Speaking Situations

Speaking Situations - Low Beginning

Greetings　　挨拶

Introducing yourself

http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/pwozney/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/mrw-intro-letter.pdf
より

February 5, 2009
Dear Trevor,
Welcome to Options and Opportunities at Sackville High School. As you know, I will be teaching you Community Based Learning 10
and Career Development 10. Since we’re going to be together for half of the school day for the rest of the year, I thought it would
be good for us to get to know each other.


My full name is Paul William Wozney, but you should call me Mr. Wozney or Mr. W, although when we see each other at the
supermarket in about 10 years, feel free to call me Paul then! My name is an English interpretation of a Polish name, and a lot of
people have a hard time trying to pronounce and spell it.


The most important people in my life are my wife, Lori, to whom I’ve been married for over 9 years, my son Jonah, who is 5 years
old, my daughter Lois, who is 2 years old, and my baby girl Lila, who was born 7 days ago. My parents and my middle sister live in
Halifax, and my baby sister is married and lives and works in Summerside, PEI.


Some of the things I enjoy doing are cooking (I bake KILLER cookies), playing guitar and singing, making movies (I shot a 13 minute
long documentary a couple years ago), writing (especially letters to the editor), blogging and participating on message boards. I’m
handy with tools and enjoy building things, and I’m also a major computer geek. I think if I were deprived of internet access for a
week I might die… (No, seriously!)


You may hear me talk about sports a lot this year. I am a major football fan. I cheer for the Green Bay Packers, the Saskatchewan
Roughriders, the St. Mary’s Huskies and our very own Kingfishers. I am also a lifelong fan of the Montreal Canadiens. I don’t hate
people who cheer for the Maple Leafs, as long as they don’t talk to me about it… (I’m kidding…) I also love mixed martial arts- I
enjoy watching the UFC, and the fighters I enjoy the most are Georges St. Pierre, David Loiseau and Anderson Silva.


I used to play league hockey when I lived in Montreal, but I’ve never been able to find a league to play in since I moved back to
Halifax. I played center and left wing, and I’m an agitating defensive forward who loves the corners and taking faceoffs. I played
high school football for JL Ilsley, but I decided not to play in grade 12 because there was a lot of fighting and drama between the
players at the end of grade 11.


High school wasn’t a fun time for me. I struggled to make friends and be accepted, and I was a short, overweight kid for grade 10
and 11, and I did very well in school. A lot of people gave me a hard time for that, and for having a religious faith that mattered a
lot to me. I grew almost 6 inches between grade 11 and grade 12, and people really treated me differently after that. They were
nicer to me, but I knew it wasn’t because who I was had changed. Luckily, I had a couple of friends that meant the world, and they
are still amongst my closest friends today.


As you get to know me, you’ll find out what I’m like. One of the things that I like about myself is that I give what I do my very best
effort- in sports, they say people like me have a “non-stop motor.” That comes in handy as a teacher because I do what it takes to
help my students succeed. One of my goals this year is to find ways to build fantastic relationships with students; teaching 02 is a lot
different than other classes, and I’m looking forward to the change in dynamics with my students, and to the connections we build
together.


I know we’re doing a lot of work right now taking a look at skills, interests, learning styles and lots of other things, but most of all
I’m interested in you and helping you find a path for your life you can be excited about and find true success in. Feel free to drop
me a letter or email in response.


Once again, welcome to 02. We’re going to have an amazing time together!


Yours truly,



Mr. Wozney






Introducing people

http://www.rightattitudes.com/2007/11/03/etiquette-protocol-introducing-people/

The purpose of introducing people is to give them an opportunity to know each other. Beyond just stating names of the two parties, it is often the obligation of the person making the introduction to establish an acquaintance and help the two parties initiate a conversation.

Four Steps for Introductions
The basic protocol of introductions calls for introducing the ‘lesser-ranking’ (socially, professionally, by age or seniority) to the ‘higher-ranking’ person. Here are four steps.

Firstly, state the name of the person being introduced to. This is the ‘higher-ranking’ person.
Secondly, say “I would like to introduce” or, “please meet” or, “this is,” etc.
Thirdly, state the name of the person being introduced. This is the ‘lower-ranking’ person.
Finally, offer some details of each other, as appropriate. As I wrote in a previous blog article, add a snippet of information about a topic of common interest between the two parties. Do not elaborate. This will help them connect and pursue a conversation.
When introducing people of equal seniority or status, you may introduce any person to the other.

A Few Examples
Introduce a younger person to an older person. “Grandma, please meet Alicia and Carlos Sanchez, my neighbors.”
Introduce a relatively junior professional to a senior professional. “Ms. Director, I would like to introduce Mr. Ram Prasad Rao, the Chief Product Architect for our software division.”
Introduce an employee to a customer. “Mr. Sung, I would like to introduce our plastics engineering team. This is Mark Smith, Jessica Ramos and Liang Zhu. All three participated in last week’s teleconference regarding product definition.”
Introduce a host to a guest. “Elaine, I don’t think you have met my daughter, Archana. Archana arranged for all the food at this festival party. Archana, Elaine is my Project Manager.”
Introduce a local guest to a from-another-town guest. “Suresh, this is Debbie. Debbie is my colleague from work. Debbie, Suresh is visiting me from Ann Arbor. We shared an apartment when we went to school at the University of Michigan.”
Introduce a peer from your company to a peer from another organization. “Mellissa, I would like you to meet Subramani Iyer, our Systems Engineer. Subramani, Melissa Hoffmann is from Marketing. She is the Account Manager for Wal-Mart.”
Gender Distinction
Customarily, a number of people introduce a man to a woman out of respect, regardless of the guidelines presented above.

When introducing a man and a woman at work, consider their positions and seniorities alone. Outside of work, it may be more appropriate to introduce a man to a woman, in contradiction to the above guidelines. Only be judicious and sensitive.

Concluding Thoughts
Many people have difficulty introducing people to one another and helping establish a conversation. With some practice and a sense of social and/or professional ranking, you too can master the art of introductions.

***See other articles related to introductions, conversations, people skills, hosting, meetings, parties, professional etiquette


Identifying people, things




Classroom questions

Asking for information

Giving information

Simple sentences

Simple questions

Numbers and counting

Talking about family

Talking about favorite things

Talking about here and now

Describing People


Telling Time

Talking about past actions

Talking about the future

Talking about feelings/health

Talking about life events

Expressing likes and dislikes

Simple shopping


Contractions

Short questions and answers

Closing a conversation

Expressing thanks

Situation: At the Store

Describing a Picture

Talking about Occupations

Speaking Situations - High Beginning

Introducing others

Encouraging wordsBuying and selling

American numbers and prices

Making suggestions

Making plans for the weekend

Asking for favors

Asking for repetition

Requesting

Inviting

Offering

Talking about abilities

Expressing possibility
Talking about locations

Asking for directions

Giving directions

Asking about place/location

Talking about travel

Descriptions

Like / would like / look like / be like

Comparing things

Questions and expressions with time

Count and non-count nouns in context

Using measure words

Telephone talk

Narrating

Phrases for Conversation - Low Intermediate


Conversation starters

Rejoinders

Giving opinions

Agreeing/disagreeing

Asking for details

Asking permission

Asking for and Giving Advice

Sequencing

Speaking hypothetically


Discussing Sensitive Topics

Accepting and Refusing

Expressions for Description

Indirect Requests

Tag Questions
Phrases for Conversation - High Intermediate


Supporting opinions

Exploring options

Contrasting

Classifying

Discussion techniques

Elaborating

Clarifying

Interrupting

Giving instructions

Simple presentations

Checking for Understanding

Conceding to Make a Point

Analyzing Problems
Phrases for Conversation - Advanced


Commenting

Paraphrasing

http://www.wakhok.ac.jp/biblion/1995/JJ/section2.19.2.html
ディスプレイ名の設定のルール

http://goanimate.com/videos/05a-r4Y9WQmM

goanimate.com　調査中　　アニメがつくれる？

Google I/O Sandbox Case Study: GoAnimate


http://www.dreamnews.jp/press/0000041564/

http://d.hatena.ne.jp/nakamura001/20111118/1321639919


ディスプレイ名

全ての X サーバーは以下の形式でディスプレイ名を保持しています。

ホスト名:ディスプレイ番号.スクリーン番号

http://archive.linux.or.jp/JF/JFdocs/XWindow-User-HOWTO-4.html

設定→バージョン情報→デバイスID→デバイス名で
変更はできます。
メンドクサイですが

http://www.geocities.co.jp/SiliconValley-Bay/9285/ELISP-JA/elisp_434.html

複数ディスプレイ

1つのEmacsは複数のXディスプレイと通信できます。 Emacsは始めは1つのディスプレイ、つまり、 環境変数DISPLAYかオプション`--display' （see section `初期化オプション' in GNU Emacs マニュアル）で決まる ものを使います。 別のディスプレイに接続するには、 コマンドmake-frame-on-displayを使うか、 フレームを作るときにフレームパラメータdisplayを指定します。

Emacsは各Xサーバーを別々の端末として扱い、 それらのおのおのには選択されているフレームと ミニバッファ用ウィンドウがあります。

少数のLisp変数は端末にローカル（terminal-local）です。 つまり、各端末ごとに別々の束縛があります。 ある時点で有効な束縛は、選択されているフレームが属する端末のものです。 このような変数には、default-minibuffer-frame、 defining-kbd-macro、last-kbd-macro、 system-key-alistがあります。 これらはつねに端末にローカルであり、 バッファローカル（see section 10.10 バッファローカルな変数）や フレームローカルにはけっしてなりません。

1つのXサーバーは複数のスクリーンを扱えます。 ディスプレイ名`host:server.screen'には3つの部分があり、 最後の部分で指定したサーバーのスクリーン番号を指定します。 1つのサーバーに属する2つのスクリーンを使うと、 Emacsはそれらの名前の類似性からそれらが1つのキーボードを共有していると判断し、 それらのスクリーンを1つの端末として扱います。


コマンド: make-frame-on-display display &optional parameters
新たなフレームをディスプレイdisplay上に作成する。 他のフレームパラメータはparametersから得る。 引数displayを除けばmake-frame（see section 28.1 フレームの作成）と 同様である。

Function: x-display-list
Emacsが接続しているXディスプレイを表すリストを返す。 リストの要素は文字列であり、それぞれはディスプレイ名である。

Function: x-open-connection display &optional xrm-string
この関数はXディスプレイdisplayとの接続を開く。 当該ディスプレイ上にフレームは作らないが、 これにより当該ディスプレイと通信可能かどうか検査できる。
省略可能な引数xrm-stringがnilでなければ、 ファイル`.Xresources'で使われ書式と同じ リソース名と値を表す文字列である。 これに指定した値は、Xサーバー自体に記録されているリソースの値に優先し、 Emacsが当該ディスプレイ上に作成するすべてのフレームに適用される。 この文字列の例を以下に示す。


"*BorderWidth: 3\n*InternalBorder: 2\n"

see section 28.22 Xリソース。


Function: x-close-connection display
この関数はディスプレイdisplayとの接続を閉じる。 これを行うまえに、 まず当該ディスプレイ上に作ったフレームをすべて削除しておくこと。

用語集言語学

日英対訳言語学用語集
この用語集は、本論文集の各論文で用いられた言語学・国語学の専門用語を適宜抽出し、
『文部省学術用語集言語学編』その他の関連資料を参照して英訳を付したものを配列した
語彙集である。まず日本語を見出しとして五〇音順に配列し、次に英語を見出しとしてア
ルファベット順に配列して示すこととする。
日本語編
ア行
あいまい性 ambiguousness
ア系 a-series
アスペクト aspect
アラビア語 Arabic
異化する disassimilate
位置変化 change of location
移動行為 motion activity
意図性 intentionality
意図的 intentional
意味 meaning
意味機能 semantic function
意味対立 semantic opposition
意味地図 semantic map
意味的基準 semantic criterion
意味的基盤 semantic base
意味的近接性 semantic contiguity
意味的他動性 semantic transitivity
意味的要因 semantic factors
意味表示 semantic representation
意味変化 semantic change
意味役割 semantic role
イベント分節 event segment
違和感 sense of incongruity
因果律 causality
受身文 passive sentence

文学用語

http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/general/glossary.htmより



A

allegory (AL-eh-GOR-ee): a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor.
寓話（AL-EH-GOR-EE）：拡張メタファーとして物語。
Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre.
 寓話は（伝説、神話）、たとえ話、詩、物語、そして他のほとんどのスタイルやジャンルの形式で書かれています。

（参考・・in the form of a letter [ in letter form]　　手紙の形で）

The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings.

寓話の主な目的は、他のタイプの象徴と同様に、登場人　（背景, 環境、設定）もつ話をすることである、文字どうりの意味と比喩的な意味の両方のを持つ。


The difference between an allegory and a symbol is that an allegory is a complete narrative that conveys abstract ideas to get a point across, while a symbol is a representation of an idea or concept that can have a different meaning throughout a literary work (A Handbook to Literature).

One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.

In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world (Merriam Webster Encyclopedia of Literature).

Although Virgil literally guides Dante on his journey through the mystical inferno, he can also be seen as the reason and human wisdom that Dante has been looking for in his life.

See A Handbook to Literature, Merriam Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature.

Machella Caldwell, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke
alliteration (a-LIT-uh-RAY-shuhn):


a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds.

The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place.

For instance, in the Inferno, Dante states:

"I saw it there, but I saw nothing in it, except the rising of the boiling bubbles" (261).

The repetition of the "b" sounds represents the sounds of bubbling, or the bursting action of the boiling pitch. In addition, in Sir Phillip Sidney's Astrophel and Stella, the poet states: "Biting my truant pen, beating myself for spite" (Line 13).

This repetition of the "t" sound represents the action of the poet; one can hear and visualize his anguish as he bites the pen.


Also in Astrophel and Stella, the poet states, "Oft turning others' leaves, to see if thence would flow, / Some fresh and fruitful showers upon my sunburn'd brain" (7-8).

Again, the poet repeats the "fr" sounds to emphasize the speaker's desire for inspiration in expressing his feelings.

Poets may also use alliteration to call attention to a phrase and fix it into the reader's mind; thus, it is useful for emphasis.

Therefore, not only does alliteration provide poetry or prose with a unique sound, it can place emphasis on specific phrases and represent the action that is taking place.

See A Handbook to Literature, Literature:

An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama.

Stacey Ann Singletary, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke

allusion (a-LOO-zhuhn):
a reference in a literary work to a person, place, or thing in history or another work of literature. Allusions are often indirect or brief references to well-known characters or events. Specific examples of allusions can be found throughout Dante’s Inferno.

In a passage, Dante alludes to the Greek mythological figures, Phaethon and Icarus, to express his fear as he descends from the air into the eighth circle of hell.

He states:

I doubt if Phaethon feared more - that time
he dropped the sun-reins of his father's chariot
and burned the streak of sky we see today -
or if poor Icarus did - feeling his sides
unfeathering as the wax began to melt,
his father shouting:

"Wrong, your course is wrong" (Canto XVII: 106-111).

Allusions are often used to summarize broad, complex ideas or emotions in one quick, powerful image.

For example, to communicate the idea of self-sacrifice one may refer to Jesus, as part of Jesus' story portrays him dying on the cross in order to save mankind (Matthew 27:45-56).

In addition, to express righteousness, one might allude to Noah who "had no faults and was the only good man of his time" (Genesis 6:9-22).

Furthermore, the idea of fatherhood or patriarchial love can be well understood by alluding to Abraham, who was the ancestor of many nations (Genesis 17:3-6).

Finally, Cain is an excellent example to convey banishment, rejection, or evil, for he was cast out of his homeland by God (Genesis 4:12).

Thus, allusions serve an important function in writing in that they allow the reader to understand a difficult concept

by relating to an already familiar story.

See A Handbook to Literature, Literature:

An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama

. Stacey Ann Singletary, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke
antagonist (an-TAG-uh-nist):

a character in a story or poem who deceives, frustrates, or works again the main character, or protagonist, in some way.

The antagonist doesn’t necessarily have to be an person.

It could be death, the devil, an illness, or any challenge that prevents the main character from living “happily ever after."

In fact, the antagonist could be a character of virtue in a literary work where the protagonist represents evil.

An antagonist in the story of Genesis is the serpent.

He convinces Eve to disobey God, setting off a chain of events.

that leads to Adam and Eve being banished from paradise. In the play Othello by William Shakespeare, the antagonist is Iago.

Throughout the play, he instigates conflicts and sows distrust among the main characters, Othello and Desdemona, two lovers who have risked their livelihood in order to elope.

Iago is determined to break up their marriage due to his suspicions that Othello has taken certain liberties with his wife.

See Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia. Victoria Henderson, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke

aside (uh-SIDE): an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage.

An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking.

For example, in Othello, Iago gives several asides, informing the audience of his plans and how he will try to achieve his goals.

Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play.

See A Handbook to Literature, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, Merriam Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature. Dawn Oxendine, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke


B

ballad (BAL-uhd):

a narrative folk song.

The ballad is traced back to the Middle Ages.

Ballads were usually created by common people and passed orally due to the illiteracy of the time. Subjects for ballads include killings, feuds, important historical events, and rebellion.

For example, in the international ballad “Lord Randall,” the young man is poisoned by his sweetheart, and in “Edward,” the son commits patricide.

A common stylistic element of the ballad is repetition.

“Lord Randall” illustrates this well with the phrase at the end of each verse: “…mother, mak my bed soon, for I’m sick at the heart and I fain wad lie down.”

A Handbook to Literature notes the ballad occurs in very early literature in nearly every nation.

Therefore, in addition to being entertaining, ballads can help us to understand a given culture by showing us what values or norms that culture deemed important.

See A Handbook to Literature, Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia, Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, The Book of Ballads.

Monica Horne, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke

C

character (KARE-ec-ter):

a person who is responsible for the thoughts and actions within a story, poem, or other literature.

Characters are extremely important because they are the medium through which a reader interacts with a piece of literature.

Every character has his or her own personality, which a creative author uses to assist in forming the plot of a story or creating a mood.

The different attitudes, mannerisms, and even appearances of characters can greatly influence the other major elements in a literary work, such as theme, setting, and tone.

With this understanding of the character, a reader can become more aware of other aspects of literature, such as symbolism, giving the reader a more complete understanding of the work.

The character is one of the most important tools available to the author.

In the ballad "Edward," for instance, the character himself sets the tone of the ballad within the first stanza.

After reading the first few stanzas, one learns that Edward has murdered his father and is very distraught. His attitude changes to disgust and finally to despair when he realizes the consequences he must face for his actions.

An example of the attitudes and personalities of characters determining the theme is also seen in the book of Genesis.

The proud personality of Cain and the humble personality of Abel help create the conflict for this story. Cain and Abel were brothers, possibly twins, who displayed intense sibling rivalry. God was not pleased with Cain's offerings, but found pleasure in Abel's offerings.

Provoked by God's displeasure with him, Cain murdered his own brother out of jealousy. Victoria Henderson, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke
connotation (KAH-nuh-TAE-shun):

an association that comes along with a particular word.

Connotations relate not to a word's actual meaning, or denotation, but rather to the ideas or qualities that are implied by that word. A good example is the word "gold."

The denotation of gold is a malleable, ductile, yellow element.

The connotations, however, are the ideas associated with gold, such as greed, luxury, or avarice. Another example occurs in the Book of Genesis. Jacob says:

“Dan will be a serpent by the roadside, a viper along the path, that bites the horse’s heels so that its rider tumbles backward" (Gen 49:17).

In this passage, Dan is not literally going to become a snake. However, describing Dan as a "snake" and "viper" forces the reader to associate him with the negative qualities that are commonly associated with reptiles, such as slyness, danger, and evil.

Dan becomes like a snake, sly and dangerous to the riders.

Writers use connotation to make their writing more vivid and interesting to read. See A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. Jennifer Lance, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke

couplet (KUP-let):

a style of poetry defined as a complete thought written in two lines with rhyming ends.

The most popular of the couplets is the heroic couplet.

The heroic couplet consists of two rhyming lines of iambic pentameter usually having a pause in the middle of each line.

One of William Shakespeare’s trademarks was to end a sonnet with a couplet, as in the poem “Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day”:

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long as lives this, and this gives life to thee.

By using the couplet Shakespeare would often signal
the end of a scene in his plays as well.

An example of a scene’s end signaled by a couplet is the end of Act IV of Othello.

The scene ends with Desdemona’s lines:

Good night.

Good night. Heaven me such uses send.
Not to pick bad from bad, but by bad mend.


See A Handbook to Literature, Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia, Mirriam-Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature, Literature:

An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Monica Horne, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・
D

denotation (DEE-no-TAE-shuhn):

the exact meaning of a word, without the feelings or suggestions that the word may imply.

It is the opposite of “connotation” in that it is the “dictionary” meaning of a word, without attached feelings or associations.

Some examples of denotations are:


1. heart:

an organ that circulates blood throughout the body.

Here the word "heart" denotes the actual organ, while in another context, the word "heart" may connote feelings of love or heartache.


2. sweater: a knitted garment for the upper body.

The word "sweater" may denote pullover sweaters or cardigans, while “sweater” may also connote feelings of warmness or security.


Denotation allows the reader to know the exact meaning of a word so that he or she will better understand the work of literature.

See Literature:

An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, A Glossary of Literary Terms, A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, Webster’s Dictionary.

Shana Locklear, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke
denouement (day-noo-mon):

literally meaning the action of untying, a denouement is the final outcome of the main complication in a play or story.

Usually the climax (the turning point or "crisis") of the work has already occurred by the time the denouement occurs.

It is sometimes referred to as the explanation or outcome of a drama that reveals all the secrets and misunderstandings connected to the plot.

In the drama Othello, there is a plot to deceive Othello into believing that his wife, Desdemona, has been unfaithful to him.

As a result of this plot, Othello kills his wife out of jealousy, the climax of the play.

The denounement occurs soon after, when Emilia, who was Desdemona's mistress, proves to Othello that his wife was in fact honest, true, and faithful to him.

Emilia reveals to Othello that her husband, Iago, had plotted against Desdemona and tricked Othello into believing that she had been unfaithful.

Iago kills Emilia in front of Othello, and she dies telling Othello his wife was innocent. As a result of being mad with grief, Othello plunges a dagger into his own heart.

Understanding the denouement helps the reader to see how the final end of a story unfolds, and how the structure of stories works to affect our emotions.

See Encyclopedia of Literature, Miriam Webster.

Shelby Locklear, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke

dialogue (di-UH-log):

The conversation between characters in a drama or narrative.

on between two or more characters.

In the anonymous ballad, "Sir Patrick Spens", we are able to observe the dialogue between Sir Patrick Spens and his mirry men.

In the verses 21-24, "Mak hast, mak haste, my mirry men all, Our guid schip sails the morne:
　　　　　　　　
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・
。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。


O say na sae, my master deir, for I feir a deadline storme," dialogue can be seen. According to A Handbook of Literature, dialogue serves several functions in literature.

It moves the action along in a work and it also helps to characterize the personality of the speakers, which vary depending on their nationalities, jobs, social classes, and educations.

It also gives literature a more natural, conversational flow, which makes it more readable and enjoyable.

By showcasing human interaction, dialogue prevents literature from being nothing more than a list of descriptions and actions.

Dialogue varies in structure and tone depending on the people participating in the conversation and the mood that the author is trying to maintain in his or her writing.

See A Handbook to Literature,The American Heritage Dictionary.

Ramon Gonzalez, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke

didactic (di-DAK-tik):

refers to literature or other types of art that are instructional or informative.

In this sense The Bible is didactic because it offers guidance in moral, religious, and ethical matters.

It tells stories of the lives of people that followed Christian teachings, and stories of people that decided to go against God and the consequences that they faced.

The term "didactic" also refers to texts that are overburdened with instructive and factual information, sometimes to the detriment of a reader's enjoyment.

The opposite of "didactic" is "nondidactic."

If a writer is more concerned with artistic qualities and techniques than with conveying a message, then that piece of work is considered to be nondidactic, even if it is instructive. See Encyclopedia of Literature, Benet's Readers Encyclopedia.

Jennifer Baker, University of North Carolina at Pembroke

dramatic monologue (dra-MA-tik mon'-O-lôg):

a literary device that is used when a character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings, those that are hidden throughout the course of the story line, through a poem or a speech.


This speech, where only one character speaks, is recited while other characters are present onstage.

This monologue often comes during a climactic moment in a work and often reveals hidden truths about a character, their history and their relationships.

Also it can further develop a character's personality and also be used to create irony.

The most famous examples of this special type of monologue can be found within the poems of Robert Browning, poem such as "My Last Duchess," "The Bishop Orders his Tomb," and "Andrea Del Santo".


Browning's use of dramatic monologue has a special effect on his works. The revelations of his characters not only develop themselves, but they also create settings within the monologues with their use of vivid imagery.


In Browning's works, the characters almost seem to take control of the story line, creating a poem of their own.

Other authors whose works included dramatic monologues are Robert Frost and T.S. Elliot.


See A Reader's Companion to World Literature.

Jacob Gersh, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke


E

elegy (EL-e-je):

a type of literature defined as a song or poem, written in elegiac couplets, that expresses sorrow or lamentation, usually for one who has died.

This type of work stemmed out of a Greek work known as a "elegus," a song of mourning or lamentation that is accompanied by the flut.

Beginning in the 16th century, elegies took the form we know today.

Two famous elegies include Thomas Gray’s "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" and Walt Whitman’s "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d".


Gray’s elegy is notable in that it mourned the loss of a way of life rather than the loss of an individual.

His work, which some consider to be almost political, showed extreme discontent for strife and tyranny set upon England by Oliver Cromwell.

This work also acted as an outlet for Gray’s dissatisfaction with those poets who wrote in accordance with the thoughts and beliefs of the upper class.

In his elegy, Gray mourned for his country and mourned for its citizens. Whitman, inspired by the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, wrote his elegy in its classic form, showing sorrow for the loss of an individual.

See A Reader’s Companion to World Literature, and Dictionary of World Literature.


epigram (ep-e-gram): a short poem or verse that seeks to ridicule a thought or event, usually with witticism or sarcasm.

These literary works were very popular during the Renaissance in Europe in the late 14th century and the Neoclassical period, which began after the Restoration in 1660.

They were most commonly found in classic Latin literature, European and English literature.

In Ancient Greek, an epigram originally meant a short inscription, but its meaning was later broadened to include any very short poems.


Poems that are meditative or satiric all fall into this category.

These short poems formulated from the light verse species, which concentrated on the tone of voice and the attitude of the lyric or narrative speaker toward the subject.

With a relaxed manner, lyricists would recite poems to their subjects that were comical or whimsical.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1771-1834), an English poet, essayist and critic, constructed an epigram to show humor in Romanticism.

His thoughts, “On a Volunteer Singer”, compares and contrasts the death of swans with that of humans:

Swans sing before they die- ‘twere no bad thing
Should certain people die before they sing!
The ballad, “Lord Randall” illustrates a young man who set off to meet his one true love and ends up becoming “sick at heart” with what he finds. The young man later arrives home to his family about to die and to each family member he leaves something sentimental.


When asked what he leaves to his true love, he responds:
I leave her hell and fire…
This epigram tried to depict what happens to love gone sour.

Epigrams have been used throughout the centuries not only to criticize but also to promote improvement.


See Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (unabridged), and A Glossary of Literary Terms.

Melanie P.

Stephens, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke

F

figurative language (fig-YOOR-a-tive LAN-gwije): a type of language that varies from the norms of literal language, in which words mean exactly what they say.

Also known as the "ornaments of language," figurative language does not mean exactly what it says, but instead forces the reader to make an imaginative leap in order to comprehend an author's point.

It usually involves a comparison between two things that may not, at first, seem to relate to one another.


In a simile, for example, an author may compare a person to an animal:

"He ran like a hare down the street" is the figurative way to describe the man running and "He ran very quickly down the street" is the literal way to describe him.

Figurative language facilitates understanding because it relates something unfamiliar to something familiar.

Some popular examples of figurative language include a simile and metaphor.


See A Handbook to Literature, A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, and A Glossary of Literary Terms. Charla Cobbler, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke
flashback (flash-BAK):

“an interruption of the chronological sequence (as of a film or literary work) of an event of earlier occurrence” (Merriam, 288).

A flashback is a narrative technique that allows a writer to present past events during current events, in order to provide background for the current narration.

By giving material that occurred prior to the present event, the writer provides the reader with insight into a character's motivation and or background to a conflict.

This is done by various methods, narration, dream sequences, and memories (Holman et al, 197).


For example, in the Book of Matthew, a flashback is used when Joseph is the governor of Egypt. Upon seeing his brothers after many years, Joseph “remembered his dreams” of his brothers and how they previously sold him into slavery (NIV, 69). Another example would be the ballad of “The Cruel Mother.

” Here, a mother is remembering her murdered child.

As she is going to a church, she remembers her child born, grow, and die.

Later she thinks back to further in her past to remember how her own mother was unkind to her (Kennedy et al, 626-627).

Arthur Miller’s “Death of a Salesman” uses flashback to relate Willy Loman’s memories of the past.

At one point, Willy is talking with his dead brother while playing cards with Charley, reliving a past conversation in the present.

This shows a character that is mentally living in the present with the memories and events of the past (Roberts et al, 1232).

By understanding flashbacks, the reader is able to receive more details about the current narration by filling in the details about the past.

Melanie Stephens, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke


G

genre (ZHAHN-ruh):

a type of literature.

We say a poem, novel, story, or other literary work belongs to a particular genre if it shares at least a few conventions, or standard characteristics, with other works in that genre.

For example, works in the Gothic genre often feature supernatural elements, attempts to horrify the reader, and dark, foreboding settings, particularly very old castles or mansions.

Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Fall of the House of Usher" belongs to the Gothic genre because it takes place in a gloomy mansion that seems to exert supernatural control over a man who lives in it.


Furthermore, Poe attempts to horrify the reader by describing the man's ghastly face, the burial of his sister, eerie sounds in the house, and ultimately the reappearance of the sister's bloody body at the end of the story.


Other genres include the pastoral poem, epic poem, elegy, tragic drama, and bildungsroman.



。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。


An understanding of genre is useful because it helps us to see how an author adopts, subverts, or transcends the standard practices that other authors have developed. See A Handbook to Literature, Benet's Reader's Encyclopedia.


Mark Canada, English professor, University of North Carolina at Pembroke
Gothic (goth-IK):


a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th.

This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects.

Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre.


Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad from the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”

In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view.


This literature gave birth to many other forms, such as suspense, ghost stories, horror, mystery, and also Poe's detective stories.


Gothic literature wasn't so different from other genres in form as it was in content and its focus on the "weird" aspects of life.


This movement began to slowly open may people's eyes to the possible uses of the supernatural in literature. Jerry Taylor, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke


H

hyperbole (hi-per-bo-lee):

an extravagant exaggeration.

From the Greek for "overcasting," hyperbole is a figure of speech that is a grossly exaggerated description or statement.

In literature, such exaggeration is used for emphasis or vivid descriptions.


In drama, hyperbole is quite common, especially in heroic drama.

Hyperbole is a fundamental part of both burlesque writing and the “tall tales” from Western America.

The conscious overstatements of these tales are forms of hyperbole.

Many other examples of hyperbole can be found in the romance fiction and comedy genres. Hyperbole is even a part of our day-to-day speech:


‘You’ve grown like a bean sprout’ or ‘I’m older than the hills.’

Hyperbole is used to increase the effect of a description, whether it is metaphoric or comic. In poetry, hyperbole can emphasize or dramatize a person’s opinions or emotions.


Skilled poets use hyperbole to describe intense emotions and mental states.

Othello uses hyperbole to describe his anger at the possibility of Iago lying about his wife’s infidelity in Act III, Scene III of Shakespeare’s play Othello:


If thou dost slander her and torture me,
Never pray more;

abandon all remorse;


・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、



On horror’s head accumulate;



Do deeds to make heaven weep, all earth amazed;

For nothing canst thou to damnation add
Greater than that.


In this passage, Othello is telling Iago that if he is lying then Othello will have no pity and Iago will have no hope for salvation.


Adding horrors with still more horrors, Othello is describing his potential rage.

Othello even declares that the Earth will be confounded with horror at Othello’s actions in such a state of madness.

See A Glossary of Literary Terms , A Handbook to Literature. Andy Stamper, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke

I

irony (i-RAH-nee): a literary term referring to how a person, situation, statement, or circumstance is not as it would actually seem. Many times it is the exact opposite of what it appears to be.


There are many types of irony, the three most common being verbal irony, dramatic irony, and cosmic irony.


Verbal irony occurs when either the speaker means something totally different than what he is saying or the audience realizes, because of their knowledge of the particular situation to which the speaker is referring, that the opposite of what a character is saying is true.

Verbal irony also occurs when a character says something in jest that, in actuality, is true.



In Julius Caesar, Marc Antony’s reference to Brutus being an honorable man is an example of verbal irony.


Marc Antony notes all of the good deeds Julius Caesar did for his people while, more than once,


he asks the rhetorical question, “Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?”


Antony uses this rhetorical question to try to convince his audience that Caesar is not ambitious, presenting Brutus as a dishonorable man because of his claim that Caesar was ambitious.


Dramatic irony occurs when facts are not known to the characters in a work of literature but are known by the audience.

In The Gospel According to St.

John, the Pharisees say of Jesus, “Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?”

This is dramatic irony for the reader already knows, according to the author, that Jesus is the Savior of the world and has already done much good for the people by forgiving their sins and healing the sick and oppressed.


The Pharisees are too blinded to see what good actually has come out of Nazareth.
Cosmic irony suggests that some unknown force brings about dire and dreadful events.

Cosmi

、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、
llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll



c irony can be seen in Shakespeare’s Othello.

Iago begs his wife to steal Desdemona’s handkerchief so he can use this as conclusive proof that Cassio is having an affair with Desdemona.


At the end of the play, when Othello tells Iago’s wife about the handkerchief, she confesses that Iago put her up to stealing it.


Iago winds up being at Cassio’s mercy.
The very handkerchief Iago thought would allow him to become lieutenant and bring Cassio to ruins was the handkerchief that brought Iago to ruins and exalted Cassio even higher than his position of lieutenant.


Irony spices up a literary work by adding unexpected twists and allowing the reader to become more involved with the characters and plot.

See A Handbook to Literature, The Elements of Fiction Writing:

Characters and Viewpoint.


Robert Bean, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke

J


K

L

lyric (LEER-ick):

a lyric is a song-like poem written mainly to express the feelings of emotions or thought from a particular person, thus separating it from narrative poems.

These poems are generally short, averaging roughly twelve to thirty lines, and rarely go beyond sixty lines.


These poems express vivid imagination as well as emotion and all flow fairly concisely.


Because of this aspect, as well as their steady rhythm, they were often used in song.


In fact, most people still see a "lyric" as anything that is sung along to a musical instrument.

It is believed that the lyric began in its earliest stage in Ancient Egypt around 2600 BC in the forms of elegies, odes, or hymns generated out of religious ceremonies.


Some of the more note-worthy authors who have used the lyric include William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and William Shakespeare-who helped popularize the sonnet, another type of lyric.

The importance of understanding the lyric can best be shown through its remarkable ability to express with such imagination the innermost emotions of the soul.

See The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Jerry Taylor, Student, University of North Carolina at Pembroke

文法用語

http://englishplus.com/grammar/glossary.htm


A

abbreviation
名詞
(語の)省略, 略語.

Apr. is an abbreviation for April.
Apr．はApril（4月）の略語です。

2."Doc" is an abbreviation of "doctor"
Docはdoctorの短縮形である。

3.We use DS as an abbreviation of 'dyad' style.
ここではDSを「ダイアド」スタイルの省略形として使う。
dyad＝２個［二人］一組, 一対

Absolute Modifiers
絶対的な修飾子

Accented Syllables
アクセント音節

acronym
[ǽkrənim]
名詞
頭字語（<補説>例 NATO）.

Active Voice of Verbs
動詞の能動態

adjective
[ǽdʒiktiv]
形容詞
形容詞
形容詞(的)の.

Adjective Clause
形容詞句

adverb
[ǽdvəːrb]
名詞
副詞.

Adverb Clause
副詞節

ambiguous
[æmbíɡjuəs]
形容詞
あいまいな, 両[多]義にとれる.


antecedent
先行詞
先行する
先行词

Appositive

Archaic/Archaism

Article

Auxiliary Verb

B

Basic Tenses

Verb To Be

C

Capitalize

Capital Letters

Case

Clause

Clam Chowder

Cliche

Comparative Degree

Complement

Complex Sentence

Compound

Compound-Complex Sentence

Compound Sentence

Conjunction

Conjunctive Adverbs

Contraction

Coordinate Adjectives

Cumulative Adjectives

D

Dangling Modifier

Declarative Sentence

Demonstratives

Dependent Clause

Direct Address

Direct Object

Direct Quotation

E

Ellipsis

Elliptical Clause

Emphatic Tenses

Exclamation

F

Formal

Fragment

Fragmentary Response

G

Gerund

H

He Said/She Said Clause

I

Imperative Mood

Imperative Sentence

Imperfect Tense

Indefinite Pronoun

Independent Clause

Indicative Mood

Indirect Object

Indirect Question

Indirect Quotation

Infinitive

Informal

Intensive Pronoun

Interjection

Interrogative Pronoun

Interrogative Sentence

Intransitive Verb

Irony

J

jargon

L

Linking Verb

Ligature

M

Main Clause

Misplaced Modifier

Mood

Modifier

Modify

N

Negative

Nomenclature

Nominative Absolute

Nominative Case

Nonrestrictive Modifiers

Nonstandard

Noun

O

Object Complement

Object of Preposition

Objective Case

Onomatopoeia

P

Parenthetical Expression

Participle

Part of Speech

Passive Voice

Perfect Tenses

Person

Phrase

Plural

Positive Degree

Possessive Case

Possessive Pronoun

Predicate

Predicate Nominative

Preposition

Prepositional Phrase

Principal Parts

Progressive Tenses

Pronoun

Proper Noun

Proper Adjective

Punctuation

R

Redundant

Reflexive Pronoun

Relative Pronoun

Run-on Sentence

S

Schwa

Sentence

Singular

Syllable

Standard English





Series

Stilted

Subject of Infinitive

Subject

Subordinate Clause

Subordinating Conjunction

Subjunctive Mood

Superlative

T

Tense of Verbs

Transitive Verbs

V

Verb (Part of Speech)

Verb (Sentence Part)

Verbal

Verb To Be

W

Wordy/Wordiness



略語

絶対的な修飾子

アクセント音節

頭字語

動詞の能動態

形容詞

形容詞句

副詞

副詞節

あいまいな

先行する

同格語

アルカイック/古風なもの

記事

補助動詞

B

基本的な時制

トゥ·ビー·動詞

℃

大文字

大文字

ケース

句

クラムチャウダー

決まり文句

比較度

補完する

複文

化合物

化合物複文

重文

共同

連言副詞

収縮

形容詞を調整する

累積形容詞

D

ダングリング修飾

平叙文

詞

従属節

ダイレクトアドレス

直接目的語

直接引用

E

省略

楕円形の句

強調時制

感嘆符

F

正式な

フラグメント

断片的な応答

G

動名詞

H

と彼は言った/彼女は、同条

私は

命令法

命令文

未完了時制

不定代名詞

独立節

直説法

間接目的語

間接的な質問

間接的な引用

不定詞

非公式

集中的な代名詞

間投詞

疑問代名詞

疑問文

自動詞

皮肉

J

専門用語

L

連結動詞

結紮

M

主節

見当違いの修飾

気分

修飾子

修正する

N

負

命名

絶対主格

主格

非制限的修飾

非標準の

名詞

O

オブジェクト補

前置詞の目的語

目的格

擬音語

P

挿入句

分詞

品詞

受動態

完璧な時制

人

フレーズ

複数の

原級

所有格

所有代名詞

述語

主格の述語

前置詞

前置詞句

主なパーツ

プログレッシブ時制

代名詞

固有名詞

固有形容詞

句読点

R

冗長な

再帰代名詞

関係代名詞

実行するオン文

S

シュワー

文

単数形

音節

標準英語

シリーズ

堅苦しい

不定詞のテーマ

テーマ

従属節

接続詞を従属

仮定法

最上級

T

動詞の時制

他動詞

V

動詞（音声の一部）

動詞（文部）

言葉による

トゥ·ビー·動詞

W

冗長/くどい言い回し



http://englishplus.com/grammar/contents.htm

Introduction to Grammar Slammer
Grammar Slammer Topic List
Introduction to Grammar Slammer
How to Use Grammar Slammer Deluxe
Style and Usage
Style and Usage Contents
Sentence Fragments
Run-On Sentences
Dangling Modifiers
Misplaced Modifiers
The Right Pronoun to Use (Case)
Possessive Pronouns
Pronouns with Than and As
Subject-Verb Agreement
Indefinite Pronouns
Pronouns Ending in -self
Pronoun-Antecedent Problems
The Subjunctive
Comparisons
Irregular Comparisons
Comparison Problems
Negatives
Tricky Plurals
The Verb To Be
Capitalizing
Capitalization Contents
Capitalizing Sentences
Capitalizing Quotations
Special Cases for Capitalizing
Capitalizing Proper Nouns
Names Not Capitalized
Capitalizing Proper Adjectives
Capitalizing Personal Titles
Capitalizing Titles of Things
Capitalizing in Letters
Scientific Nomenclature
Abbreviations
Abbreviations Contents
Abbreviated Names and Social Titles
Abbreviated Rank and Academic Titles
Abbreviations After a Name
Abbreviations of Geographical Features
State and Province Abbreviations
Abbreviations of Units of Measure
Abbreviations of Units of Time
Common Latin Abbreviations
Abbreviations in Names of Businesses
Acronyms and Pronounced Abbreviations
Scientific Nomenclature
Punctuation
Punctuation Contents
Periods
Question Marks
Exclamation Points
Commas
Comma Contents
The Three Most Common Comma Rules
Commas in Compound Sentences
Commas in a Series
Commas with Paired Adjectives
Commas and Introductory Words
Commas After Introductory Phrases
Commas After Introductory Clauses
Commas with Interrupting Expressions
Commas with Nonrestrictive Modifiers
Commas with Geographical Names
Commas with Dates
Commas with Titles that Follow Names
Commas in Addresses
Commas in Letter Writing
Commas in Numbers
Commas with Certain Words Omitted
Commas with Quotations
Adding Commas for Clarity
Commas with Adjectives Following Nouns
When Not to Use Commas
Semicolons and Colons
Semicolon and Colon Contents
Semicolons with Clauses
Semicolons in a Series
Colons with Lists
Colons Before Quotations
Colons Separating Independent Clauses
Colons with Appositives
Special Cases Using Colons
New England Clam Chowder
Quotation Marks
Quotation Marks Contents
Quotation Marks in Direct Quotations
Question Marks and Exclamation Points in Quotations
Other Punctuation Marks with Quotation Marks
Quotation Marks in Dialogue
Quotation Marks in Titles
Titles Which Take No Punctuation
Quotation Marks with Slang
Definitions in Quotation Marks
Single Quotation Marks
Italicizing and Underlining
Italics and Underlining Contents
Underlining Titles
Underlining Names
Underlining Foreign Words or Abbreviations
Underlining Words for Emphasis
Underlining Items Which Name Themselves
Titles Which Take No Punctuation
Scientific Nomenclature
Dashes and Parentheses
Dashes and Parentheses Contents
Using Dashes
Dashes with Nonrestrictive Modifiers
Using Parentheses
Parentheses with Certain Numbers and Letters
Punctuation Inside Parentheses
Hyphens
Hyphens Contents
Numbers Written Out with Hyphens
Hyphenated Prefixes and Suffixes
Hyphenated Compound Words
Hyphens for Clarity
Dividing at the End of a Line
Apostrophes
Apostrophes Contents
Apostrophes Showing Possession
Plural Possessives
Possessives with More than One Owner
Apostrophes with Underlined or Italicized Items
Apostrophes with Verb Contractions
Apostrophes with Other Contractions
Ellipsis, Bracket, and Virgule
The Ellipsis
Brackets (Crotchets)
The Virgule (Slant Bar)
Letter Writing
Letter Writing Contents
Business Letters
Business Letter Formats
Friendly Letters
Friendly Letter Format
Envelopes
Envelope Format
Folding a Standard Letter
Common Mistakes and Choices
Common Mistakes Contents
Common Mistakes Index--Letter A
A/An
Absolute Modifiers
Accept/Except
Accuse/Allege
Across/Acrossed/Cross
Adapt/Adopt
Administer/Administrate
Aggravate/Irritate
Ain't
A hold/Ahold
A lot/Allot/Alot
Already/All Ready
Alright/All Right
Alternate(ly)/Alternative(ly)
Altogether/All Together
Always/All Ways
American Grammar vs. British Grammar
Among/Between
Amount/Number
Ante-/Anti-
Anxious/Eager
Anymore
Anyone/Any One
Anyway/Any Way
Anyways
Anywheres
Apart/A part
As/Like
As To
At after Where
A Ways
Awhile/A While
Common Mistakes Index--Letters B and C
Bad/Badly
Because after Reason
Being As or Being That
Beside/Besides
Between/Among
Blatant/Flagrant
Blond/Blonde
Bring/Take
British Grammar vs. American Grammar
Burst/Bust/Busted
Can/May
Can't Help But
Clipped Words
Compose/Comprise
Continual/Continuous
Convince/Persuade
Could Have/Could Of
Credible/Credulous/Creditable
Cross/Across/Acrossed
Cult/Occult
Common Mistakes Index--Letters D, E, and F
Decisive/Incisive
Different From/Different Than
Diffuse/Defuse
Disinterested/Uninterested
Done as Verb
Doesn't/Don't
Due To
Due To the Fact That
Economic/Economical
Emigrate/Immigrate
Enthused/Enthusiastic
Envious/Jealous/Suspicious
Equivocal/Equivocable
Especial(ly)/Special(ly)
Everyone/Every One
Everywheres
Exalt/Exult
Except/Accept
Farther/Further
Fewer/Less
Flagrant/Blatant
For Free
Fortunate/Fortuitous
Common Mistakes Index--Letters G, H, and I
Gone/Went
Good/Well
Hanged/Hung
Have or Had plus Ought
Have after Could, Would, Should, or Will
Healthful/Healthy
Height or Heighth
Hers/Her's
Historic/Historical
Hopefully
Hypo-/Hyper-
Hypocritical/Hypercritical
I Hope/Hopefully
Immigrate/Emigrate
Imply/Infer
In after Want
Incisive/Decisive
Incredible/Incredulous
Indeterminate/Indeterminable
Irregardless/Regardless
Irritate/Aggravate
Its/It's
Common Mistakes Index--Letters J, K, L, and M
Jealous/Envious/Suspicious
Jiggle/Joggle/Juggle
Judicious/Judicial/Juridical
Just, Use of
Kind Of, Use of
Lay/Lie
Leave/Let
Lend/Loan
Less/Fewer
Less/Littler (More Little)
Like/As
Lie/Lay
Literal(ly)
Littlest/Least
Loath/Loathe
Luxuriant/Luxurious
Macro-/Micro-
Magnificent/Munificent
Manic/Maniac
May/Can
Maybe/May Be
Morale/Moral
Common Mistakes Index--Letters N, O, P, and Q
Nowheres
Number/Amount
Occult/Cult
Of, Use of
Of after Would, Could, Should, or Will
Official/Officious
Orient/Orientate
Only, Use of
Ought with Have or Had
Perimeter/Parameter
Persecute/Prosecute/Persecution/Prosecution
Perspective/Prospective
Persuade/Convince
Prescribe/Proscribe/Prescription
Presume/Assume
Proscribe/Prescribe/Prescription
Prosecute/Persecute/Prosecution/Persecution
Prospective/Perspective
Quash/Squash
Quote/Quotation/Quotation Mark
Common Mistakes Index--Letters R and S
Raise/Rise
Real/Really
Reason with Because
Regardless/Irregardless
Renown/Reknown
Says/Said
Seen/Saw
Sensual/Sensuous
Set/Sit
Should Have/Should Of
Single/Singular
Solid/Stolid
Somewheres
Sort Of
Special(ly)/Especial(ly)
Squash/Quash
Strategy/Tactics
Supposed to/Suppose to
Suspicious/Jealous/Envious
Sure/Surely
Common Mistakes Index--Letter T
Tactics/Strategy
Take/Bring
Tenet/Tenant
Than/Then
That/Where
That There and This Here
That/Which/Who
Them/Those
Then/Than
There/Their/They're
There's/Theirs/Their's
To/Too/Two
Tortuous/Torturous/Tortured
Try And/Try To
Turbid/Turgid
Common Mistakes Index--Letters U through Z
Unequivocal/Unequivocable
Uninterested/Disinterested
Unique (and Other Absolute Modifiers)
Used to/Use to
Want followed by In, Out, Off, Down, or Up
Warranty/Warrantee/Warrant
Ways after A
Well/Good
Went/Gone
Where Followed by At
Where/That
Who/Which/That
Who's/Whose
Will Have/Will Of
-Wise (Suffix)
Would Have/Would Of
Glossary
Glossary
Other Information
Other Products and Copyright Info
Ordering Other Products
Ordering Grammar Products
Copyright Notice and Acknowledgments
Take your Grammar Skills to the Next Level
Online MBA
Online Copywriting, Copywriting communication
Communication and Spoken Grammar
Masters in Communications


http://suite101.com/article/the-grammatical-object-complement-in-english-a117634

言葉の研究
The following article explains the five grammatical forms that can function as the grammatical object complement in the English language.
Although noun phrases and adjective phrases most frequently function as the object complement in sentences, five grammatical forms can perform the grammatical function of object complement in the English language. Both native English-speaking and ESL students must learn the five forms in order to speak and write sentences with object complements correctly. The five grammatical forms that can function as the object complement are:

Noun phrases
Adjective phrases
Prepositional phrases
Verb phrases
Noun clauses

オブジェクトの補語として機能することができる5文法形式は、次のとおりです。

名詞句
形容詞句
前置詞句
動詞句
名詞句


Read more at Suite101: The Grammatical Object Complement in English: Five Words, Phrases, and Clauses that Describe the Direct Object | Suite101.com http://suite101.com/article/the-grammatical-object-complement-in-english-a117634#ixzz1wkN9iri1






Object complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that immediately follow and describe the direct object. Object complements are grammatical constituents embedded in the predicate of clauses.

Noun Phrases as Object Complements
The first grammatical form that can perform the grammatical function of object complement is the noun phrase. Noun phrases are defined as phrases formed by a noun or pronoun and any modifiers or complements. For example, the following italicized noun phrases function as object complements:



Read more at Suite101: The Grammatical Object Complement in English: Five Words, Phrases, and Clauses that Describe the Direct Object | Suite101.com http://suite101.com/article/the-grammatical-object-complement-in-english-a117634#ixzz1wkMhjjct


The American people have elected Barack Obama president.
The local children consider our elderly neighbor another grandmother.
My coworkers often call our boss an idiot.
Adjective Phrases as Object Complements
The second grammatical form that can perform the grammatical function of object complement is the adjective phrase. Adjective phrases are defined as phrases formed by an adjective and any modifiers or complements. For example, the following italicized adjective phrases function as object complements:

My husband and I painted our living room green.
Christians, Jews, and Muslims consider Jerusalem holy.
The evidence proved the accused innocent.
Prepositional Phrases as Object Complements
The third grammatical form that can perform the grammatical function of object complement is the prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases are defined as phrases formed by a preposition directly followed by a prepositional complement. For example, the following italicized prepositional phrases function as object complements:

The guidebook has announced the best place to swim along the north beach.
The Provost named the cleanest restrooms in the education building.
Students declare the best time of year during the summer.
Verb Phrases as Object Complements
The fourth grammatical form that can perform the grammatical function of object complement is the verb phrase in the form of present participles. Verb phrases are defined as phrases formed by a verb and any modifiers, complements, particles, or infinitive markers. For example, the following italicized verb phrases function as object complements:

POPULAR TOPICS

The Eight Functions of Noun Clauses in English
The Grammatical Subject Complement in English
The Forms and Functions of Clauses in English
My supervisor considers his least favorite duty dealing with customers.
The teacher declared the extra credit homework writing a report.
The game show host will announce the final challenge scaling the rock wall.
Traditional grammars generally use the term gerund to refer to verb phrases functioning as object complements.

Noun Clauses as Object Complements
The fifth grammatical form that can perform the grammatical function of object complement is the noun clause. Noun clauses are defined as subordinate clauses formed by a clause preceded by a subordinating conjunction. For example, the following italicized noun clauses function as object complements:

The judges will announce the winner whoever brought the red velvet cake.
Most critics consider one theme of the story what you wrote about in your final paragraph.
I declare the problem that you do not want to learn about grammar.
The five grammatical forms that can function as the object complement in the English language are noun phrases, adjective phrases, prepositional phrases, verb phrases, and noun clauses. Both native speakers and ESL students must learn the five grammatical forms that can function as object complements to speak and write English correctly.

Sources
Huddleston, Rodney. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1984.

O'Dwyer, Bernard. Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2000.

"Predicates, Objects, Complements." Guide to Grammar and Writing. Capital Community College Foundation. 29 Apr. 2009.



Read more at Suite101: The Grammatical Object Complement in English: Five Words, Phrases, and Clauses that Describe the Direct Object | Suite101.com http://suite101.com/article/the-grammatical-object-complement-in-english-a117634#ixzz1wkMoiKwj

1.They rolled along the big road, and they rolled along the little road, until they were way out in the country.
大きい道を通り、小さい道を通り、彼らは田舎までやってきました。

ソース www.kingsoft.jp
2.She pulled herself out of the water and waddled along the sand at the edge of the creek.
水から上がり、入江のほとりの砂の上を、よちよち歩き出しました。


3.The pebble I threw skipped along the surface of the water.
投げた小石は水を切って飛んだ。


4.The police pursued the stolen vehicle along the motorway.
警察は盗難車を追って高速道路を走った。


5.The truck scraped along the wall in the narrow road.
トラックは狭い道を塀にかすめるように通った。


6.The bus rattled as we drove along the bumpy road.
バスはでこぼこ道を走りながらガタガタと音を立てた。

7.The street runs along the river.
その通りは川に沿っている。


8.They went along the street, singing the song.
彼らは歌を歌いながら、道を歩いた。


9.My father is dropping me off at the airport along the way.
父がついでに私を飛行場まで送ってくれることになっている。


10.She walked on her hands along the top of the wall.
彼女は塀の上を逆立ちして歩いた。




参考書などが教えてくれない英語（特に英文ｅメール）を書く上での常識、生きたルール、

冠詞の使い分けが大切な理由、

冠詞（a,an/the）の使い分けができるたった２つのルール、

時制の使い分け方


http://www.alse-net.com/column

状況：知り合いと会う約束をする。（英語のメール・プライベート編）
Subject: Do you have time to see me?
Mr. Wood,

Hello. How have you been recently? I am doing well but too busy. I just got transferred to a new office. I don't have to get on the crowded train everyday any more, and I am so happy about that.

I am going to New York on business next month. I was wondering if you could show me the system you developed. I will be in New York from 15th to 20th. I have afternoon free on 17th and 19th. Please let me know if you are available on either day.
Please also let me know when is good for you, if you are not available
on those days.

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Regards,

Ken Aoki



状況：ウェブで見た求人広告について履歴書を送る（英語ビジネスメール）
件名： Translation and related work
Dear Mr. Tanaka:

I am e-mailing my resume and some translation samples to apply for general translation free lance work from Japanese to English to be done by e-mail. I am also available for English proofreading and elated work to be done by e-mail, fax, express mail, or the post.

If you require any additional information or trials please feel free to contact me in Japanese or English by fax or e-mail.

I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Sincerely,

Linda Johnson


Lonely Planet　　旅行　本の名前　発音の表し方の参考になるかも


http://www.gojapango.com/japanese_language/japanese_pronunciation.htm


Guide to Japanese Pronunciation
Japanese is not a tonal language like Chinese or Thai, and is comparatively easy to pronounce.




Japanese Pronunciation Vowels
Japanese has both short and long vowels and the distinction is often important. In romanized Japanese, long vowels are marked with a macron, so that ō represents "long O".

Japanese characters (ひらがな)
a i u e 0
あ い う え お
k か き く け こ
s さ し す せ そ
t た (ち) (つ) て と
n な に ぬ ね の
h は ひ ふ へ ほ
m ま み む め も
y や ゆ よ
r ら り る れ ろ
w わ を
ん (n)
g が ぎ ぐ げ ご
z ざ じ ず ぜ ぞ
d だ (ぢ) (づ) で ど
b ば び ぶ べ ぼ
p ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽ
ky きゃ 　 きゅ 　 きょ
sy しゃ 　 しゅ 　 しょ
ty (ちゃ) 　 (ちゅ) 　 （ちょ）
hy ひゃ 　 ひゅ 　 ひょ
gy ぎゃ 　 ぎゅ 　 ぎょ
zy じゃ 　 じゅ 　 じょ
by びゃ 　 びゅ 　 びょ
ch ちゃ ち ちゅ 　 ちょ
j じゃ じ じゅ 　 じょ
sh しゃ し しゅ 　 しょ
ts 　 　 つ 　
f 　 　 ふ 　 　



a あ/ア
like 'a' in "father"
i い/イ
like 'i' in "machine"
u う/ウ
like 'oo' in "hoop"
e え/エ
like 'e' in "set"
o お/オ
like 'o' in "rope"
n ん/ン
short 'n' at the end of a syllable, pronounced as 'm' before 'b', 'p' or 'm'.
音節の終わりの短い 'n'は、 'P'または 'M'、 'b'の前にの'M'のように発音される。
Note that "u" is often weak at the end of syllables.
"u"は、しばしば音節の終わりにあるとき弱いことに注意してください。
In particular, the common endings -desu and -masu are pronounced as "des'" and "mas'" respectively.

特に、共通の語尾-desuと-masuはそれぞれ"DES" と" MAS ""
のように発音されています。

a syllable
音節



Japanese Pronunciation Consonants
k かきくけこ
like 'k' in "king"
g
like 'g' in "go"
s
like 's' in "sit"
z
like 'z' in "haze"
t
like 't' in "top"
d
like 'd' in "dog"
n
like 'n' in "nice"
h
like 'h' in "help"
p
like 'p' in "pig"
b
like 'b' in "bed"
m
like 'm' in "mother"
y
like 'y' in "yard"
r
like 'r' in "row" (actually a sound between 'l' and 'r', but closer to 'r')
w
like 'w' in "wall"
ch
(t before i) like 'ch' in "touch"
sh
(s before i) like 'sh' in "sheep"
ts
(t before u) like 'ts' in "hot soup"
f
(h before u) like 'f' in "far"
j
(d before i) like 'j' in "jar"


http://www.gojapango.com/japanese_language/japanese_phrase_basic.htm

Japanese Phrases - Online Japanese phrase book to help you learn Japanese phrases plus other tools for Japanese phrases.
Hello.
こんにちは。　Konnichiwa. (kon-nee-chee-WAH)
How are you?
お元気ですか。　O-genki desu ka? (oh-GEN-kee dess-KAH?)
Fine, thank you.
元気です。　Genki desu. (GEN-kee dess)
What is your name?
お名前は何ですか。 O-namae wa nan desu ka?　(oh-NAH-mah-eh wah NAHN dess-KAH?)
My name is ____ .
私の名前は ____ です。 Watashi no namae wa ____ desu. (wah-TAH-shee no nah-mah-eh wa ____ dess)
Nice to meet you.
始めまして。　Hajimemashite. (hah-jee-meh-MOSH-teh)
Please. (request)
お願いします。　Onegai shimasu. (oh-neh-gigh shee-moss)
Please. (offer)
どうぞ。 Dōzo. (DOH-zo)
Thank you.
どうもありがとう。 Dōmo arigatō. (doh-moh ah-ree-GAH-toh)
You're welcome.
どういたしまして。 Dō itashi mashite. (doh EE-tah-shee mosh-teh)
Yes.
はい。 Hai. (HIGH)
No.
いいえ。 Iie. (EE-eh)
Excuse me.
すみません。 Sumimasen. (soo-mee-mah-sen)
I'm sorry.
御免なさい。 Gomen-nasai. (goh-men-nah-sigh)


「私」 - wah-tah-kuh-shih
「あなた」 - ah-nah-tah
「竹」- tah-keh

日本人向けにデザインされたローマ字は、ごく一部の日本通にしか理解できませんよね。よくネットで使う手は、具体的な英単語を例にしながら説明する方法です。「にほんご」という言葉を例にやってみましょう。

「NI as in "alumni", HON as in "Hong Kong", GO as in "go for it" but don't extend the GO too much.」

ただし、国によって発音が違う英単語もあるので要注意です。例えば「walk」という単語はイギリスでは「ウォーク」、アメリカでは「ワーク」と発音するので、どうしても例として使いたい場合は「as in "walk" pronounced in British accent」などと書きます。


http://egao21.com/01/alphabet/phonics_1.html

「ア・ブ・ク・ドゥ・エ・フ・グ・ハ・イ」「ジュ・ク・ル・ム・ヌ・ア・プ・ク・ル」
「ス・トゥ・ア・ヴ・ウ・クス・イ・ズ」

と早口で言えるようになるまで、何回もつぶやいてください。

スポンサード リンク



大文字
音 ア(エイ) ブッ ク(ス) ドゥ エ(イー) フッ グ(ジュ) ハッ イ(アイ)
　 Ａ Ｂ Ｃ Ｄ Ｅ Ｆ Ｇ Ｈ Ｉ
名前 エイ ビー スィー ディー イー エフ ジー エイチ アイ
音 ジュ ク ル ム ヌ ア(オウ) プッ ク ル
　 Ｊ Ｋ Ｌ Ｍ Ｎ Ｏ Ｐ Ｑ Ｒ
名前 ジェイ ケイ エル エム エヌ オウ ピー キュー アール
音 ス トゥ ア(ウー) ヴ ウ クス イ ズ
　 Ｓ Ｔ Ｕ Ｖ Ｗ Ｘ Ｙ Ｚ
名前 エス ティー ユー ヴィ ダブリュ エックス ワイ ズィー
小文字
音 ア(エイ) ブッ ク(ス) ドゥ エ(イー) フッ グ(ジュ) ハッ イ(アイ)
　 ａ ｂ ｃ ｄ ｅ ｆ ｇ ｈ ｉ
名前 エイ ビー スィー ディー イー エフ ジー エイチ アイ
音 ジュ ク ル ム ヌ ア(オウ) プッ ク ル
　 ｊ ｋ ｌ ｍ ｎ ｏ ｐ ｑ ｒ
名前 ジェイ ケイ エル エム エヌ オウ ピー キュー アール
音 ス トゥ ア(ウー) ヴ ウ クス イ ズ
　 ｓ ｔ ｕ ｖ ｗ ｘ ｙ ｚ
名前 エス ティー ユー ヴィ ダブリュ エックス ワイ ズィー




　バリわか英文法のトップ


　中学英語ポイントノート　中学英文法チェック問題集　中学英文法用語辞典　重要中学英単語



「ア ブ ク ドゥ エ フ グ ハ イ」覚えてもらえましたか？それでは、先程のｂａｇの発音に戻りましょう。
アブクドゥ…では、ｂはブッ、ａはア、ｇはグ。ブッアグ。ブッアグ・ブッアグ・ブッアグ…速く発音すると、
バッグになりますね。

単語
いくつかのアルファベットを組み合わせてできる意味を持ったコトバを単語といいます。
それでは、アブクドを使って、次の単語を発音してみましょう。

(例) ｃｕｔ＝ｃ(ク)ｕ(ア)ｔ(トゥ)＝(クアトゥ)＝(カット)

>> 答えはこちら

□ (1) ａｌｂｕｍ＝ａ( 　)ｌ( 　)ｂ( 　)ｕ( 　)ｍ( 　)＝(　　　　　)＝(　　　　　)

□ (2) ｂｅｄ＝ｂ(　 )ｅ( 　)ｄ( 　)＝(　　　)＝(　　　)

□ (3) ｃａｔ＝ｃ(　 )ａ( 　)ｔ( 　)＝(　　　)＝(　　　)

□ (4) ｄｅｓｋ＝ｄ(　 )ｅ( 　)ｓ( 　)ｋ( 　)＝(　　　　)＝(　　　　)

□ (5) ｅｇｇ＝ｅ(　 )ｇｇ( 　)＝(　　)
※同じ子音(ａ・ｉ・ｕ・ｅ・ｏ以外の文字)が連続する時は、１つだけ発音する

□ (6) ｆｏｘ＝ｆ(　 )ｏ( 　)ｘ( 　)＝(　　　)＝(　　　)

□ (7) ｇｌａｓｓ＝ｇ( 　)ｌ( 　)ａ( 　)ｓｓ( 　)＝(　　　　)＝(　　　　)

□ (8) ｈｏｔ＝ｈ(　 )ｏ(　 )ｔ(　 )＝(　　　)＝(　　　)

□ (9) ｉｎｋ＝ｉ(　 )ｎ(　 )ｋ(　 )＝(　　　)＝(　　　)

□(10) ｊａｍ＝ｊ(　 )ａ(　 )ｍ(　 )＝(　　　)＝(　　　)

□(11) ｋｉｄ＝ｋ( 　)ｉ(　 )ｄ(　 )＝(　　　)＝(　　　)

□(12) ｌｅｆｔ＝ｌ(　 )ｅ(　 )ｆ(　 )ｔ(　 )＝(　　　　)＝(　　　　)

□(13) ｍｉｌｋ＝ｍ(　 )ｉ(　 )ｌ(　 )ｋ(　 )＝(　　　　)＝(　　　　)

□(14) ｎｏｔ＝ｎ(　 )ｏ(　 )ｔ(　 )＝(　　　)＝(　　　)

□(15) ｏｎ＝ｏ(　 )ｎ(　 )＝(　　)＝(　　)

□(16) ｐｅｎ＝ｐ(　 )ｅ(　 )ｎ(　 )＝(　　　)＝(　　　)

□(17) ｑｕｉｚ＝ｑｕ(　 )ｉ(　 )ｚ(　 )＝(　　　)
※ｑはいつでもｕといっしょにｑｕ(クゥ)という形で使われる

□(18) ｒａｂｂｉｔ＝ｒ(　 )ａ(　 )ｂｂ(　 )ｉ(　 )ｔ(　 )＝(　　　　　)＝(　　　　　)

□(19) ｓｉｎｇ＝ｓ(　 )ｉ(　 )ｎ(　 )ｇ(　 )＝(　　　　)＝(　　　　)

□(20) ｔｅｎｎｉｓ＝ｔ(　 )ｅ(　 )ｎｎ(　 )ｉ(　 )ｓ(　 )＝(　　　　　)＝(　　　　　)

□(21) ｕｐ＝ｕ(　 )ｐ(　 )＝(　　)＝(　　)

□(22) ｖａｎ＝ｖ(　 )ａ(　 )ｎ(　 )＝(　　　)＝(　　　)

□(23) ｗｉｎｄ＝ｗ(　 )ｉ(　 )ｎ(　 )ｄ(　 )＝(　　　　)＝(　　　　)

□(24) ｙｅｓ＝ｙ(　 )ｅ(　 )ｓ(　 )＝(　　　)

□(25) ｚｉｐ＝ｚ(　 )ｉ(　 )ｐ(　 )＝(　　　)＝(　　　)

□ (1) ａｌｂｕｍ＝ａ(ア)ｌ(ル)ｂ(ブッ)ｕ(ア)ｍ(ム)＝(アルブッアム)＝(アルバム)
　　　　アルバム
□ (2) ｂｅｄ＝ｂ(ブッ)ｅ(エ)ｄ(ドゥ)＝(ブッエドゥ)＝(ベッド)
　　　　ベッド
□ (3) ｃａｔ＝ｃ(ク)ａ(ア)ｔ(トゥ)＝(クアトゥ)＝(キャット)
　　　　ネコ
□ (4) ｄｅｓｋ＝ｄ(ドゥ)ｅ(エ)ｓ(ス)ｋ(ク)＝(ドゥエスク)＝(デスク)
　　　　つくえ
□ (5) ｅｇｇ＝ｅ(エ)ｇｇ(グ)＝(エグ)
　　　　たまご
□ (6) ｆｏｘ＝ｆ(フッ)ｏ(ア)ｘ(クス)＝(フッアクス)＝(ファックス)
　　　　キツネ
□ (7) ｇｌａｓｓ＝ｇ(グ)ｌ(ル)ａ(ア)ｓｓ(ス)＝(グルアス)＝(グラス)
　　　　コップ
□ (8) ｈｏｔ＝ｈ(ハッ)ｏ(ア)ｔ(トゥ)＝(ハッアトゥ)＝(ハット)
　　　　暑い
□ (9) ｉｎｋ＝ｉ(イ)ｎ(ヌ)ｋ(ク)＝(イヌク)＝(インク)
　　　　インク
□(10) ｊａｍ＝ｊ(ジュ)ａ(ア)ｍ(ム)＝(ジュアム)＝(ジャム)
　　　　ジャム
□(11) ｋｉｄ＝ｋ(ク)ｉ(イ)ｄ(ドゥ)＝(クイドゥ)＝(キッド)
　　　　子供
□(12) ｌｅｆｔ＝ｌ(ル)ｅ(エ)ｆ(フッ)ｔ(トゥ)＝(ルエフットゥ)＝(レフト)
　　　　左
□(13) ｍｉｌｋ＝ｍ(ム)ｉ(イ)ｌ(ル)ｋ(ク)＝(ムイルク)＝(ミル



ク)
　　　　牛乳
□(14) ｎｏｔ＝ｎ(ヌ)ｏ(ア)ｔ(トゥ)＝(ヌアトゥ)＝(ナット)
　　　　ない
□(15) ｏｎ＝ｏ(ア)ｎ(ヌ)＝(アヌ)＝(アン)
　　　　～の上に
□(16) ｐｅｎ＝ｐ(プッ)ｅ(エ)ｎ(ヌ)＝(プッエヌ)＝(ペン)
　　　　ペン
□(17) ｑｕｉｚ＝ｑｕ(クゥ)ｉ(イ)ｚ(ズ)＝(クゥイズ)
　　　　クイズ
□(18) ｒａｂｂｉｔ＝ｒ(ル)ａ(ア)ｂｂ(ブッ)ｉ(イ)ｔ(トゥ)＝(ルアブッイトゥ)＝(ラビット)
　　　　ウサギ
□(19) ｓｉｎｇ＝ｓ(ス)ｉ(イ)ｎ(ヌ)ｇ(グ)＝(スイヌグ)＝(スィング)
　　　　歌う
□(20) ｔｅｎｎｉｓ＝ｔ(トゥ)ｅ(エ)ｎｎ(ヌ)ｉ(イ)ｓ(ス)＝(トゥエヌイス)＝(テニス)
　　　　テニス
□(21) ｕｐ＝ｕ(ア)ｐ(プッ)＝(アプッ)＝(アプ)
　　　　上へ
□(22) ｖａｎ＝ｖ(ヴ)ａ(ア)ｎ(ヌ)＝(ヴアヌ)＝(ヴァン)
　　　　バン[屋根つきトラック]
□(23) ｗｉｎｄ＝ｗ(ウ)ｉ(イ)ｎ(ヌ)ｄ(ドゥ)＝(ウイヌドゥ)＝(ウインド)
　　　　風
□(24) ｙｅｓ＝ｙ(イ)ｅ(エ)ｓ(ス)＝(イエス)
　　　　はい
□(25) ｚｉｐ＝ｚ(ズ)ｉ(イ)ｐ(プッ)＝(ズイプッ)＝(ズィップ)
　　　　チャック[アメリカではｚｉｐｐｅｒ]


http://www.xiuyin.jp/pronunciation_map.html


http://genkienglish.net/phonicsj.htm





例文
れいぶん[例文][ポケコン和英辞典（旺文社）]
an illustrative sentence; an example

れいぶん[EDICT]
n good reputation; fame
n model sentence

れいぶん[国語辞典（旺文社）]
わかりやすくするために、例としてあげる文。


文章の書き方　動画


英語学習用サイト　紹介　いろいろ　おすすめ

shortとlong

http://www.logicofenglish.com/





Letter "Short" "Long" 　 Example
A a /æ/ 　　　　 /eɪ/ "mat" / "mate"
E e /ɛ/ 　 /iː/ "pet" / "Pete"
I i /ɪ/ 　 /oʊ/ "not" / "note"
U u /ʌ/ 　　 /juː/ "cub" / "cube"


kidsspell/spelling-list
short a Long a
Lesson # 1

short a
At
am
an
and
bat
cat
man
ran



Lesson # 7

Long a
came
day
gave
late
made
make
may
says



The Logic of English®
Complete Spelling List
A Compilation of High Frequency Words


英語のロジック®
完全なスペルリスト
高頻度語のコンパイル

compilation
[kàmpəléiʃen]
［名］
１編集, 編さん
２（本・表・レコードなどの）編集物

compilation
[Kàmpəléiʃen]
 [Name]
 An edit, compile
 2 (such as records, tables, book) compilation


1. a
a
[ei;ə]
不定冠詞
（<補説>母音の前では an1）一つの
どれか一つの

2. ability
ability
[əbíliti]
名詞
能力, 腕前 (do)
才能.

3. able
able
[éibl]
形容詞
才能のある, 有能な
…できる.

4. aboard
aboard
[əbɔ́ːrd]
前置詞
船[車]内に.

5. about
6. above
7. absence
8. accept
9. accident
10. accommodate
11. according
12. account
13. achieve
14. acquire
15. across
16. act
17. action
18. activities
19. actually
20. add
21. addition
22. address
23. adopt
24. advertise
25. advice
26. affair
27. affect
28. afraid
29. after
30. afternoon
31. again
32. against
33. age
34. ago
35. agree
36. agreement
37. ahead
38. air
39. alike
40. alive
41. all
42. all right
43. allege
44. allow
45. allowed
46. almost
47. alone
48. along
49. already
50. also
51. although
52. altogether
53. always
54. am
55. American
56. among
57. amount
58. an
59. ancient
60. and
61. anger
62. angle
63. angry
64. animal
65. animals
66. annual
67. another
68. answer
69. any
70. anyone
71. anything
72. anyway
73. apart
74. apartment
75. apparent
76. appear
77. apple
78. application
79. apply
80. appoint
81. appreciate
82. April
83. are
84. area
85. argument
86. arm
87. army
88. around
89. arrange
90. arrangement
91. arrest
92. arrive
93. arrived
94. art
95. article
96. as
97. ask
98. asked
99. assist
100. associate
101. association
102. assure



103. at
104. ate
105. athlete
106. athletic
107. attached
108. attempt
109. attend
110. attention
111. audience
112. August
113. aunt
114. author
115. auto
116. automobile
117. available
118. avenue
119. average
120. avoid
121. await
122. away
123. awful
124. babies
125. baby
126. back
127. bad
128. bag
129. balance
130. ball
131. band
132. bank
133. barbecue
134. base
135. baseball
136. basic
137. basically
138. bat
139. be
140. bear
141. beat
142. beautiful
143. beauty
144. became
145. because
146. become
147. bed
148. been
149. before
150. beg
151. began
152. begin
153. beginning
154. begun
155. behind
156. being
157. believe
158. bell
159. belong
160. below
161. beneath
162. benefit
163. beside
164. best
165. better
166. between
167. beyond
168. bicycle
169. big
170. bill
171. bird
172. bit
173. black
174. block
175. blood
176. blow
177. blue
178. board
179. boat
180. body
181. bone
182. book
183. born
184. both
185. bottle
186. bottom
187. bought
188. box
189. boy
190. branch
191. bread
192. break
193. breakfast
194. breath
195. breathe
196. bridge
197. bright
198. brilliant
199. bring
200. broke
201. broken
202. brother
203. brought
204. brown
The Logic of English®
Complete Spelling List
A Compilation of High Frequency Words
©Pedia Learning 2012



205. build
206. built
207. burn
208. bus
209. business
210. busy
211. but
212. buy
213. by
214. cabin
215. calendar
216. call
217. called
218. came
219. camp
220. can
221. canʼt
222. cancel
223. cannot
224. capital
225. captain
226. capture
227. car
228. card
229. care
230. career
231. careful
232. carefully
233. carried
234. carry
235. case
236. cast
237. cat
238. catch
239. category
240. cattle
241. caught
242. cause
243. ceiling
244. celebration
245. cell
246. cemetery
247. cent
248. center
249. century
250. certain
251. chain
252. chair
253. chance
254. change
255. chapter
256. character
257. charge
258. chart
259. check
260. chick
261. chief
262. child
263. children
264. choose
265. Christmas
266. church
267. circle
268. circular
269. circumstance
270. cities
271. citizen
272. city
273. claim
274. class
275. clean
276. clear
277. clerk
278. climate
279. climb
280. climbed
281. clock
282. close
283. clothe
284. clothes
285. clothing
286. cloud
287. club
288. coast
289. coat
290. coffee
291. cold
292. collect
293. college
294. colonies
295. colony
296. color
297. column
298. combination
299. combine
300. come
301. comfort
302. coming
303. coming
304. command
305. committee
306. common



307. community
308. company
309. compare
310. competition
311. complaint
312. complete
313. concern
314. condition
315. conference
316. connect
317. connection
318. consider
319. consideration
320. consonant
321. construction
322. contain
323. continent
324. continue
325. contract
326. control
327. convenience
328. convenient
329. convention
330. conversation
331. convict
332. convince
333. cook
334. cool
335. copy
336. corn
337. corner
338. correct
339. cost
340. cotton
341. could
342. couldnʼt
343. council
344. count
345. country
346. couple
347. courage
348. course
349. court
350. cover
351. cow
352. crease
353. create
354. criticize
355. crop
356. cross
357. crowd
358. current
359. cut
360. dad
361. daily
362. dance
363. danger
364. dangerous
365. dark
366. dash
367. date
368. daughter
369. day
370. dead
371. deal
372. dear
373. death
374. debate
375. December
376. decide
377. decimal
378. decision
379. declare
380. deep
381. definite
382. degree
383. delay
384. department
385. depend
386. deposit
387. describe
388. desert
389. design
390. desire
391. desperate
392. destroy
393. detailed
394. determine
395. determined
396. develop
397. diamond
398. dictionary
399. did
400. didnʼt
401. die
402. died
403. differ
404. difference
405. different
406. difficult
407. difficulty
408. dilemma



409. dinner
410. direct
411. direction
412. director
413. disappear
414. disappoint
415. discipline
416. discover
417. discuss
418. discussion
419. disease
420. distance
421. distinguish
422. distribute
423. district
424. divide
425. division
426. do
427. doctor
428. does
429. doesnʼt
430. dog
431. dollar
432. dollars
433. donʼt
434. done
435. door
436. double
437. doubt
438. down
439. dozen
440. draw
441. dream
442. dress
443. drill
444. drink
445. drive
446. driven
447. drop
448. dropped
449. drove
450. drown
451. dry
452. duck
453. due
454. during
455. dust
456. duty
457. each
458. earliest
459. early
460. earth
461. easily
462. east
463. easy
464. eat
465. edge
466. education
467. effect
468. effort
469. egg
470. eight
471. either
472. elaborate
473. elect
474. election
475. electric
476. electricity
477. else
478. embarrass
479. emergency
480. empire
481. employ
482. employee
483. empty
484. enclose
485. end
486. enemy
487. energy
488. engage
489. engine
490. English
491. enjoy
492. enough
493. enter
494. entered
495. entertain
496. entire
497. entitle
498. entrance
499. environment
500. environment
501. equal
502. equate
503. equipment
504. equipped
505. escape
506. especially
507. estate
508. estimate
509. even
510. evening




511. event
512. ever
513. every
514. everybody
515. everyone
516. everything
517. evidence
518. exact
519. exactly
520. exaggerate
521. examination
522. example
523. excellent
524. except
525. excite
526. excited
527. exercise
528. exist
529. existence
530. expect
531. expense
532. experience
533. experiment
534. explain
535. explanation
536. express
537. extra
538. extreme
539. eye
540. face
541. fact
542. factory
543. fail
544. fair
545. fall
546. familiar
547. family
548. famous
549. far
550. farm
551. farmer
552. farther
553. fascinating
554. fast
555. fat
556. father
557. favor
558. favorite
559. fear
560. feather
561. feature
562. February
563. feed
564. feel
565. feet
566. fell
567. felt
568. few
569. field
570. fifth
571. fifty
572. fight
573. figure
574. file
575. fill
576. final
577. finally
578. find
579. fine
580. finger
581. finish
582. fire
583. firm
584. first
585. fish
586. fit
587. five
588. fix
589. flat
590. flew
591. flight
592. floor
593. flow
594. flower
595. fly
596. follow
597. food
598. foot
599. for
600. force
601. foreign
602. forest
603. forget
604. form
605. forth
606. fortune
607. forty
608. forward
609. found
610. four
611. fourth
612. fraction



613. free
614. frequently
615. fresh
616. Friday
617. friend
618. friends
619. frightened
620. from
621. front
622. frozen
623. fruit
624. full
625. fun
626. function
627. fundamental
628. funny
629. furniture
630. further
631. future
632. game
633. garage
634. garden
635. gas
636. gather
637. gave
638. general
639. generally
640. gentle
641. get
642. getting
643. girl
644. give
645. glad
646. glass
647. go
648. goes
649. going
650. gold
651. gone
652. good
653. got
654. govern
655. government
656. grammar
657. grand
658. grant
659. grass
660. gray
661. great
662. green
663. grew
664. groceries
665. ground
666. group
667. grow
668. grown
669. guarantee
670. guess
671. guest
672. guidance
673. guide
674. gun
675. had
676. hair
677. half
678. hand
679. happen
680. happened
681. happening
682. happiness
683. happy
684. hard
685. has
686. hat
687. have
688. he
689. heʼs
690. head
691. healthy
692. hear
693. heard
694. heart
695. heat
696. heavy
697. height
698. held
699. help
700. her
701. here
702. hero
703. heros
704. hers
705. herself
706. high
707. hill
708. him
709. himself
710. his
711. history
712. hit
713. hold
714. hole




715. home
716. honor
717. hope
718. horse
719. hospital
720. hot
721. hour
722. house
723. how
724. however
725. huge
726. human
727. humor
728. humorous
729. hundred
730. hungry
731. hunt
732. hurry
733. hurt
734. husband
735. I
736. Iʼd
737. Iʼll
738. Iʼm
739. Iʼve
740. ice
741. idea
742. identify
743. identity
744. if
745. illustrate
746. imaginary
747. imagine
748. imitate
749. imitation
750. immediate
751. immediately
752. importance
753. important
754. impossible
755. imprison
756. improve
757. improvement
758. in
759. inch
760. incidentally
761. include
762. income
763. increase
764. indeed
765. independent
766. indicate
767. individual
768. industry
769. influence
770. inform
771. information
772. injure
773. insect
774. insects
775. inside
776. inspect
777. instance
778. instead
779. instrument
780. intelligent
781. intend
782. interest
783. interesting
784. interfere
785. interference
786. interrupt
787. interruption
788. into
789. invent
790. investigate
791. invitation
792. invite
793. iron
794. irrelevant
795. irritable
796. is
797. island
798. isnʼt
799. issue
800. it
801. itʼs
802. its
803. itself
804. jail
805. January
806. jealous
807. job
808. join
809. joy
810. judge
811. judgement
812. July
813. jump
814. June
815. just
816. justice

817. keep
818. kept
819. key
820. kind
821. king
822. kitchen
823. knew
824. knife
825. know
826. knowledge
827. known
828. labor
829. laboratory
830. lady
831. laid
832. lake
833. land
834. language
835. large
836. last
837. late
838. later
839. laugh
840. law
841. lay
842. lead
843. leader
844. learn
845. learned
846. least
847. leather
848. leave
849. leaves
850. led
851. ledge
852. left
853. leg
854. length
855. less
856. lesson
857. let
858. letter
859. level
860. liberty
861. library
862. license
863. lie
864. life
865. light
866. like
867. line
868. liquid
869. list
870. listen
871. little
872. live
873. lived
874. living
875. local
876. locate
877. located
878. log
879. lone
880. loneliness
881. lonely
882. long
883. longer
884. look
885. looked
886. loose
887. lose
888. losing
889. loss
890. lost
891. lot
892. loud
893. love
894. low
895. lying
896. machine
897. made
898. magazine
899. magnet
900. mail
901. main
902. major
903. majority
904. make
905. man
906. mane
907. manner
908. many
909. map
910. March
911. mark
912. market
913. marriage
914. married
915. mass
916. master
917. match
918. match




919. material
920. mathematics
921. matter
922. matter
923. may
924. May
925. maybe
926. mayor
927. me
928. mean
929. meant
930. measure
931. meat
932. medicine
933. meet
934. member
935. men
936. mental
937. mention
938. mere
939. message
940. met
941. metal
942. method
943. middle
944. might
945. mile
946. milk
947. million
948. mind
949. mine
950. miniature
951. minute
952. miss
953. Miss
954. mistake
955. mix
956. model
957. modern
958. molecule
959. moment
960. Monday
961. money
962. month
963. moon
964. more
965. morning
966. most
967. mother
968. motion
969. motor
970. mount
971. mountain
972. mouth
973. move
974. movement
975. Mr.
976. Mrs.
977. much
978. multiply
979. muscles
980. music
981. must
982. my
983. myself
984. mysterious
985. name
986. named
987. narrow
988. nation
989. national
990. natural
991. naturally
992. nature
993. navy
994. near
995. nearly
996. necessary
997. neck
998. need
999. neighbor
1000.neither
1001.never
1002.new
1003.news
1004.newspaper
1005.next
1006.nice
1007.night
1008.nine
1009.no
1010.nobody
1011.noise
1012.none
1013.noon
1014.nor
1015.north
1016.northern
1017.nose
1018.not
1019.note
1020.nothing




1021.notice
1022.noticeable
1023.noun
1024.November
1025.now
1026.number
1027.numeral
1028.oʼclock
1029.object
1030.objection
1031.oblige
1032.observe
1033.obtain
1034.occasion
1035.occupy
1036.occur
1037.occurred
1038.ocean
1039.October
1040.of
1041.off
1042.offer
1043.offered
1044.office
1045.official
1046.often
1047.oh
1048.oil
1049.old
1050.omission
1051.omit
1052.on
1053.once
1054.one
1055.only
1056.onto
1057.open
1058.operate
1059.operation
1060.opinion
1061.opportunity
1062.opposite
1063.optimism
1064.or
1065.order
1066.ordinary
1067.organ
1068.organization
1069.organize
1070.original
1071.other
1072.ought
1073.our
1074.out
1075.outside
1076.over
1077.own
1078.oxygen
1079.page
1080.paid
1081.paint
1082.pair
1083.palace
1084.paper
1085.paragraph
1086.parallel
1087.parent
1088.parents
1089.part
1090.particular
1091.particularly
1092.party
1093.pass
1094.past
1095.path
1096.pattern
1097.pay
1098.peace
1099.peculiar
1100.people
1101.perceive
1102.perfect
1103.perform
1104.perhaps
1105.period
1106.permanent
1107.persevere
1108.person
1109.personal
1110.personally
1111.persuade
1112.phrase
1113.physical
1114.pick
1115.picture
1116.piece
1117.pitch
1118.place
1119.plain
1120.plan
1121.plane
1122.planet



1123.planning
1124.plant
1125.plants
1126.play
1127.pleasant
1128.please
1129.pleasure
1130.plural
1131.poem
1132.point
1133.police
1134.political
1135.poor
1136.popular
1137.populate
1138.population
1139.port
1140.pose
1141.position
1142.position
1143.possess
1144.possible
1145.possible
1146.post
1147.potatoes
1148.pound
1149.pour
1150.power
1151.practical
1152.practice
1153.prefer
1154.prejudice
1155.preliminary
1156.prepare
1157.prepare
1158.presence
1159.present
1160.president
1161.press
1162.pressure
1163.pretty
1164.prevent
1165.price
1166.primary
1167.principal
1168.print
1169.prison
1170.private
1171.privilege
1172.probable
1173.probably
1174.problem
1175.proceed
1176.process
1177.produce
1178.product
1179.professional
1180.program
1181.progress
1182.project
1183.promise
1184.prompt
1185.pronounce
1186.proper
1187.property
1188.protect
1189.proud
1190.prove
1191.provide
1192.provision
1193.public
1194.publication
1195.publish
1196.pull
1197.purpose
1198.push
1199.put
1200.quality
1201.quart
1202.quarter
1203.question
1204.quick
1205.quiet
1206.quite
1207.quotient
1208.race
1209.radio
1210.rail
1211.railroad
1212.rain
1213.raise
1214.ran
1215.range
1216.rapid
1217.rate
1218.rather
1219.reach
1220.read
1221.reading
1222.ready
1223.real
1224.realize




1225.really
1226.reason
1227.receipt
1228.receive
1229.received
1230.recent
1231.recently
1232.recognize
1233.recommend
1234.record
1235.recover
1236.red
1237.refer
1238.reference
1239.refuse
1240.regard
1241.region
1242.regular
1243.relative
1244.relief
1245.remain
1246.remember
1247.repair
1248.repeat
1249.reply
1250.report
1251.represent
1252.request
1253.require
1254.required
1255.respectfully
1256.responsible
1257.rest
1258.restrain
1259.result
1260.retire
1261.return
1262.review
1263.rhythm
1264.rich
1265.ride
1266.right
1267.ring
1268.rise
1269.river
1270.road
1271.rock
1272.rode
1273.roll
1274.room
1275.rose
1276.rough
1277.round
1278.row
1279.royal
1280.rub
1281.rubber
1282.rule
1283.run
1284.running
1285.sad
1286.safe
1287.said
1288.sail
1289.salary
1290.salt
1291.same
1292.sand
1293.sat
1294.Saturday
1295.save
1296.saw
1297.say
1298.says
1299.scale
1300.scene
1301.school
1302.science
1303.sea
1304.search
1305.season
1306.seat
1307.second
1308.secret
1309.secretary
1310.section
1311.secure
1312.see
1313.seed
1314.seem
1315.seen
1316.segment
1317.select
1318.self
1319.sell
1320.senate
1321.send
1322.sense
1323.sent
1324.sentence
1325.separate
1326.September



1327.serious
1328.serve
1329.service
1330.session
1331.set
1332.settle
1333.settled
1334.seven
1335.several
1336.shall
1337.shape
1338.share
1339.sharp
1340.she
1341.shed
1342.sheep
1343.sheet
1344.shell
1345.shine
1346.ship
1347.shoe
1348.shook
1349.shop
1350.shore
1351.short
1352.shot
1353.should
1354.shoulder
1355.shout
1356.show
1357.shown
1358.shut
1359.sick
1360.side
1361.sight
1362.sign
1363.silent
1364.silver
1365.similar
1366.simple
1367.since
1368.sincerely
1369.sing
1370.single
1371.sir
1372.sister
1373.sit
1374.situation
1375.six
1376.size
1377.skill
1378.skin
1379.sky
1380.slave
1381.sleep
1382.slide
1383.slip
1384.slow
1385.small
1386.smell
1387.snow
1388.so
1389.soap
1390.social
1391.soft
1392.soil
1393.sold
1394.soldier
1395.solid
1396.solution
1397.solve
1398.some
1399.someone
1400.something
1401.sometimes
1402.son
1403.song
1404.soon
1405.sorry
1406.sort
1407.sound
1408.south
1409.southern
1410.space
1411.speak
1412.special
1413.speech
1414.speed
1415.spell
1416.spelling
1417.spend
1418.spent
1419.spoke
1420.spot
1421.spread
1422.spring
1423.square
1424.stage
1425.stamp
1426.stand
1427.standard
1428.star



1429.start
1430.state
1431.statement
1432.station
1433.stay
1434.steal
1435.steam
1436.steel
1437.step
1438.stick
1439.still
1440.stole
1441.stomach
1442.stone
1443.stood
1444.stop
1445.stopped
1446.store
1447.story
1448.straight
1449.strange
1450.stream
1451.street
1452.strength
1453.string
1454.strong
1455.struck
1456.structure
1457.student
1458.students
1459.study
1460.style
1461.subject
1462.substance
1463.subtract
1464.success
1465.success
1466.such
1467.sudden
1468.suddenly
1469.suffer
1470.suffix
1471.sugar
1472.suggest
1473.suggested
1474.suit
1475.summer
1476.summon
1477.sun
1478.Sunday
1479.supply
1480.support
1481.suppose
1482.sure
1483.surface
1484.surprise
1485.swim
1486.swimming
1487.syllable
1488.symbol
1489.system
1490.table
1491.tail
1492.take
1493.talk
1494.tall
1495.tax
1496.teach
1497.teacher
1498.team
1499.teeth
1500.telephone
1501.television
1502.tell
1503.temperature
1504.ten
1505.tenth
1506.term
1507.terrible
1508.test
1509.testimony
1510.than
1511.thank
1512.that
1513.thatʼs
1514.the
1515.theater
1516.their
1517.them
1518.themselves
1519.then
1520.there
1521.therefore
1522.these
1523.they
1524.theyʼre
1525.thick
1526.thin
1527.thing
1528.think
1529.third
1530.this

1531.those
1532.though
1533.thought
1534.thousand
1535.three
1536.threw
1537.through
1538.throughout
1539.throw
1540.Thursday
1541.thus
1542.ticket
1543.tie
1544.till
1545.time
1546.tiny
1547.tire
1548.title
1549.to
1550.today
1551.together
1552.told
1553.tomorrow
1554.tone
1555.tongue
1556.tonight
1557.too
1558.took
1559.top
1560.total
1561.touch
1562.toward
1563.town
1564.track
1565.trade
1566.traffic
1567.train
1568.transportation
1569.travel
1570.treasure
1571.tree
1572.triangle
1573.tried
1574.trip
1575.trouble
1576.truck
1577.truly
1578.trust
1579.try
1580.tube
1581.Tuesday
1582.turn
1583.turned
1584.twelve
1585.twenty
1586.twice
1587.two
1588.type
1589.unable
1590.uncle
1591.under
1592.understand
1593.unfortunate
1594.unit
1595.United States
1596.unless
1597.until
1598.up
1599.upon
1600.us
1601.use
1602.useful
1603.usual
1604.usually
1605.vacation
1606.valley
1607.value
1608.variety
1609.various
1610.vary
1611.vegetable
1612.verb
1613.very
1614.vessel
1615.victim
1616.view
1617.village
1618.visit
1619.visitor
1620.voice
1621.volume
1622.vote
1623.vowel
1624.wait
1625.walk
1626.walked
1627.wall
1628.want
1629.war
1630.warm
1631.was
1632.wash



1633.wasnʼt
1634.waste
1635.watch
1636.water
1637.wave
1638.way
1639.we
1640.weʼre
1641.wear
1642.weather
1643.Wednesday
1644.week
1645.weigh
1646.weight
1647.well
1648.went
1649.were
1650.west
1651.wet
1652.what
1653.wheel
1654.when
1655.whenever
1656.where
1657.whether
1658.which
1659.while
1660.whisper
1661.white
1662.who
1663.whole
1664.whom
1665.whose
1666.why
1667.wide
1668.wife
1669.wild
1670.will
1671.win
1672.wind
1673.window
1674.winter
1675.wire
1676.wish
1677.with
1678.within
1679.without
1680.witness
1681.woman
1682.women
1683.won
1684.wonʼt
1685.wonder
1686.wonderful
1687.wood
1688.wooden
1689.word
1690.work
1691.world
1692.worse
1693.worth
1694.would
1695.wouldnʼt
1696.wreck
1697.write
1698.written
1699.wrong
1700.wrote
1701.yard
1702.year
1703.yellow
1704.yes
1705.yesterday
1706.yet
1707.you
1708.youʼll
1709.youʼre
1710.young
1711.your
1712.yourself