step is for the government to devolve executive power and reduce monopoly power. Through economic regulation and legal means to indirectly control sports, form a government, market and society in the supply of public sports services in the division of labor, complementary, competition and cooperation management mechanism, improve the efficiency and quality of public sports service supply. Secondly, establish a complete set of laws and regulations. As possible to meet the requirements of the service object at the same time, from the legal safeguard of cooperation between government, business, non-governmental organizations, the public sports service supply main body behavior effectively supervise, specification, fundamentally guarantee the fair competition between different supply main body and the effectiveness of the cooperation between each other, eventually form a diversified supply of public sports service system. Thirdly, establish and improve the overall monitoring and evaluation mechanism of sports management. With the scientific monitoring and evaluation mechanism of the process, the public sports service level can be effectively improved and timely revised and adjusted.
The object of public sports service is the key problem for the government to develop sports, that is, for whom to develop, which determines the goal and direction of the development of public sports service. As the masters of the country, the public should enjoy public sports services. Through the increase of the participation rate of sport for all, sports in Britain has been improved in health and education, youth cultivation, community development, social cohesion and other aspects, and has also reduced crime. In addition to obtaining a good sports development soil and the mass foundation, it has also promoted the coordinated development of national economy and society.
However, due to China's special national conditions and under the nationwide sports system, the development of sports focuses on competitive sports and ignores public sports services, leading to low participation in mass sports and generally low enthusiasm for sports. With the progress of China's social civilization and sustained economic development, people's demand for public sports services has undergone a great transformation, and it has become an obvious and inevitable trend that the desire for gold MEDALS in competitive competitions will be transferred to actual health and recreation. After the Beijing Olympic Games, China put forward the sports development strategy from a big sports country to a strong sports country. On the one hand, we should provide basic services to improve people's participation in sports. On the other hand, we should strengthen institutional building and civic awareness education, and encourage the public to participate in the whole process of public sports service. It is worth affirming that in recent years, faced with the pattern of dual public sports service system in urban and rural areas, China has gradually focused on narrowing the gap between regions and between urban and rural areas in public sports service, aiming at the equalization of public sports service for all.
The British government to promote the development of sports to choose cooperate with civil society organizations, not only can avoid the "government failure" and "market failure" caused the public sports service, get rid of the dilemma, fairness and efficiency is that individuals or groups of skills, interests, beliefs, and values through ngos platform to provide services to the public and community development, makes the transformation of traditional elite sports as a real mass sports. Therefore, this kind of service also plays an extremely important role in the construction of modern civil society.
The degree of social civilization and the supply of public services in a country or region depend to some extent on the number of social organizations. According to the NPO research institute of tsinghua university, sports, fitness and entertainment organizations account for 18.17 percent of the total number of over 300 social organizations in China. In the report of the 17th national congress of the communist party of China, it was proposed to achieve "effective connection and benign interaction between government administration and self-management of social organizations". Specifically, in the field of public sports service development, the development of non-profit sports organizations in Britain provides a mature example for China. By taking root at the grass-roots level, non-governmental sports organizations can not only fully mobilize social resources that the government cannot mobilize through administrative means, broaden the source channels of public sports service resources, but also effectively reduce administrative operation costs and improve the efficiency of public service supply. Therefore, the government should weaken the monopoly of public sports service and guide, support, encourage and promote the participation of civil society organizations in public sports service through various incentive measures. We should innovate the mechanism and mode of public sports service supply and play an important role in policy advocacy, social governance and public service.
The development of the contemporary British sports, is undoubtedly a great success with example, successfully juggle the fairness and efficiency, effectively adjust the plays in the development of undertakings of physical culture and sports the relationship between government agencies and ngos, realized the separation of policy making and policy implementation, to achieve a kind of efficient organic combination, and eventually help British sports enterprise out of the difficult position, to the bright road of revival. It should be reflected that the success of sports development in Britain is closely related to the development concept of adhering to mass sports and improving the opportunities and degree of participation in mass sports. Of course, the social system and national conditions of China and the UK are not completely the same, and the economic situation and the specific situation of the people are also very different. Therefore, it is not advisable to copy the reform experience of the UK completely. Therefore, China should selectively learn from the development experience of British sports in the future, break through the bottleneck of system innovation, break the shackles and limitations of thoughts, strive to improve the efficiency of the government and the development opportunities of social sports, and strive to go further on the development path of Chinese sports in the future.
想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有essay代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。
51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。
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