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英国paper代写-Sea Levels Final Report

2017-09-08 14:33:50 | 日記
本篇英国paper代写-Sea Levels Final Report讲了气候绝对是吸引大多数居住在地球上的人们注意的一个方面,因为它们与之密切相关。或者也许可以用另一种方式将气候以某种方式对人们的日常生活产生影响,以便他们尽可能多地了解它。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理,供大家参考阅读。

Introduction
Climate is definitely one aspect that will draw the attention of the great majority of people who live in the earth because they are closely related to it. Or maybe it can be put in another way that climate will exert impacts on people’s daily life in one way or another so that they will try their best to know more about it. There is no doubt that people will be interested in each and every thing about climate so that they can be less influenced by it as a result. According to most people’s idea, sea level is interrelated with climate and they will influence one another. Detailed speaking, sea level rising is the result of global warming and the warmer the climate is, the higher the sea level will be. But it is only the general idea about the relationship between sea level rise and climate, which indicates that more concrete aspects have to be put forward in order to make people know more about climate. Therefore the following will mainly talk about the relationship between sea level rise and climate, during which some quantitative data will be applied in order to make it more convincing.
To put it more specifically, the reasons why global warming will lead to the rise of sea level, the rationales why the rise of sea level on a global basis is the result of human activities, the detailed emissions of CO2 as well as other heat-trapping gases, the necessity of measuring sea level accurately and how to measure the sea level in an accurate way, how sea level has changed over years and how it will change in approaching years, the consequences of rising sea level, etc. will have be elaborated on one by one in the below. What has to be pointed out is that certain regions will be taken as examples to show the relationship between sea level rise and climate, which will undoubtedly make its credibility become higher to some extent. At the same time, some figures will as well be used to better illustrate how sea level rise and climate will influence one another, from which people can know how they should do for the sake of climate. It is hoped that this paper can give some insightful suggestions as for how people should do via successfully persuading them that their behaviors will exert impacts on both sea level and climate.
Rise and Climate
Rising sea level is the most visual impacts of global warming. Almost all of the water on Earth is stored in two places: in the oceans (currently 97 percent of all water) and in glaciers (currently about 2.7 percent). How much water is in the oceans—and thus how high sea level is—largely depends on how much water is trapped in glacial ice (Ocean Portal, History of Sea Level Rise). Human activities are responsible for sea level rising. When studying about Cryosphere, we've learned that Cryosphere is very sensitive to climate change, and there are a large amount of CO2 releasing by human in the land area to atmosphere in the northern hemisphere, which causes the melting of ice sheets. For example, The Greenland ice sheet- the biggest ice mass in the Northern Hemisphere - is melting around its margins. Some climate models predict it could lose half its mass in the next 500-1000 years, contributing 3m to global sea level rise. Briefly, over the past century, the burning of fossil fuels and other human and natural activities has released enormous amounts of heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere. These emissions have caused the Earth's surface temperature to rise, and the oceans absorb about 80 percent of this additional heat (National Geographic). Normally, large ice formations, like glaciers and icebergs, will naturally melt a bit when summer comes. In winter, snows are generally sufficient to balance out the melting. However, due to the global warming, the persistently higher temperature caused by global warming have led to greater-than-average summer melting as well as diminished snowfall of winter. This imbalance results in a significant net gain in runoff versus evaporation for the ocean, causing sea levels to rise (National Geographic). By the pollution caused by factories, the oils burned by using vehicles. The amount of CO2 emission to the air is increasing, which directly influences the sea level. Take Arctic area for example. As a result of CO2 increase, the albedo of snow/ice will decrease, because the carbon dioxide blocks the emission of radiation. Also Carbon dioxide absorbs the thermal energy, so the temperature around the Arctic area will increase. That’s why the ices of the Arctic region are melting. If the ice of the Arctic area melts down, the sea level will rise. If we keep releasing CO2 without restrictions, the melting of ice and snow will be accelerated because of the loss of albedo. Ocean warming will also accelerate melting at the edges of the Greenland ice, and raising of sea level. Besides the earth will be warmer because of the decreasing of the white surfaces, and less energy reflected into space.
Why do we need an accurate measurement of sea level? By having an accurate sea level measurement, it will be possible for human to measure the height of everything on land accurately. By knowing sea level, we can determine if the oceans are rising or falling. The overall change of sea level is very important for us to study global warming and climate change. However, measuring the sea level is not that easy. There are many outside forces that will affect the sea level in different period. Earth is in the middle of a chaotic solar system. There are all sorts of things changing the water level at any given point. For example, the tides, caused by the moon. Large and small waves caused by wind and the tides. High-and low-pressure areas in the atmosphere, which change the surface level of the ocean. Temperature changes in the ocean, which change the density and volume of the water. Rainfall and river water flowing into the ocean (Science, How do they measure sea level ?). As a result, measuring sea level is extremely difficult, then how exactly do scientists measure sea level? To get around this, they try using tide gauges. A tide gauge is a large (1 foot [30 cm] or more in diameter), long pipe with a small hole below the water line. This pipe is often called a stilling well. Even though waves are changing the water level outside the gauge constantly, they have little effect inside the gauge. The sea level can be read relatively accurately inside this pipe. If read on a regular basis over a time span of years and then averaged, you can get a measurement of sea level. Satellites are now used as well, but they suffer from many of the same problems. Scientists do the best they can, using extremely long time spans, to try to figure out what the sea level is and whether or not it is rising. The general consensus seems to be that the oceans rise about 2 millimeters per year (Science, How do they measure sea level?). Since 1800s, the global sea level had increased 2 feet by the 2010s. As the temperature going up, the sea level will continuing rising. Most predictions say the warming of the planet will continue and likely will accelerate. Oceans will likely continue to rise as well, but predicting the amount is an inexact science. A recent study says we can expect the oceans to rise between 2.5 and 6.5 feet (0.8 and 2 meters) by 2100, enough to swamp many of the cities along the U.S. East Coast. More dire estimates, including a complete meltdown of the Greenland ice sheet, push sea level rise to 23 feet (7 meters), enough to submerge London (Science, How do they measure sea level?). However, there also exists uncertainty of the future. As we realize this issue, we have already come up with measures to conquer it. Consequently, we can't tell what exactly will happen in the future.
There will be consequences of rising sea level. Although flooding is the obvious consequence of rising sea levels, there are plenty of other effects to consider. First of all, it will contaminate the drinking water. As the rising sea crawls farther and farther up the shore, it will seep into the freshwater sources in the ground that many coastal areas rely on for their drinking water (Business Insider, Science). Secondly, it will interfere with farming. The freshwater will also use for irrigation. If the seawater keep contaminating freshwater in some coastal areas, the saltwater can stunt or kill crops. Thirdly, it will change the coastal plant life. Once the saltwater hitting our shores, the chemistry of the soil on the coast will be changed. Plants are very sensitive to their environments, and many plants will be unable to cope with the change in soil salinity and many disappear from the shoreline. It is very hard for people to remove the salt from water and soil. The fourth major impact is that it will threaten wildlife populations. As the rising ocean erodes the shoreline and floods the areas in where coastal animals live, animals like shorebirds or sea turtles will suffer a lot. Their nest will be destroyed by flooding. By the way, those endangered animals like sea turtles cannot afford to lose any offspring. Consequently, rising sea level will deal damages to not only plants, but also coastal lives. Lastly, it will also hurt our economy. It will cost a lot to deal with the damage done by floods, or farm business. Besides, the tourism and real-estate industries in coastal areas are likely to take a hit as prime beachfront properties and recreational areas are washed away by rising waters. This is a fact that some involved in these industries are finding hard to swallow (Business Insider, Science). Is it possible that we can avoid those potential impacts? We can never find out till it happens.
The state of New York in the United States is one of the most famous states of the United States of America and is a place that many people from all over the world hope to travel to. For New York State the “tourism industry in 2014 reached an all time high of $100.1 billion” (governor.ny.gov). However, New York City, one of the main attractions of New York, is a city that will be greatly impacted by the rising sea levels caused by global warming. This is because it has very great population and is a metropolitan area at sea level. Since 1900 the “average sea levels have risen about 1.2 inches per decade” which is “almost twice the average global rate of 0.5 to 0.7 inches per decade” (Gerken). It is projected that “sea levels around New York City will rise 11 to 21 inches by the middle of the century” (Gerken). These numbers will then increase to “18 to 39 inches by the 2080’s” and the “6 feet by 2100” (Gerken). The sea level was also predicted to “rise between 15 and 75 inches by 2100” (Magill). In the area that is less than 6 feet above sea level “more than $100 billion in property value exists” and around “500,000 people” (Magill). That means that by the end of this century over half a million people will be displaced from their homes and be forced to move elsewhere. The land that would be flooded would be “thousands of acres of highly developed land on Long Island, Manhattan and the New Jersey Coastline” (geology.com). In the year 2014 New York City had 56.5 million visitors who spent $41 billion (nycandcompany.org). However, with the rise of sea level popular tourist sites of New York “such as Wall Street” and the iconic Wall Street Bull would be submerged (Magill). Additionally the “LaGuardia Airport… by the end of the century, [could have] fish... swimming where airplanes once parked at the terminal” (Magill). The flooding of iconic tourist attractions could harm the tourism industry of New York City, and flooded airports will create large costs for the city. In addition to the rising sea levels from global warming that New York is facing “more intense storm surges and floods” (dec.ny.gov). The last major storm “Superstorm Sandy highlighted the… vulnerabilities of [New York’s] tidal shorelines” (dec.ny.gov).
In figure 1 of this paper we can see the projected rise of sea levels. We can see that much of the Manhattan coastline in the 1 in 100 year flood. Additionally much of Bronx and Queens would become flooded. Although a 1 in 100 year flood only has the statistics to flood once every one hundred years that size of a flood still has the ability to do a lot of damage to a highly populated area like New York City.
Figure 2 is showing the different elevations of the popular New York tourist hotspot of Long Island. Because the sea level is predicted to rise “6 feet by 2100” all of the areas in green, which indicates a 5 foot elevation, will become flooded (Magill).
For the entire state of New York there is still a large threat from rising sea levels. According to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation there is “an estimated 1,850 miles of tidal shoreline exposed to to the action of tides” (dec.ny.gov). Additionally “by 2100, scientists project sea levels 18 to 50 inches higher than today along New York’s coastlines” (dec.ny.gov). The loss of the New York City tourism in the overall tourism will cause an economic loss of the “$41 billion” which was the amount of money generated from New York City tourism in 2014 (nycandcompany.org).
Figure 1
Figure 2
Conclusion
To sum up, it can be found that human activities will firstly cause influences toward several factors as will lead to global warming so as to further result in the rise of sea level. The aforementioned factors concerned with global warming mainly include the following ones: the emissions of CO2 as well as other heat-trapping gases, the burning of fossil fuels, the pollution caused by factories, the oils burned by using vehicles together with some other similar factors like that. Thus if we take a careful look at those listed factors, it can be found that they are all out of the human activities from different perspectives, which suggests that human activities are somewhat responsible for global warming which then turns to lead to sea level rise.
Apart from that, a fair knowledge can be obtained that consequences of rising sea level are rather serious and the rise of sea level has actually influenced many aspects of people’s life. Taking the severe consequences of sea level rise, it can be easily understood that human beings have to do some adjustments in their personal behaviors so as to prevent sea level from rising in the future. For example, people can go out on foot, by bike or take the bus rather than driving their private cars, leading to the decrease of automobile exhaust emissions. Also, people can plant more trees and stop excessive deforestation in any form so as to help decrease the amount of CO2 in the air. What people can do are really too numerous to enumerate, but what they should bear in their mind is that they have to do from themselves on and from small things on. Apparently, every person should make their own bit toward global warming because they all live in the same earth. And only in that way can the phenomenon of global warming and sea level rise change more or less in the near future, guaranteeing the life of generations and generations to come.
It is obvious that there are still various aspects concerned with global warming and sea level rise as have not been referred to in the paper and there is still a long way to go if people would like to explore clearly about the relationship between sea level rise and climate. Accordingly, it can not be denied that what has been analyzed in the above has its delimitation and limitations out of lacking in research experiences, which calls for your delicate attention and precious suggestions.

Works Cited
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Gerken, James. “New York City Could See Up To Six Feet Of Sea Level Rise This Century: Report.” The Huffington Post,
Magill, Bobby. “New York Prepares for Up to 6 Feet of Sea Level Rise.” Climate Central: A Science &Amp;
“Sea Level Rise- Department of Environmental Conservation.”
“New York City, Long Island and Newark - Sea Level Rise Map.” New York and New Jersey,
“NYC Statistics.”
“Governor Cuomo Announces Economic Impact of Tourism Industry Exceeds $100 Billion For the First Time in New York State's History.” Governor Andrew M. Cuomo, 27 Aug. 2015,

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