Essay代写：Spatial statistics of regional economic differences

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Spatial statistics of regional economic differences，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了区域经济差异的空间统计。区域经济差异的空间统计对区域发展有重要的作用，在应用阶段，需要综合采用多项经济指标对其进行分析，包括多指标因子和频率分析等，只有对区域经济进行综合性分析后，才能了解区域经济实际情况，按照要求对结构属性进行评估，进而确定有效的管理和发展策略。

Regional economic differences of spatial statistics has important role to the regional development, at the application stage, needs to be integrated by a number of economic indicators to analyze it, including: index factor and frequency analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis, etc., only after a comprehensive analysis was carried out on the regional economy, to understand the regional economic situation, evaluate the structure properties and in accordance with the requirements, and determine the effective management and development strategy. From the perspective of large regional distribution, China's coastal regional economy is relatively developed, while the northwest inland region's economic development is relatively backward. Based on the measurement index, spatial statistics should be done well to meet the requirements of regional management. In this study, the spatial characteristics of regional economic differences were analyzed on the basis of the measurement standard of regional economic strength.

Regional economic differences are the core of regional economic research. With the deepening of research, regional differences have an important impact on the overall development, and the original single index evaluation system needs to be changed to develop into multiple indexes. In view of the special change of research form, it is necessary to realize the analysis and transformation of space from simple measurement model. Regional economy is a new foothold and breakthrough for China's economic development, and also an important part of the urban-rural integration process. In the development process, it needs to be set and analyzed according to the specific requirements of the form of overall planning. Based on the special requirements of regional economic development, it is necessary to have a deeper understanding of the nature of regional differences and realize effective regulation and management of regional economy of provincial and central governments.

From the perspective of the level of economic development, economic structure, economic development speed and economic benefits will affect the development of spatial regions. The specific requirements of fiscal revenue, GDP density and total retail sales of consumer goods for urban and rural residents should be analyzed according to industrial proportion and outward form of economic development. Effective data such as per capita industrial value and industrial added value are the key to measure economic indicators. It is necessary to improve the credibility of the data, ensure the integrity of the data, and then realize the effective use of the data.

Factor analysis refers to the integration of the original multiple indicators into one or several indicators, and takes them as the key information to reflect the index construction. According to the existing data, in the process of data factor analysis, it is necessary to properly analyze variables, and do a good job in feature analysis according to the specific requirements of factors. The analysis showed that the KMO value between 15 indicators was 0.742, indicating that there was a high correlation between the variables, which was suitable for factor analysis. Four common factor for characteristic root is greater than 1, the cumulative variance contribution as follows: 85.444%, shows that the four factors include most of the information, its changes can represent the basic 15 the change of the original variables. By using fourth power rotation of factor loading system is analyzed, according to the indicators suggest that the differences between different load size, the main factors and factors together. According to the regression method, the comprehensive situation of regional economic development can be analyzed, and the regional economic strength score can be obtained considering the requirement of frequency characteristics. If the frequency distribution belongs to the normal range, the proportion of the regions with low scores is larger. As regional development presents obvious differences in different principal factors, economic development indicators can be evaluated on the basis of the characterization of principal factors, and statistical and evaluation can be conducted according to the specific requirements of differences.

Spatial autocorrelation itself is a spatial statistical method, which refers to the correlation of the same observation in different Spaces. Due to the influence of geographical distribution factors on the whole, there will be an obvious trend of continuity. Taking into account the specific requirements of spatial statistics, the index should be evaluated from the measurement space and analyzed according to the requirements of global response coefficient. In order to analyze the attribute relationship, it is necessary to set the local index on the basis of the local index. Global indicators play an important role in verifying the spatial patterns of different regions. Local indicators are applied to the spatial patterns of the whole study region. Local indicators are the values related to a geographical phenomenon or a geographical phenomenon attribute value of a regional unit. At present, many scholars pay more attention to global indicators, mainly Moran's global index and LocalMoran's local index:

According to the specific requirements of the value range, the coefficients should be evaluated in the process of setting different intervals. If there is a negative correlation between regional coefficients, the coefficient range is less than 0, and it should be specific to the target region of economic development. If the economic development level is above the spatial location, the similarity attribute value is higher.

Moran's represents the weight matrix of space, which is set by the proximity standard or distance value, and needs to be calculated according to the specific requirements of the proximity standard value. In addition, for the weight matrix of distance space, the spatial weight matrix of distance is assumed to be the interaction of space, depending on the distance between regions. It can be innovatively designed according to the distance index. K value represents adjacent matrix. In general, the simple matrix is unbalanced due to the general threshold distance. If the area is larger, the adjacent coefficient is less. The space econometric model adopted in practice is space lag model and space error model, which is affected by different factors and directly affects the estimation and experience of the model. As the standard econometric technique has a narrow range of application and low feasibility, it can be evaluated by the spatial two-segment least square method. The fitting degree of the model has a great influence on the linear model.

LNGDP is the logarithmic form of regional GDP, which is interpreted as a variable. Coastal regions have a relatively small population, a relatively developed economy, and a relatively high per capita GDP. Is affected by the economic development level and space form, to explain the model if the per capita indicators, negative influence is big, can adopt total indicators, with GDP as explanatory variables, specific include: the economic structure, industrial structure, between the two, of the form of the substitution model could be used in the analysis phase to evaluate it, by comparing the effect of the model and significant, in the final stages to analyze the selected SGDP index. According to the specific requirements of existing ownership structure indicators, the proportion is measured by the added value of the economy of non-public ownership and evaluated according to the requirements of economic structure variables. Because the structure index is special, the proportion is measured by the added value of non-public economy, which can meet the basic requirements of model setting. In the process of urbanization development, based on the existing model construction, the impact of investment on the economy should be re-examined and expressed with the ratio of fixed asset investment to GDP. In addition, under the influence of government factors, it is generally believed that government consumption expenditure has a negative impact on economic growth, while government investment expenditure has a positive impact on economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the selected data and play the role of the system in economic development.

Based on the specific requirements of regional space development, it is necessary to analyze the difference proportion in the subsequent development stage and rationalize its application according to the statistics and key points. The characteristics of regional economic spatial differences will be analyzed as follows.

In order to eliminate the influence of adverse factors, the data should be standardized in advance. Factor analysis of all economic indicators should be carried out according to SPSS17.0, and principal components should be selected in combination with the analysis method. Through effective analysis, it can be seen that variable differences exist in different project indicators, indicating that different variable intervals have high correlation. The statistician will evaluate the standard value given. If the KMO value is greater than 0.8, factor analysis can be performed. According to bartlett test value requirement, in order to avoid setting unreasonable phenomenon, we must reject the hypothesis and conduct effective analysis on the original variables. If necessary, three main factors should be proposed and the other differences should be compared. If the extracted principal factors are appropriate, the load matrix can be obtained by using the maximum variance method. One is the GDP judgment. For the specific requirements of non-agricultural output value, in the subsequent stage of setting, the GDP and per capita income are combined and the spatial statistical value is assumed according to the requirements of the main factors of economic strength. Second is the value of industrial production, which itself belongs to the added value, is the main factor of economic vitality.

The factor score was calculated according to the existing regression method, which was saved as a new variable in the data file, and the standard was set for the variance of each principal factor after rotation. Taking into account the data changes of principal factor score and weight sum, regional economic development indicators should be measured in advance. If the index is relatively high, regional economic development level is relatively high; otherwise, it is relatively low. From the perspective of current regional development level, western regions are the main regions with relatively low level of economic development, mainly influenced by factors such as science and technology and geographical location. Considering regional transportation system and the key and difficult points of development work, it is necessary to pay attention to relatively independent regional development and do a good job in statistics.

According to the specific requirements of regional economic space development form, the variable information needs to be analyzed timely in the subsequent practice process, and it should be analyzed according to the requirements of measurement management and statistical design. The measurement indexes of regional economic space will be analyzed as follows.

Explanatory variables are mainly fiscal revenue, which refers to the income obtained from the participation of national finance in the distribution of social products, and is the key to the realization of relevant functions of the country. This indicator can be used to measure the government's role in economic development. Taking the X6 representative value as an example, it is necessary to compare the fiscal revenue of county-level administrative units and the impact of formal fiscal revenue on the economy.

Under the condition of market economy, the government provides public goods and services for social development. In order to meet the common needs of the society, attention should be paid to the form of financial funds, and specific management should be done to meet the overall requirements of the financial system. Theoretically, there are certain requirements for stable economic growth, and the expenditure values of different administrative units need to be highlighted, indicating the impact of fiscal expenditure on economic development.

Investment is a direct factor of economic development. Urban fixed asset investment, as an important part, can be indirectly analyzed through influencing investment.

In view of the particularity of the setting of administrative units, residents' storage directly affects the balance of savings and investment. In the selected stage, it is necessary to analyze the storage level, find alternative variables, and take them as an important indicator of economic development.

The structure is represented by the proportion of different industrial sectors in different regions, mainly by mutual influence, or their integration. In the process of regional development, there is internal connection between industrial structure and overall form, and structural upgrading and optimization play an important role in promoting regional economic development, which can be taken as a substitute variable of industrial structure on the basis of non-agricultural proportion.

Regional economic development is a process in which multiple factors work together. In view of the particularity of regional development, it is necessary to compare different forms. The spatial econometric model can be used to compare regional economic development based on the theoretical and practical demonstration at home and abroad. Based on the specific requirements of the analysis form, the spatial statistical analysis index can be used to evaluate it. Taking the spatial statistical analysis value as an example, the Moran index can be used as the test standard to analyze whether there is any correlation. When necessary, the spatial econometric model can be established to evaluate and test the spatial econometric model.

Moran can effectively evaluate regional economic development level and various coefficients, and can choose spatial weight coefficient to compare adjacent coefficient. Considering the particularity of the inspection area, it needs to be evaluated in the global form according to the requirement of spatial correlation test index. Since spatial development has spatial autocorrelation, economic development level shows a tendency of accumulation in similar regional space, and economic development level is adjacent to other economic development areas. Therefore, the existing indicators are fundamentally different. If the statistical data is analyzed, it can be compared according to the error and model requirements. There are many commonly used test criteria, including natural logarithmic function value, likelihood ratio, information criterion, etc., the higher the value, the lower the ratio.

The economic development level in eastern China is relatively high, and the spatial agglomeration distribution pattern is prominent. The sustained development of zhejiang and jiangsu is relatively fast, and Shanghai has a strong economic and technological link. Guangdong has relatively strong economic strength, but its neighboring regions have relatively low development speed and large economic contrast. Considering the special requirements of the opening-up policy, statistical work should be done according to the strength of economic ties.

In view of the particularity of the index of regional economic difference, it is necessary to do the spatial measurement statistics well on the basis of the index system in the process of regional development. Considering the special requirements of regional economic development, it is necessary to discuss the spatial effect and evaluate the model according to the spatial effect data display effect. The existence of spatial effect leads to the correlation of errors in the model, which does not meet the basic assumptions. Therefore, after the spatial autocorrelation factors of the error term are systematically considered in the model, it is possible to correctly estimate the geographical "spillover effect" in the process of regional economic growth by using these improved spatial models.

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Assignment代写：Development of mobile e-commerce

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Development of mobile e-commerce，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了移动电子商务的发展。所谓移动电子商务，即通过手机等移动通信设备与因特网有机结合所进行的电子商务活动。移动通信技术和其他技术的完美组合创造了移动电子商务，而服务则把市场发展推动起来。移动电子商务业务为用户提供了操作上的便利，对金融机构来说也降低了成本，提高了效率。

Mobile e-commerce is an e-commerce activity conducted through the organic combination of mobile communication devices such as mobile phones, pdas and pagers with the Internet. This paper introduces the development status of China's mobile e-commerce, the technology and application of mobile e-commerce, analyzes the existing problems of China's mobile e-commerce and puts forward corresponding countermeasures. It points out the development trend of electronic commerce.

The so-called mobile e-commerce refers to the e-commerce activities conducted through the organic combination of mobile communication devices such as mobile phones, pdas and pagers with the Internet. The perfect combination of mobile communications technology and other technologies has created mobile e-commerce, but what really drives the market is services. Mobile e-commerce offers the following services: PIM, banking, trading, shopping, location-based services, entertainment, etc.

The development history of mobile phones in China has roughly experienced three stages: the first stage is the initial stage, which mainly meets the urgent need of users; the second stage is the development stage. China's 90MHz analog cellular mobile phone becomes the largest mobile phone network in the world. The third stage is the rapid improvement stage. China's introduction of the world's advanced GSM digital mobile phone system, which marks China's mobile communications from a single analog system into the era of analog digital coexistence, can be said to be a step in the right place, the latecomer.

Although there are 30 websites with WAP business in China, fewer than 1,000 users apply for WAP business, so at present, WAP business in China is still in the initial stage.

Mobile electronic commerce technology to the Internet, mobile communication technology and the perfect combination of other technology created the mobile e-commerce, mobile e-commerce technology are: wireless application protocol, general packet radio service, mobile IP technology, "bluetooth" technology, mobile positioning system technology, the third generation mobile communication system.

Mobile e-commerce business provides users with operational convenience, and reduces costs and improves efficiency for financial institutions and commercial institutions. It eliminates the risk and annoyance brought by cash transactions, such as short payment, counterfeit money, custody and carrying, and speeds up the collection. Not only that, because in swiping card transaction process, by the bank verifies the card holder's valid identity and the transaction authenticity, the transaction completes the instant printing collection voucher, also guarantees the merchant on the transaction security. Typical mobile e-commerce applications include wireless CRM, mobile booking, mobile gaming, mobile stock market, mobile banking, etc.

Compared with wire, the limitation of wireless spectrum and power makes it less bandwidth and higher bandwidth cost. At the same time, the development of packet switching makes the channel become Shared. Large delay; The connection reliability is low. When the connection is beyond the coverage area, the service is denied. So service providers should optimize the use of network bandwidth while increasing network capacity to provide more reliable services.

High resolution screens and barcode reading will make mobile devices more user-friendly, but small screens and cumbersome data input methods are still the main obstacles to mobile Internet usability and functionality. It is not expected that the data input method and screen size will be significantly improved in the near future.

Compared with the traditional e-commerce model, the security of mobile e-commerce is more weak. How to protect users' legitimate information from infringement is an urgent problem to be solved. In addition, China should also solve the security problems of electronic payment system and commodity distribution system. The approach that can be taken is to absorb the security precautions of traditional e-commerce, and according to the characteristics of mobile e-commerce, develop light and efficient security protocols, such as application-oriented encryption and simplified IPSEC protocol.

Ending a "free lunch" for mobile Internet, China mobile communications corporation announced that mobile phones using WAP services began to charge. However, the current price is still a preferential policy price. If the pricing issue can be resolved, China's mobile market will have a significant change.

As far as the current application situation is concerned, the application of mobile e-commerce focuses more on personal applications such as access to information, booking tickets and stock trading, and lacks more and more attractive applications, which will undoubtedly restrict the development of mobile e-commerce.

In order to attract more people to engage in mobile e-commerce, it is necessary to provide convenient, reliable and versatile mobile devices.

Voice seems to be the most natural interface for mobile communication devices. The development of voice network navigation system plays a very important role in the development of mobile e-commerce. However, the research on voice access to the Internet will not be a breakthrough in the near future, nor will it be commercially available.

Although mobile e-business in China has made a certain development, but because of current mobile operators, Banks, merchants and mobile e-commerce service user restrictions of many aspects, such as their own conditions, WAP irreplaceable characteristics is not apparent, China's mobile e-commerce is still in its infancy, many applications is still in the pilot phase, has not been widely promotion and application. However, we should see mobile e-commerce has shown a strong momentum of development, we have reason to believe that the development of mobile e-commerce in China will have a bright future.

According to the report from Frost & Sul-livan, a world-famous market research company in the United States, the future mobile e-commerce market will mainly focus on the following different areas: automatic payment system, including vending machines, parking meters, automatic ticket machines, etc. Semi-automatic payment system, including store's cash register machine, taxi meter and so on; Mobile Internet access payment systems, including commercial WAP sites; Mobile phones replace credit card payments and private billing. Among the above payment forms, 39 percent of all mobile e-commerce and 34 percent of private peer-to-peer payments are made through mobile Internet. The survey report by Frost &Sullivan also said that as the current mobile e-commerce has taken shape, the future of the mobile e-commerce market is promising for network operators, Banks, credit card clearing units and related equipment developers. IDC experts recently predicted the future development of mobile e-commerce and summarized ten key development trends:

Mobile operators and manufacturers of communications equipment will hype around the mobile Internet as they already spend huge sums on data communications equipment and operating licenses. These companies will do all they can to raise awareness among their users and get them to embrace this mode of communication. IDC predicts that more than 11 billion phones will have Internet access in 2003, though not all of them will be used for Web surfing.

Wireless CRM, sales management and other enterprise applications will benefit enterprise users both in terms of revenue and office efficiency. As a result, mobile commerce enterprise applications will be a big part of the carrier's advertising this year, while consumer apps will go behind the scenes.

For consumers, they mainly use their phones to get information such as emails, stock quotes, weather, travel routes and flight information. But while these services do not represent direct business opportunities, they help build customer relationships and create indirect business opportunities under the guidance of e-commerce.

Phones with embedded bar-code readers are expected to be available this year. This new feature will bridge the gap between traditional commerce and online commerce. Embedded barcode readers can solve the problem of data input, which is a new step for mobile e-commerce. IDC expects this feature to be particularly useful for mobile business professionals.

High-resolution displays and barcode reading will make mobile devices more user-friendly, but don't expect miracles. Small screens and cumbersome data revenue methods remain major obstacles to the ease of use and functionality of mobile Internet. IDC predicts no significant improvement in the way data is entered and screen size in the near future.

As people began to accept the use of mobile devices to access the Internet, they began to pay more and more attention to security issues like PC. When using mobile communication devices for data sharing and the increasing function of mobile devices, this security concern is more prominent. Although there are millions of data-capable mobile devices in use worldwide, there are few security mechanisms.

Since voice seems to be the most natural interface for mobile communication devices, the research on voice access to the Internet will not be a breakthrough in the near future, nor will it be commercially available.

Although future communication equipment integrates more and more functions, there will be no unified pattern of equipment. PDA manufacturers will add phone functions to their devices, making them more like mobile phones, while mobile phone manufacturers will try to make their devices more like pdas. However, this will not only increase the size, weight and cost of devices, but also increase the acceptance of such devices by most people.

Wireless advertising is becoming a fashion. While it won't be an important revenue source for operators, it provides a new medium for advertisers.

Until now, operators have targeted their business at consumers, but that strategy is about to change. As a large number of commercial application services are put into operation, it can be predicted that mobile operators will shift the sales target of their business from end-consumers to enterprise users, and those operators who can successfully realize this strategy transformation can not only win market share but also increase revenue.

Generally speaking, the various development conditions of mobile e-commerce have been mature or are maturing, and its development prospect will be very attractive and have unique nature. On the surface, advances in technology and solutions to security issues are driving mobile e-commerce in the direction of traditional e-commerce, but there is a difference between the two: e-commerce is evolving into e-commerce, and b-b applications are more common than b-c applications. In mobile e-commerce, it is possible to go a different way. Banking services, stock trading and ticketing will be the main drivers of this market.

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如何写好Introduction部分

Introduction就是引言。作为英文论文写作的起始部分，Introduction是非常重要的，你需要在这里简述你论文的研究方向、过程以及结果。如果同学们想拿高分的话，那么Introduction就得下点功夫了。下面就给大家讲解一下Introduction部分的写作。

what is the Introduction？

引言是什么？

The Introduction is the first part of an essay, usually the first paragraph. The Introduction dose not have to be written first, however. Some writers design and write this part of the essay last or at another point in their writing process.

引言（Introduction）一般是文章的第一段。

There are many ways to write an Introduction. Some writers begin with a question. Other writers give background information about the topic. The kind of Introduction you choose depends on how you want to present the topic and the kind of essay you decide to write.

引言（Introduction）的写法有很多中，有些作者以一个问句开始，有些作者写主题的背景信息。无论你选择哪一种引言，依赖于你想表达的主题和你决定写的作文类型。

What is in the Introduction?

引言包含什么？

The Introduction for most essays is one paragraph. This introductory paragraph usually consists of three parts。

引言一般由三个部分组成：

1.勾

2.链接信息

3.文章主旨

Now look at each of these parts to see what they are and how they work in the Introduction.

下面为大家详细介绍引言的各个组成部分。

The Hook（勾）

The hook is the opening statement or statements of an essay. Just as people use a hook at the end of a fishing pole to catch a fish, writers use a hook to catch the reader’s attention. If a hook does its job well, readers will stay with the essay and want to read the rest of it. The hook is the one part of an essay where you can be as creative as you want.

“勾”顾名思义是吸引的意思，引起读者的兴趣和注意力。勾的作用是打开文章想要阐述的主旨，吸引读者有兴趣阅读全文。这个勾是文章的一部分，引起读者的想象以及勾起读者迫不及待阅读下文的想法。

There are many different ways to write a hook.

Ask a question.

Use an interesting observation.

Use a unique scenario to catch readers” attention.

Begin with a famous quote.

Use a surprising or shocking statistic.

为了达到“勾”所起的作用，引起读者的兴趣和注意力。准确的“勾”的表达方式主要有5种：

Ask a question

提出一个问题

如果读者想要知道这个问题的答案，那说明他们已经被“勾”住并想要读这个文章。例如：一篇关于“在科技使用方面需要更多规则”的文章，如果你是作者，你可能会在开头提出以下问题，以引起读者兴趣：

How many people begin their mornings-every day-by checking their cell phones?

Use an interesting observation

使用一个有趣的视角来观察

例如：

European economists are not sleeping well these days.

这个观察使读者想要了解为什么经济学家不能睡个好觉了。这个勾可以引出文章的主旨，突出引起三个主要在欧洲经济衰退的原因。

Use a unique scenario

使用一个特定场景吸引读者的注意力

例如：

Travelling at more than one hundred miles an hour, he feels as though he is not moving. He is engulfed in complete silence. For a moment, it is as if he has entered another dimension.

Begin with a famous quote

引用名言

例如：

I have a dream.

许多读者看到这个“勾”一定会想到马丁路德金，以及他的战斗。但是也许这个勾只是一篇文章的开始，也许这篇文章就是写关于睡觉模型的。但是你已经被吸引了，不是吗？

Use a surprising or shocking statistic

使用一个令人震惊的统计

例如：

The divorce rate in the United State is well over 50 percent.

使用这种夸张的统计，会让读者觉得不可思议，而去读剩下的文章，看数据是否真实。而这个“勾”起到吸引读者去阅读。

Connection information

链接信息

After the hook, the writer usually writes connecting information, which is three to five sentences that help connect the reader to the topic. These sentences can be background information about the topic or they can be examples.

在文章最开始“勾”后，将会写链接信息。链接信息一般是3-5个句子，可以帮助读者链接到主旨句。在汉语里面应该叫做“过渡句”，让读者能接受文章接下来要讲什么内容。这些链接的句子可以是背景信息，也可以是具体的例子。

例如：文章How Cinderella probably spent her day before she met the prince?也许你会写一些例子作为链接信息。

Her daily routine was not glamorous. She did everything from sweeping the floors to cooking the meals. If someone had asked Cinderella which chores she did not particularly like, she probably would have answered,” Why, none, of course. Housework is duty!”

通过以上句子想表达的信息，读者会很清楚文章将要表达的主题---unpleasant housework chores.

The thesis statement

文章主旨

The Thesis Statement is usually the last part of the Introduction. It is usually one sentence. In the Thesis Statement. The writer tells the reader what to expect in the essay. Basically, there are two kinds of thesis statements- direct and indirect.( they may also be called stated and implied thesis statements.)

主旨句一般是引言的最后一个部分，一般是一个完整的句子。通过这个主旨句，作者将告诉读者文章将要表达的中心思想是什么。一般有两种不同的方式表达文章主旨--直接表达和间接表达。

Direct Thesis Statement

1. Direct Thesis Statement. some writers want to give a specific outline of their thesis statements.

Read the following example:

The main problems facing this nation are a lack of job opportunities for citizens, government corruption, and limited university programs for poor students.

这样的主旨句叫做直接主旨，清楚明白的阐明文章想要表达的中心思想。读者将会明白，文章有三个主要的部分。第一部分讨论的是工作机会，第二部分将讨论政府腐败，最后一部分将讨论贫困学生的大学计划。

Indirect Thesis Statement

2. Indirect Thesis Statement. Other writes are not so direct. Discussing a similar topic as the previous:

There are three important problems facing the nation today that require immediate attention.

这样的主旨句叫暗旨，没有直接表明文章将要表达的主要观点，只表明文章下文将表达单个方面的因素。如果读者向知道他们国家具体面对哪些问题，那么需要读者去阅读文章下文，找到下文章支持观点的论证。这样的主旨叫做Indirect thesis.

以上就是关于Introduction的写作讲解，如果同学们写不好Introduction，那么一定要多进行练习，这样才能提高。

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Paper代写：Us trade deficit

本篇paper代写- Us trade deficit讨论了美国贸易逆差。美国的贸易逆差是一个历史性的问题，其原因是美国制造业的国际竞争力下降，导致贸易出现巨额逆差。近几年，由于美国民众消费支出增长以及企业增加商业库存等因素，美国进口增速快于出口增速，贸易逆差的趋势越来越大。虽然巨额的贸易逆差给美国经济带来了不利影响，但是美国依靠跨国公司对海外的投资可以获取巨大的收益，撑住了巨额贸易逆差带来的压力。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

In recent years, the us trade deficit has been persistent and increasing. Why does the United States continue to have deficits? Fundamentally, there are many reasons for the deficit. Our team mainly studied and investigated by means of data search and literature review, and mainly analyzed the three reasons, namely, the change of international trade pattern, the development of Asian countries, and the decline of international competitiveness of manufactured goods.

The United States has a long history of trade deficit problems. From 1983 to 2000, the United States had a huge current account deficit for 18 consecutive years, and the scale of the deficit gradually expanded. By 2011, the United States had become the world's largest trade deficit and debtor country. In December 2011, the trade deficit widened as U.S. imports grew faster than exports because of rising consumer spending and businesses increasing business inventories, according to Commerce Department data. That month, the U.S. trade deficit was $48.8 billion. For the whole of 2011, the us trade deficit was $558bn, up 11.6 per cent year on year, a three-year high. That means the U.S. trade deficit is trending higher as the economy recovers.

Why is the us running such a large trade deficit? Some Americans do not look to themselves for a reason, but to others. More than 20 years ago, they thought trade deficits were caused by Japan, Germany, etc. For more than a decade, China has been accused of "unfair" competition in trade with the United States. Therefore, the United States has adopted various trade protectionist measures against China: demanding RMB appreciation, imposing anti-dumping duties, countervailing duties, and setting various technical barriers, green barriers, social barriers and so on. Is America's huge trade deficit really caused by China? This is not the case. There are three main reasons for the huge us trade deficit:

The huge trade deficit is the result of the adjustment of international division of labor and American industrial structure. After the war, especially since the 70 s and 80 s, on the basis of the preliminary of the development of globalization, multinational companies in the United States to use its own various monopoly advantage, in Canada, Britain, Western Europe, Japan and other developed countries as the main target of investment, in the manufacturing sector, including automobile, rubber, chemical, computer, precision machinery and instrument industry such as a large number of investment, greatly deepened level division of labor between the United States and other developed countries, expanding the scale of the trade between the developed countries. At the same time, transnational corporations have also invested heavily in developing countries and established a vertical division of labor with developing countries. As a result, the scale of commodity trade between them has expanded rapidly. In this context of international division of labor, the United States gives priority to the development of new and high technology industries, which are mainly based on information technology, to produce high value-added new and high technology products, and to achieve the strategic goal of advanced industrial structure, which fully reflects the strategic intention of the United States to transfer inferior industries and develop superior industries. Therefore, under the background of globalization, the United States has a large trade deficit.

The further development of economic globalization will further expand the us trade deficit. In the context of globalization, the emergence of e-commerce and online trade has also changed the connotation of trade. As a leader of the knowledge economy, the United States has an absolute share of e-commerce. Microsoft sells nearly $100 billion of software products around the world. Instead of exporting traditional goods, it makes CDS in the United States, labels them and sells them around the world. However, the traditional balance of payments does not take into account the export volume of the United States. Obviously, the nominal trade deficit of the United States expands with the deepening development of globalization.

Europe, Asia and North America were major trading partners of the United States, and the U.S. trade in goods was in surplus until the 1980s. Asian countries, represented by China, have replaced countries such as Europe as the leading global exporter to the United States and generated large trade surpluses.

In the last century, the focus of U.S. foreign trade is mainly trade in manufactured goods, and this trade in manufactured goods is becoming increasingly important to the U.S. trade deficit. Therefore, it is of great significance to analyze the formation of the U.S. trade deficit from the perspective of trade in manufactured goods.

Its trade in manufactured goods was also in surplus in the 1960s and 1970s, with a small deficit in the 1980s and a growing deficit in recent years. The U.S. trade deficit in manufactured goods reached $464 billion in 2004. That accounts for two-thirds of the overall trade deficit. It can be seen that the change trend of trade of manufactured goods and total trade of goods in the United States is very close.

With the accelerated globalization of the world economy, international trade and industrial division of labor are developing and changing at an accelerating pace. The huge us trade deficit that has been growing in recent years is caused not by other countries but by its internal causes. On the one hand, the strong dollar drives a lot of commodity imports, and more importantly, the relatively high labor costs make the domestic manufacturing industry less competitive internationally. Although the United States still has core technologies such as integrated circuits and aviation products as well as strong capital and management capacity of multinational companies, with the international division of industry and technology diffusion, many products or production links including information industry have been transferred to newly industrialized countries, especially Asian countries. As a result, U.S. manufacturing has become less competitive internationally and trade has run large deficits.

Although the huge trade deficit of the United States brings adverse effects on the exchange rate, employment and other aspects of the American economy, the United States still has strong technology and capital strength. As the world's largest foreign investor, it can obtain huge benefits by relying on the overseas investment of multinational companies. This is why the United States has been able to sustain a large trade deficit for a long time.

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Essay代写：Statistical work in enterprise

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Statistical work in enterprise，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了企业中的统计工作。企业的发展战略是一个企业的长远发展方向。制定发展战略一方面需要及时了解和把握整个宏观经济的状况及发展变化趋势，了解市场的变化；另一方面，还要对企业进行合理的市场定位，把握企业自身的优势和劣势。所有这些都离不开统计，需要统计提供可靠的数据，利用统计方法对数据进行科学的分析和预测。

Statistical methods are universal data analysis methods applicable to all subject areas. Statistical methods are used wherever there is data. With the increasing emphasis on quantitative research, statistical methods have been applied to many fields of natural science and social science, and statistics has developed into a discipline system composed of several branches. It is fair to say that statistical methods are used in almost all areas of research.

Enterprise development strategy is the long-term development direction of an enterprise. On the one hand, to formulate development strategies, it is necessary to timely understand and grasp the overall macroeconomic situation, development trends and market changes. On the other hand, it is necessary to make reasonable market positioning for enterprises and grasp their own advantages and disadvantages. All of these are inseparable from statistics, which need to provide reliable data and use statistical methods to conduct scientific analysis and prediction of the data.

Quality is the life of an enterprise and the foundation of its sustainable development. The application of statistics is indispensable to quality management. In some well-known multinational companies, 6 inputs has become an important management concept. Quality control has become an important application of statistics in the field of production. Various statistical quality control charts are widely used to monitor production processes.

To gain an advantage in fierce market competition, enterprises must first understand the market, and to understand the market, they need to make extensive market surveys, obtain the required information, and conduct scientific analysis of the information, so as to serve as the basis for production and marketing, which all need statistical support.

The financial data of listed companies is an important reference for investors to choose investment. Some investment consulting companies mainly analyze the financial and statistical data provided by listed companies to provide investment reference for shareholders. The investment of the enterprise itself cannot be separated from the analysis of financial data, in which a large number of statistical methods should be used.

Companies need to forecast future market conditions, and economists often make predictions about the macro economy or one aspect. Use various statistics and statistical methods when making predictions. For example, enterprises need to make predictions about the market of their products in order to timely adjust the production plan, which requires the use of market surveys to obtain data and conduct statistical analysis of the data. When forecasting inflation, economists should use statistical data such as production price index, unemployment rate and utilization of production capacity, and then use statistical models to make predictions.

To motivate employees and restrain bad behaviors, managers must establish an effective assessment system to motivate employees from the aspects of economic interests, rights and status and corporate culture. This involves the assessment and assessment of enterprise employees, and a large number of assessment and assessment of employees must rely on statistical methods to ensure. The age, gender, education level and salary of employees are analyzed by statistical method, which is used as the basis for the establishment of salary plan and reward and punishment system.

China's enterprise statistics originated in the 1950s and is based on the statistical theory of the Soviet union. In production enterprises, output statistics as the core; In circulation enterprises, to purchase, sell, adjust and store statistics for the core. However, in recent years, we have found that the basic work of enterprise statistics has been significantly weakened, mainly due to the following problems: first, the statistical work is not valued by enterprise leaders; enterprises attach more importance to accounting than statistical analysis. Second, the enterprise statistical ledger and original records are increasingly unsound, the randomness of filling in statistical indicators increases, and the quality of statistical data decreases. With the development of market economy, many new enterprises come into being. In these newly established enterprises, there is no clear establishment of statistical functional departments and statistical jobs. The statistical statements are filled out by financial and accounting personnel or personnel of other departments, and some statistical indicators are difficult to calculate and fill out accurately according to the specific requirements of the statistical system. Third, the quality of statisticians is generally not high, most of the enterprise statisticians for part-time, lack of ambition, a strong sense of responsibility. In practical work, data collection, collation, summary and processing are often conducted by experience or by using incorrect and inappropriate statistical methods. Therefore, the quality of statistical data is not high, let alone conducting statistical surveys, analysis and prediction, providing statistical consultation and implementing statistical supervision. As there are many problems in enterprise statistical work, the reference effect of statistical data on enterprise operation and management decisions is weakened, or does not play a large role. The smaller the role, the less it is valued, and the less it is valued, the less effective it is.

In view of the problems existing in enterprise statistics, the following aspects should be improved to give full play to the role of statistics in enterprise management.

We should integrate statistical work into enterprise management, establish and improve relevant statistical rules and regulations, identify weak links in statistical work, strengthen basic statistical work, enhance the awareness of statisticians to participate in management and decision-making, and give play to the role of overall statistical function in enterprise production and operation management. To carry out statistical analysis actively, every business decision of an enterprise is inseparable from the need for information, which is the basis of decision-making. To participate in the management of statistical work means to carefully process and sort out a large amount of statistical information held by statistical departments, and put forward statistical analysis reports with opinions, Suggestions and measures to serve the management and decision-making of enterprises.

The statistical index system and internal statistical statements are the fundamental guarantee for the improvement of the statistical system. The main contents include the establishment of various statistical statements, statistical index system and enterprise planning index system in accordance with the requirements of the state and the superior business departments. It mainly assesses the mandatory or guiding plans issued by the state, internal policies, objectives and management plans, and economic contracting plans. The statistical department must follow the content of the statistical index system, design the statistical information to be reflected according to different business categories, and make a unified set of tables within the enterprise. Through the implementation of a set of tables, clear tasks, statistics to achieve accurate, timely, comprehensive, convenient, and improve the overall statistical function.

With the integration of China and international practices, Chinese enterprises pay more and more attention to the statistical work, and the middle and high-level statisticians become the object that enterprises should cultivate. These statisticians are mainly engaged in market research, information management and quality control for enterprises. They should have strong data processing and analysis ability. At the same time, middle and high level statisticians should have interdisciplinary background knowledge and be able to find out the rules from the complex data, so as to provide decision-making basis for the future operation and development of enterprises.

To sum up, the role of statistics in enterprise production and operation management is very important. Only by making full use of statistical work, establishing sound and perfect statistical system and cultivating high-quality statistical personnel can the level of enterprise management and decision-making be improved.

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