イラク：アイシスが蜂起した村の民間人を処刑
戦争犯罪に関与した捕虜を訴追せよ
(New York December 27, 2016) – The Islamic State, also known as ISIS, summarily executed at least 13 people including two boys following a village uprising in October 2016, Human Rights Watch said today. The executions, which are war crimes, took place in the neighboring villages of al-Hud and al-Lazzagah, 50 kilometers south of Mosul, following local attempts to expel ISIS fighters who controlled the villages.
（ニューヨーク、2016年12月27日）－アイシスとしても知られるイスラム国が、2016年10月に発生した村民蜂起の後、少年2人を含む少なくとも13人を略式処刑した、と本日ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチ（以下HRW）は述べた。戦争犯罪となる処刑事件は、モスルの南50kmに位置するアルハドとアルラザガーという隣り合った村で、両村を支配していたアイシスを追放しよう、とする地元民による試みの後に起きた。
Iraqi security forces should appropriately investigate incidents of alleged war crimes so that those responsible, if in government custody, can be fairly prosecuted, Human Rights Watch said.
イラク治安部隊は戦争犯罪が疑われる事件を適切に捜査し、責任を負うべき者がイラク政府に抑留された場合、公正に訴追されるようすべきだ。
“ISIS responded to the village uprising by unlawfully executing people captured in the uprising and civilians who weren’t involved,” said Lama Fakih, deputy Middle East director at Human Rights Watch. “Security forces who capture ISIS fighters should properly investigate their participation in alleged war crimes like these.”
「アイシスは村民蜂起への対処として、蜂起の際に捕えた人々だけでなく関与していない民間人を、違法に処刑しました」、とHRW中東局長代理ラマ・ファキーは指摘した。「アイシス戦闘員を捕えた治安部隊は、今回のような戦争犯罪疑惑にその者たちが関与していたのか否かを、適切に捜査しなければなりません」
ISIS captured al-Hud and al-Lazzagah on June 10, 2014. Under ISIS, villagers said they lived in constant fear of punishment, including death, for activities like smoking or using a cell phone. Human Rights Watch spoke to seven residents of the villages, who said that on the morning of October 17, as Iraqi security forces were closing in, about 30 villagers in al-Lazzagah and 15 in al-Hud attacked ISIS forces to clear them from their villages, killing 19 ISIS fighters.
アイシスは2014年6月10日に、アルハドとアルラザガーを占拠した。アイシス支配下では、喫煙や携帯電話の使用といった行為に対し、死刑を含む刑罰に処されるという、日常的な恐怖の中で生活していたと村民は語っていた。HRWは村民7人に話を聞いたが、彼らによればイラク治安部隊が近付いてきた10月17日朝、アルラザガー村民約30人とアルハド村民15人が、アイシス部隊を村から駆逐しようとして攻撃、アイシス戦闘員19人を殺したのだそうだ。
One participant in the uprising, “Ahmed,” 37, an oil worker from al-Lazzagah, told Human Rights Watch that his cousin “Hussein” came to his home along with three men earlier that morning to discuss the planned attack. While Hussein went home to get a gun, Ahmed and the others walked outside. Four ISIS fighters stopped Hussein about 200 meters from Ahmed’s home and started questioning him, and then shot and wounded him. Ahmed said that he and the three others opened fire on the four fighters, killing them.
その蜂起参加者の1人でアルラザガーの石油採掘労働者である“アフメド（37歳）”はHRWに、「従兄弟の“フセイン”が当日の朝早く、他3人の男性を伴って自宅に来て、攻撃計画について話し合った」、「フセインが銃を取りに家に行った際、自分と男性3人は外を歩いていた」、「アイシス戦闘員4人が自分の家から200m程離れた所で、フセインを呼び止めて尋問を始め、その後銃で撃って負傷させた」、「自分と男性3人でアイシス戦闘員4人に発砲、全員を殺した」、と語った。
“Ammar,” 54, an oil worker from al-Lazzagah, said that four men gathered at his house that morning to discuss targeting ISIS fighters from the windows of their homes. The group left at about 11:30 a.m. As an unarmed member, “Mahmoud,” 19, walked toward his home, an ISIS fighter on the street stopped and shot him unprovoked. Ammar said he then pulled out his concealed gun and shot the fighter. Two ISIS fighters ran over to remove the fighter’s body but the villagers opened fire on them, wounding one. Ammar was later wounded in the clashes in another part of the village.
アルラザガーの石油採掘労働者である“アマル（54歳）”は、「当日の朝、自分の家に男性4人が集まり、それぞれの自宅の窓からアイシス戦闘員を狙い撃ちする計画について話し合った」、「4人は午前11時30分頃、自分の家から出て行った」、「その内の1人、武装していなかった“マフムード”が自宅に向かって歩いている際、1人のアイシス戦闘員が彼を呼び止め、一方的に彼を銃で撃った」、「自分は隠してあった銃を引き抜き、その戦闘員を撃った」、「アイシス戦闘員2人が遺体を回収しようと駆け寄ったが、村民が発砲して1人を負傷させた」、「自分は村の別の場所で起きた武力衝突で負傷した」、などと語った。
Others involved in the uprising deployed in a cluster of about 10 homes near the main road entering the villages, and fired on incoming ISIS military vehicles. ISIS fighters stormed the houses, most of which were abandoned. A female neighbor said she saw ISIS fighters execute “Faris,” 45, outside his home among the cluster of houses, after they found an Iraqi flag in his possession. He was unarmed and in their custody when they shot him, the neighbor said. Several villagers also saw ISIS fighters execute “Youssef,” another unarmed man they had taken into custody. They found his and Faris’ bodies lying outside. Two villagers involved in the uprising said that Faris and Youssef were not involved in the attack, though their execution would have been unlawful in any case.
村に入る主要道路近くにある約10軒の小集落に展開していた者たちもその蜂起に参加、村に入ってくるアイシス軍用車両に発砲した。アイシス戦闘員は、殆どが空き家だった、それらの民家を襲撃、そこに住むある女性は、所持品の中にイラク国旗があるのを見つけられた、“ファリス（45歳）”が自宅外でアイシス戦闘員に処刑されたのを目撃したと語った。彼は射殺された時、アイシスに抑留され非武装だったそうだ。何人かの村民が、やはりアイシススに抑留されていた、もう1人の非武装男性“ヨセフ”をアイシス戦闘員が処刑するのを見ている。村民たちは両人の遺体が、戸外に横たわっているのを発見したそうだ。ユセフとファリスの処刑は如何なる状況下でも違法だが、蜂起に参加した村民2人は、両人の襲撃関与を否定している。
The villagers who had fired on ISIS fighters in al-Hud that morning hid in different homes after running out of ammunition. At about 3:30 p.m. more ISIS fighters arrived in al-Hud and started searching for the attackers. Five ISIS fighters went to the home of “Hassan,” 40, a laborer, searched it and took away his brother “Karim,” 33, a former Iraqi soldier who Hassan said participated in the attacks. They also took their neighbor “Hakim.” Hassan said he watched the ISIS fighters execute both men in the middle of the street about 300 meters from his home. Their bodies remained there until the next morning because it was too dangerous to retrieve them.
当日朝にアルハドでアイシス戦闘員に発砲した村民たちは、弾薬が切れた後に別の民家に隠れた。午後3時30分頃、更に多数のアイシス戦闘員がアルハドに到着、襲撃者の捜索を開始した。労働者“ハッサン（40歳）”の自宅をアイシス戦闘員5人が家宅捜索し、弟でハッサン曰く蜂起に参加していた元イラク軍兵士 “カリム（33歳）”と隣人の“ハキム”を連行した。2人が自宅から300m程離れた通りの真ん中で処刑されたのを、ハッサンは目撃したが、余りに危険で翌朝まで遺体は回収できなかった。
At about the same time, ISIS fighters went to the home of “Sulaiman,” 44, one of the attackers, and took him and his nephew, 14, who was not involved in the attack. ISIS fighters executed both, said Hassan, who saw the bodies lying in the street.
同時刻頃アイシス戦闘員は、蜂起参加者の1人“スレイマン（44歳）”の自宅に行き、彼と襲撃に関与していなかった甥（14歳）を連行して処刑、通りに横たわる2人の遺体を見たと、前出のハッサンは語った。
Also at about 3:30 p.m., ISIS fighters stormed the home of two brothers who had been part of the attack, and killed one inside their home and the other outside on the street, two witnesses said. The witnesses found the bodies after the fighting ended.
同じく午後3時30分頃、アイシス戦闘員は襲撃に加わった兄弟2人の自宅を襲撃、1人を自宅内で、1人を道路上で殺害した、と目撃者2人が語った。その目撃者は2人の遺体を、戦闘が終わった後に発見したそうだ。
“Muhammad,” 45, a local oil worker not involved in the uprising also said that at about 3:30 p.m., he heard gunfire outside his home. He sent his family to another house, about 15 meters away, that he thought would be safer because it was a bit further from the shooting. Minutes later, three ISIS fighters dressed in black banged on his door, which he opened. Two searched the home while the other held a gun to his back. When they found no one else there, they forced him to take them to his family.
蜂起に参加していなかった地元の石油採掘労働者“ムハマド（45歳）”は、「午後3時30分頃に自宅外で銃声が聞こえたので、銃声がした所から少しでも遠い方が安全と考え、15m程離れた別の家に家族を移した」、「その数分後、黒ずくめのアイシス戦闘員が玄関を叩き、戸を開けると、内2人が家宅捜査を行い、その間、もう1人は自分の背中に銃を押し当てていた」、「そこに誰もいないのが分かると、家族の所に自分たちを案内するよう強要した」、と語った。
His wife, four daughters, and two sons were at the nearby house. Two of his friends, 54 and 40, and one of their nephews, 19, were also there, but because they were involved in the attack they had gone to the roof to hide, Muhammad said. Muhammad’s son, 13, who did not participate, hid on the roof with them because he was frightened, his family said.
妻と娘4人に息子2人が近くの家に居て、襲撃に参加した友人2人（54歳と40歳）とその甥（19歳）が屋根に隠れていた、とムハマドは語った。家族によれば、更に襲撃に参加していないがアイシスに怯えた息子（13歳）が、3人と一緒に屋根に隠れていたそうだ。
Muhammad said that the ISIS fighters found the four unarmed men on the roof. From his roof, he watched the fighters throw two grenades at the men and boy, killing one man and the nephew. The fighters then shot and killed Muhammad’s son though Muhammad heard one fighter say, “Don’t kill him, he is just a kid.” They shot the third man on the roof in his leg. He escaped and started running, but the fighters shot and killed him in the street. Muhammad said he then fled his house and hid nearby until the next morning.
アイシス戦闘員は屋根に非武装の4人がいるのを見つけ、4人に向かって2個の手榴弾を投げつけ、友人の1人とその甥を殺害したのを、モハマドは自宅屋根から目撃した。戦闘員たちはその後、モハマドの息子を射殺したが、ある戦闘員が「殺すな、まだ子どもだ」と言うのもモハマドは聞いている。屋根に居たもう1人の友人は、足を撃たれそれでも逃れて走り始めたが、通りで射殺された。モハメドは自宅から逃れ、翌朝まで近くに隠れていたそうだ。
Several other villagers who may have been participating in the hostilities and thus subject to attack were killed. Two witnesses said that a villager, 35, was in the street engaged in a firefight with ISIS fighters at about 5:00 p.m. when he was wounded in the leg. His two brothers, 30 and 32, ran out to pull him to safety. ISIS fighters shot and killed all three, and their bodies lay there until the next day, Hassan said. Four more men, all involved in the attack, were killed in fighting with ISIS fighters during the afternoon.
戦闘に参加していた可能性のある他の村民数人も、襲撃に遭い殺害されている。ある村民（35歳）は、午後5時頃に通りに居て、アイシス戦闘員との銃撃戦を行い、足を負傷した、と目撃者2人が語った。前出のハッサンによれば、その弟2人（30歳と32歳）が彼を安全な所に避難させようと走り出たが、アイシス戦闘員に全員射殺され、遺体は翌日まで放置されたそうだ。襲撃に関与した更に4人の男性が、その日午後にあったアイシス戦闘員との戦闘で殺害されている。
Iraqi Security Forces reached al-Lazzagah at 7:30 p.m., villagers said, and entered al-Hud the next morning. On the morning of October 18, Hassan and Muhammad were on the streets with many other villagers celebrating, when a sniper hit “Jasim,” 19, an unarmed civilian who was celebrating with them, killing him. It took Iraqi forces several days to clear the whole village. After that, they brought the residents’ bodies to the clinic in the town of Qayyarah, eight kilometers south, to have death certificates issued.
イラク治安部隊は、午後7時30分にアルラザガーに到着、アルハドには翌朝入ったと村民は語った。10月18日朝、ハッサンとムハマドは多くの村民と共に街頭でのお祝いに参加したが、その際に狙撃兵の発射した銃弾で、一緒に祝っていた非武装の“ジャシム（19歳）”が殺害された。イラク軍部隊は、村全体の解放にその後数日を要した。その後、彼らは犠牲者の死亡証明書を発行するため、住民の遺体を南8kmに位置する町ケイヤラに運んだ。
The laws of war permit attacks only against military objectives, including enemy fighters or weapons and ammunition. Civilians are immune from attack, except those “directly participating in the hostilities.” While that phrase has various interpretations, it includes not only people currently engaged in fighting, but also anyone directly assisting those fighting, such as by providing ammunition or spotting opposing forces.
戦争法は、敵戦闘員やその武器弾薬を含めた軍事目標に対してのみの攻撃を認めている。民間人は、“敵対行為に直接参加している”者を除き、攻撃されることはない。この規定には様々な解釈が存在するが、例外的に攻撃を認められている民間人には、現在戦闘に関与している者の他、弾薬供給や索敵などのような戦闘を直接的に補助する者も含まれる。
Common article 3 to the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, applicable to the armed conflict in Iraq, and other sources of the laws of war, prohibit the summary execution or other mistreatment of individuals in custody, including captured combatants, civilians, and incapacitated fighters. Murder and other wilful killings of those in custody are war crimes.
イラクにおける武力紛争に適用可能な1949年に成立したジュネーブ諸条約の共通第3条及びその他戦争法の規定は、捕虜・民間人・行動不能な戦闘員に対する略式処刑または虐待を禁じている。抑留している者の殺害又は意図的な殺人は、戦争犯罪に該当する。
As Iraqi forces capture more alleged fighters and others affiliated with ISIS, Iraqi criminal justice authorities should investigate in accordance with international due process standards alleged war crimes perpetrated by ISIS, up to the highest levels of responsibility. Those found criminally responsible should be appropriately prosecuted.
イラク軍部隊がアイシス戦闘員やその構成員と疑われる者を以前にも増して捕えている現在、イラク刑事司法当局はアイシスによって行われた戦争犯罪容疑を、責任を有する最も高い地位にある者まで、国際的な適正手続に沿って捜査すると共に、刑事責任があると認められる者を訴追しなければならない。
“After two years of ISIS abuses committed with complete impunity, Iraq’s government has an opportunity to bring real justice to some of its victims,” Fakih said. “Prosecutors should give particular attention to ISIS war crimes committed against people who were forced to live under its control.”
「アイシスが完全に免責されたまま人権侵害を行い続けて2年経過し、イラク政府はやっと犠牲者の一部に真の法の正義を実現する機会を得ました」、と前出のファキーは語った。「検察官は、アイシス支配下での生活を強いられた人々に行われた、アイシスによる戦争犯罪に、特別の関心を払わなければなりません」
