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UK Ministry of Defence,”The manual of the Law of the armed conflict “(Oxford Univ.Press、2004)p.420 n49〔以下Manual と略記〕
USNAVY,The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations,NWP1-14M（1996）
1900年以降の中立制度の歴史的展開について
Nussbaum Arthur,A Concise History of the Law of Nations,（,1946）pp.239-292
Karl-Heinz Ziegler,”Volkerrechts-geschite”(Verlag C・H・Beck,,1994) p.230-232,pp.255-256,pp.284-286