Civilizations and time 8 (social structural force)

5 Social Structural force: About S

 

Social structural force S is a force that is deeply related to politics, military, and integration , and is defined as a force that tries to realize an integration value V, given that there is an integration value V. The relationship between S and value V can be expressed by the following formula.

S=h(V)・・・③ From V=f(t), social structural force is a function of value, and value is a function of time. ＝h(f(t))・・・④,

which expresses that social structural force is a function of value. Values are chosen within the constraints of the times, and organizations are formed based on those values.

What has been realized in history is that the people who lived in that era chose the best values and organized the best in the challenging environment.

As an example of such social structural force, if we take examples from successive social organizations in China,ｗe can see that the history of Chinese dynasties was a history of repeated restructuring of social organization. From the Western Zhou to the Warring States period, it was domestic economic development that prompted the formation, but in the case of China, a radical regime (in this case, Qin) was established for a short period of time, and then a long-term regime, the Han, was established. , undergoing a process of stabilization. In the Han dynasty, conflicts between the public and private sectors arose, and the system was established in the midst of it.  During this time, challenges from the Xiongnu from outside also continued.

 

This mechanism continued to occur, and after the period of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sui dynasty was established for a short period of time, followed by the Tang dynasty for a long period of time. The various systems created by the Sui dynasty were born during the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, and after a short period of radical Sui dynasty, they were stabilized under the long-term Tang dynasty. There has been economic development for some time, and among them, there have been conflicts between the public and private sectors, and new systems and both tax laws have emerged. In China's history, the reorganization of social systems and tax laws to grasp the people has been repeated repeatedly. It is also the reason why it is possible.

 

Later, after the turmoil of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the Song dynasty arose. At this time, radical governments like Qin and Sui were not established, but instead, from the era of Sejong in the later Zhou to the establishment of the Song Dynasty , it occurred in the process of conflict. Based on the Shidaibu, they built up an excellent economist system consisting of bureaucrats, landlords, and big merchants. The Song dynasty tried to control the challenges from outside the country (Liao, Jin) with economicism (tribute diplomacy), replacing the domestic rule from soldiers to literati. However, here too there was a conflict between the public and private sectors (Wang Anshi's reforms). In the case of China, the conflict between the public and private sectors is the conflict between the government that protects the small and medium-sized landowners who bear the tax burden and the government that protects the interests of the large landowners. In the meantime, there was an emperor, with eunuchs as his servants.

 

After the Song dynasty, the Han Chinese continued to be challenged by outsiders in northern China, and the period of conquest dynasties continued. Liao, Jin, and Yuan followed, but the invention of social organization in the Liao and the ``system centered on nomads'' and the ``system centered on farmers'' such as North and South officials (so to speak, the beginning of one country, two systems) ) was the premise of the conquest dynasty. At the same time, the establishment of a system of bureaucrats, large landowners, and large merchants in China must have been important. After the Liao and Jin, the Yuan Dynasty was established from the 12th century to the 14th century, but although it was one country, two systems (in terms of taxation), it did not respect the Han people, but respected the people of the eyes. It was originally a trading nation, and it may be said that Han Chinese landowners and merchants were taken in by it. Originally, a coin called kosho was established with salt as the source of capital, but due to the wasteful spending of finances and the inadequacy of the method of succeeding to the government, the Ming dynasty was established after a peasant rebellion and compromise with the large landowners. Although the Ming revived the policies of the Han people (Riko system, Yurin Huangshu), they had no choice but to follow the movements of the world, creating a silver-based monetary economy, and the tax system was established as a one-paragraph expedient law. . After a period of restorationism, the Ming, unlike the Yuan dynasty, established relations with foreign countries under state control . In the first place, Ming did not have the radical leading nations, Qin, Sui, and Later Zhou like Han, Tang, and Song before it, but it was a trading nation, a nation in which the Yuan dynasty collapsed and the Han people revived. During the emperor's era, there was an aspect that he tried to inherit the Yuan line (Zheng He, who made a great cruise abroad, was a eunuch and a former secular man), but this was no longer possible in Hokuroku Nanwa, and the Han people's old landlords. , bureaucrats, and merchants may have been frozen in the trinity system. In the Ming dynasty, the economy developed, but Tsukudado's anti-ancestor movement also became active. There was growth to free farmers, but it did not lead to the industrial revolution due to usury and the production process being meticulously controlled by commercial capital. In the Ming political system, the power of the emperor and eunuchs (after the Yongle emperor) was strong, and the rule of the emperor was strengthened from the bottom at first, but the structure was such that local gentlemen, who were granted special privileges by the government, suppressed small and medium-sized landowners. Instead, it became a typical example of how the "social structural force" created by large landlords, bureaucrats, and large merchants (triangle) suppressed the "efficient technological power" of the economy. Financially, the emperor should stand between the general public and the wealthy, eunuch politics (one of the most prominent Chinese social structures, probably established to respond to the powerful bureaucracy or to back up the imperial dictatorship. The reason why it fell into the “things” is probably due to the inclination toward the Trinity. As a result, a peasant rebellion broke out, and it was put under control by the Qing, who were not the Han Chinese. Achieved equilibrium (Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Yongzheng). However, this equilibrium was broken during the Qianlong emperor's long prosperity.

 

I have looked at the history of China as an example of social structural force, and I have taken up it as a typical example of the suppression of efficient technological force. For a long time in other civilizations as well, the mainstream of change seems to have been a change in social structural force. The rapid expansion of the Islamic empire after Muhammad and the rapid expansion of the Mongol empire after the advent of Genghis Khan can be cited as such examples. they reformed military administrative organizations to control trade routes, and a society that encompassed religion and culture. I believe that the invention of the system was the secret to success. The history of China's dynasties can be said to be a treasure trove of such history.

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