非常に素晴らしい先端材料

金属材料、コーティング材料、セラミック材料などを含むがこれらに限定されない驚くべき高級材料について

Greenshine Scholarship Essay 4.28

2019年04月28日 | solar lighting
If I may be completely honest, I’m not the best at STEM subjects. I try to understand them, I really do, but I can only wrap my head around surface level topics, so when I write this out, I want everyone reading this to realize that I have no idea what I’m actually talking about. Much like the majority student population within the United States, I don’t have a future career in a major science subject; I’m currently in a university studying in both American political history and youth development. What I’m writing is what I am- a representative of younger folks who don’t understand everything that goes in to the future of environmentally sustainable technologies.

What I do know is that we are in the beginnings of a crisis. We are running low on non-renewable resources like fossil-fuels and helium, and climate change is very real because Earth’s climate is breaking pattern from the Milankovitch cycles (Which scientists analyze by the rock record), and the ocean is acidifying at a pretty fast rate due to massive carbon fumes being released by human activities in industry.

I don’t think that green energy will change- Earth needs it to change. We are in the middle of a mass-extinction, and to be realistic, it is our fault. We owe it to every other living organism on this planet to try to fix what we have done, and whatever green technologies are created soon need to be efficient and work well.

I see the human population moving in a renewable energy route, one reliant on first electricity, and then as we progress in understanding of energy, energy sources with lower environmental impact, such as wind, solar, and renewable gas sources. I think it would be great to see energy somehow come out of all the excess carbon humans are creating, but I’m not exactly sure how that would work. I was reading an article about a company called Divergent that makes a car dubbed the “Blade”, which has a 3D printed metal chassis that only has a frame where structure is needed (using as little steel as possible while designing the chassis to be extremely strong) and runs on compressed natural gas. While compressed natural gas is a nonrenewable energy source, more of it exists than oil drilled out of the ground to create gasoline for cars we commonly see on freeways. Keeping in mind that this is coming from a background that lacks a great deal of scientific knowledge, but, it seems that humans should start developing other means of running machines using other energies, whether or not the energies are renewable, before we run out of oil to run machines, cars in this case. Should we be focusing on renewable energy? Yes. Would it be smart to focus strictly on renewable energy until we have a perfect, sustainable answer? No.

That comes down to the root of the problem, energy sources, that is, and all the problems in history in terms of environmental tragedies we’ve caused can primarily be traced back. From the receding glaciers in Glacier National Park to the dropping of atomic bombs over Japan, no matter how intentional, humans involvement in energy has been affecting the Earth’s health for thousands of years. Humans have been obsessed with energy- From what charges our Apple products, to fire that provided humans light and heat in our primitive years- since we discovered what energy sources were. Energy makes our lives efficient, removing mechanical movements of our bodies and our inner energy to making machines to the work for us. Our obsession with energy is not going to change, so green technology needs to start creating more sustainable ways of making and using energy.

I think the first step is to have scientists figure how to make engines work with sustainable energy, because if they do that first, they can continue to do their research from those sustainable programs. The next 30 years will be interesting- We have a lot to battle because we’ve been unknowingly been setting up this huge problem for so long- and everyone will need to contribute in some way, but until we get there and know exactly what people with non-STEM backgrounds can do, giving everyone the opportunity to work sustainably off of products that use renewable energy is the best thing that green technology engineers and scientists could do.

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7 facts about semiconductor silicon wafer

2019年04月11日 | sputter target
1. Semiconductor, as it literally seems to be, is a solid substance whose conductivity is between insulator and most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. In other words, the conductivity of the semiconductor can be controlled by adding impurities as a specific amount of other materials to the semiconductor.

2.Most semiconductor wafers are made of silicon, which is the second-most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen and the eighth-most common element in the entire universe by mass. In addition to silicon, semiconductors also use other materials, including germanium, gallium arsenide, germanium, indium phosphide, sapphire and quartz.

3. Semiconductor wafers are available in a spread of diameters. The first semiconductor wafer made inside the US in 1960 was just 1 inch in diameter. Today, standard semiconductor wafers go up to 12 inches to 18 inches.

4. Sputtering target is an importanced material for semiconductor coating. Usually, semiconductors have the highest technical requirements and purity requirements, which are significantly higher than other applications such as flat panel displays and solar cells. Thus, the price of high quality sputtering target used for semiconductor is also the most expensive.

5. Water is the key component of manufacturing Silicon wafers. It is a compound that basically is a general solvent for all substances, silicon included. A large production facility uses up to 4.8 million of gallons of water everyday to supply Silicon wafers for manufacturing needs and supply.

6. The thickness of semiconductor wafers vary greatly. The thickness of wafer is always determined by the mechanical strength of any material used to make it. Regardless of what the semiconductor is made of, the wafer must be thick enough to support its own weight so that it does not break during processing.

7. Contamination is inevitable during the manufacture and transportation of semiconductors. Appropriate storage conditions must be in place to prevent contamination and/or degradation after shipment. Semiconductor wafers that are not vacuum sealed must be placed in a Nitrogen (N2) cabinet at a flow rate of 2 to 6 SCFH (Standard Cubic Feet per Hour).

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