中央集権の非効率性
日本は幕末に欧米との国力の差に驚き、明治維新において、徳川分権体制から天皇を中心にした中央集権制に舵を切った。これは、当時の植民地獲得競争をしている世界においては、正しい判断であったし、適切な対応であったと思う。
中央集権でピラミッド型の組織形態は、変化が緩やかで安定しており、かつ強いパワーが必要な環境下では有効であるからである。
しかしながら、現代社会は技術、社会、交流、環境等、多くの面で凄まじい変化を遂げつつあり、中央集権による統制の短所が目立つようになってきている。
その短所は次の通りである。
（１）産業政策が市場の変化に追いついて行けない
（２）業界や自治体毎に施策のニーズが異なるので対応仕切れない
（３）施策のコストパフォーマンスが低下している
一般的に管理項目が多く、各管理項目の変化が激しいときは、大組織での対応が難しくなるが、上記の短所はこの事に由来している。明治維新の時は、政府の指導により富国強兵政策が実行できたが、現代では難しくなってきたのである。
日本のGDPが余り伸びていない理由は色々あるが、中央集権のあり方が行過ぎている事も要因と考えるべきであろう。
Inefficiency of Centralization
At the end of the Edo period, Japan was surprised by the difference in national power with Europe and the United States. At the end of the Edo period, Japan was surprised by the difference in national power with Europe and the United States. Therefor, during the Meiji Restoration, the Tokugawa decentralized system was changed to a centralized system centered on the emperor. I think that this was the right decision and an appropriate response in the world of the time when the colonies were being contested. This is because a centralized, pyramid-shaped organizational form is effective in an environment where change is slow and stable, and where strong power is required.
However, modern society is undergoing tremendous changes in many aspects such as technology, society, international exchange, environment, etc., and the disadvantages of centralized control are becoming conspicuous.
Its disadvantages are as follows.
(1) Industrial policy cannot keep up with market changes
(2) Needs for measures differ for each industry and local government, so it is difficult to deal with
(3) The cost performance of measures is declining
In general, when there are many management items and the changes in each management item are drastic, it becomes difficult for a large organization to deal with it. This is the reason for the above drawbacks. At the time of the Meiji Restoration, the government was able to implement the policy of enriching the country, strengthening the military, but it has become difficult in modern times.
There are various reasons why Japan's GDP has not grown much, but one of the factors should be considered to be excessive centralization.
