非常に素晴らしい先端材料

金属材料、コーティング材料、セラミック材料などを含むがこれらに限定されない驚くべき高級材料について

Greenshine Scholarship Essay 4.28

2019年04月28日 | solar lighting
If I may be completely honest, I’m not the best at STEM subjects. I try to understand them, I really do, but I can only wrap my head around surface level topics, so when I write this out, I want everyone reading this to realize that I have no idea what I’m actually talking about. Much like the majority student population within the United States, I don’t have a future career in a major science subject; I’m currently in a university studying in both American political history and youth development. What I’m writing is what I am- a representative of younger folks who don’t understand everything that goes in to the future of environmentally sustainable technologies.

What I do know is that we are in the beginnings of a crisis. We are running low on non-renewable resources like fossil-fuels and helium, and climate change is very real because Earth’s climate is breaking pattern from the Milankovitch cycles (Which scientists analyze by the rock record), and the ocean is acidifying at a pretty fast rate due to massive carbon fumes being released by human activities in industry.

I don’t think that green energy will change- Earth needs it to change. We are in the middle of a mass-extinction, and to be realistic, it is our fault. We owe it to every other living organism on this planet to try to fix what we have done, and whatever green technologies are created soon need to be efficient and work well.

I see the human population moving in a renewable energy route, one reliant on first electricity, and then as we progress in understanding of energy, energy sources with lower environmental impact, such as wind, solar, and renewable gas sources. I think it would be great to see energy somehow come out of all the excess carbon humans are creating, but I’m not exactly sure how that would work. I was reading an article about a company called Divergent that makes a car dubbed the “Blade”, which has a 3D printed metal chassis that only has a frame where structure is needed (using as little steel as possible while designing the chassis to be extremely strong) and runs on compressed natural gas. While compressed natural gas is a nonrenewable energy source, more of it exists than oil drilled out of the ground to create gasoline for cars we commonly see on freeways. Keeping in mind that this is coming from a background that lacks a great deal of scientific knowledge, but, it seems that humans should start developing other means of running machines using other energies, whether or not the energies are renewable, before we run out of oil to run machines, cars in this case. Should we be focusing on renewable energy? Yes. Would it be smart to focus strictly on renewable energy until we have a perfect, sustainable answer? No.

That comes down to the root of the problem, energy sources, that is, and all the problems in history in terms of environmental tragedies we’ve caused can primarily be traced back. From the receding glaciers in Glacier National Park to the dropping of atomic bombs over Japan, no matter how intentional, humans involvement in energy has been affecting the Earth’s health for thousands of years. Humans have been obsessed with energy- From what charges our Apple products, to fire that provided humans light and heat in our primitive years- since we discovered what energy sources were. Energy makes our lives efficient, removing mechanical movements of our bodies and our inner energy to making machines to the work for us. Our obsession with energy is not going to change, so green technology needs to start creating more sustainable ways of making and using energy.

I think the first step is to have scientists figure how to make engines work with sustainable energy, because if they do that first, they can continue to do their research from those sustainable programs. The next 30 years will be interesting- We have a lot to battle because we’ve been unknowingly been setting up this huge problem for so long- and everyone will need to contribute in some way, but until we get there and know exactly what people with non-STEM backgrounds can do, giving everyone the opportunity to work sustainably off of products that use renewable energy is the best thing that green technology engineers and scientists could do.

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7 facts about semiconductor silicon wafer

2019年04月11日 | sputter target
1. Semiconductor, as it literally seems to be, is a solid substance whose conductivity is between insulator and most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. In other words, the conductivity of the semiconductor can be controlled by adding impurities as a specific amount of other materials to the semiconductor.

2.Most semiconductor wafers are made of silicon, which is the second-most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen and the eighth-most common element in the entire universe by mass. In addition to silicon, semiconductors also use other materials, including germanium, gallium arsenide, germanium, indium phosphide, sapphire and quartz.

3. Semiconductor wafers are available in a spread of diameters. The first semiconductor wafer made inside the US in 1960 was just 1 inch in diameter. Today, standard semiconductor wafers go up to 12 inches to 18 inches.

4. Sputtering target is an importanced material for semiconductor coating. Usually, semiconductors have the highest technical requirements and purity requirements, which are significantly higher than other applications such as flat panel displays and solar cells. Thus, the price of high quality sputtering target used for semiconductor is also the most expensive.

5. Water is the key component of manufacturing Silicon wafers. It is a compound that basically is a general solvent for all substances, silicon included. A large production facility uses up to 4.8 million of gallons of water everyday to supply Silicon wafers for manufacturing needs and supply.

6. The thickness of semiconductor wafers vary greatly. The thickness of wafer is always determined by the mechanical strength of any material used to make it. Regardless of what the semiconductor is made of, the wafer must be thick enough to support its own weight so that it does not break during processing.

7. Contamination is inevitable during the manufacture and transportation of semiconductors. Appropriate storage conditions must be in place to prevent contamination and/or degradation after shipment. Semiconductor wafers that are not vacuum sealed must be placed in a Nitrogen (N2) cabinet at a flow rate of 2 to 6 SCFH (Standard Cubic Feet per Hour).

Please visit https://www.sputtertargets.net/ for more information.

What is PVD Gold Sputtering?

2019年01月29日 | sputter target
Gold is a popular precious metal that has been used for centuries as currency, hedging and jewelry for its noble and beautiful gold color. People love the gold color. But at the same time, the price of gold is high because of its scarcity. Gold coating is a good solution to this problem.


Gold sputtering is a thin film deposition process in which gold or gold alloy is bombarded with high energy ions in a vacuum chamber, causing gold atoms or molecules to be "sputtered" into the vapor and condensed on the substrate to be coated. Sputtering is a method of PVD process, the other two of which are thermal evaporation deposition and electron beam vapor deposition.
These two methods can also be used to coat gold film: in thermal evaporation deposition, the solid gold evaporates in a low-pressure environment with resistive heating elements; and in electron beam vapor deposition, the gold is heated by an electron beam, and then condensed on the substrate to be coated. Since gold coating just deposits a thin film on the subject, it demands a small quantity of pure gold material, so its price is cheaper.



Apart from PVD gold sputtering, there are other ways for gold coatings such as gold plating and gold filling.
Gold plating is a method which deposits a thin layer of gold on the surface of another metal by chemical or electrochemical plating. The advantages of gold plating are inexpensive and easy. However, the film obtained by this method is relatively soft and less durable. What’s worse, its chemical process would cause pollution that is bad for the environment.
Gold Filling is the mechanical bonding of gold to metal under high temperature and pressure. It produces a thicker coating than PVD gold sputtering and gold plating, and thus it is usually more expensive.


The constant contact of skin or clothing may abrade the coatings, especially in watch and jewelry industry. Thus, PVD gold sputtering is preferred in these two industries because the coatings it produces are harder and more durable than that of electrolytic gold plating or gold filling. Compared to other types of gold coatings, the main advantages of PVD gold sputtering coating are their durability, retention of gloss, corrosion resistance and abrasion resistance in contact with the skin, thus extending the life of jewelry. PVD gold sputtering not only provides the exact color and brightness which evokes the general feeling of love and attraction with jewelry, but also has the advantage of being more environmentally friendly and durable than gold plating or gold filling for producing a gold coating.

Founded in 1994, Stanford Advanced Materials(SAM) is a global sputtering targets manufacturer which supplies high-quality and consistent products to meet our customers’ R&D and production needs. Please visit https://www.sputtertargets.net/ for more information.

Things You Should Know About Target Bonding

2018年11月27日 | sputter target
 Common Materials for Bonding Sputtering Targets

1. Indium bonding: indium is the commonest and most cost-effective bonding material for brittle sputtering targets. The melting point of Indium is as high as 156.6°C, and thus the operating temperature should not exceed 156 ℃.

2. Silver filled Epoxy: Silver filled epoxy has a higher melting point than that of indium. Thus Silver filled epoxy will resist higher temperature. However, its high hardness might result in the breaking of targets. additionally, the price of Silver is much higher.

 Backing Plate Materials

1. Oxygen Free Copper: Oxygen Free Copper (OFHC) is the commonest backing plate material. It has excellent electrical and thermal conductivity properties and is easy to machine.

2. Molybdenum Plate: Mo plates are usually used when copper plates aren't appropriate for the application. For instance, once a high-temperature bond is needed, Copper might oxidize or warp. At this time, the molybdenum plate is applied.


 Cleaning

1. Metal Targets: Metal targets are often polished by alcohol and asepsis materials. Pre-sputtering is suggested at the start of the method.
2. Nonmetal Targets: Nonmetal targets are often polished by non-impregnated scotch bright and asepsis materials. Pre-sputtering is suggested at the start of the method.

 Storage
1. It is not recommended to store the sputtering targets in a vacuum.
2. Don’t touch the targets with ungloved hands. Always handle targets using protective gloves.

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