本篇英国paper代写精选-Niccolò Machiavelli---a humanist讲了一些学者认为尼古拉•马基雅维利，由于他对人性的悲观，他不是一个人文主义者（Bowle.1947）。然而，在这篇paper代写中，有人根据他的作品，认为马基雅维利不仅是一个人文主义者，而且是一个极端的人文主义者。本篇paper代写由51due英国代写机构整理，供大家参考阅读。
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469 - 1527), an Italian political thinker and historian, was born in Florence. There is a lot of controversy and debate about whether Niccolò Machiavelli is a humanist. As some scholar argues that he neither has a simple relationship with humanism nor is apart from it (Hakins, 1996). There is also an argument that Machiavelli is not a humanist due to his pessimism of the human nature (Bowle.1947). However, in this essay, it is argued that Machiavelli is not only a humanist but also an extreme humanist based on the interpretation of the extracts his main works---"The Prince” and “The Discourse”.
Machiavelli was a humanist as his main work "The Prince” broke the shackles of theology and ethics, opened up the path towards an independent discipline of political science and law. During the medieval time of the Western Europe, Christian Church with a strict hierarchy became the spiritual pillar of the feudal society, and people at that time regard God as the absolute authority who controlled anything. Machiavelli was aware of such social phenomenon, but he remarked that in The Prince “fortune is the arbiter of half the things we do, leaving the other half or so to be controlled by ourselves” (Machiavelli The prince ex.1, 79). Based on this remark, it could be seen clearly that Machiavelli began to notice and emphasize the power of human beings instead of focusing only on fortune controlled by the fortune and god. In addition, he pointed out the importance of the capability of the prince as he said that “one who adapts his policy to the times prospers, and likewise that the one whose policy clashes with the demands of the times does not” (Machiavelli The prince ex.1,79) based on his observation of the danger of total reliance on the fortune. Humanism, the ideology formed during the Renaissance, is consistent with the central idea of progressive literature of Machiavelli. Its advocates are all people-oriented, and against the authority of God. It believed that the people should be freed from the shackles of medieval theology. It aired on the liberation of personality, the pursuit of the improvement of prince’s ability to adapt to the time and the opposition of hierarchy. Thus, this point is in accord with not only the humanistic spirits but also the modern concept of the state based on reason and experience, as its main content is to make the "state" get rid of the medieval theocracy and is against belief that divine right of kings is given by god as the prince need to find methods and policy adapting to the time can prosper.
In his another main work “The discourse”, he showed respect to the ancient civilizations---another feature of humanism. And one main feature of humanist is a close reading of ancient history and moral philosophy (Skinner, 1981, p5). He said in the discourse,” In legal disputes between citizens and in diseases that men get, we have recourse to the judgments and the remedies prescribed by the ancients” (Machiavelli The discourse ex.2, 98). Machiavelli did not separate the ancient legal issues and medicine from the medieval legal issues and medicine due to a high reverse of the intelligence and admiration of ancient Greek and roman culture. He also expressed his admiration of ancient Greek and roman culture in a directly by saying, “ the origin of the [ancient] city of Rome, of its legislators and of its constitution, will not be surprised that in this city such great virtue was maintained for so many centuries”(Machiavelli The discourse ex.2,100). Here the word “virtue” is the humanism understood and admired by Machiavelli. This thought is rather consistent during this book, which could be explained by his earlier life experience: his family was closely related to the humanist circles and there was a strong humanistic belief at Florentine at that time (Skinner, 1981, p.p5-6). Thus, the living environment of Niccolò Machiavelli led him to a high level of respect and admiration of ancient civilizations, which is shown clearly in his main works.
However, Machiavelli’ works went over the limit and put too much emphasis on the individuals, which makes him became an extreme humanist. His thinking profoundly and clearly reflects an idea that an end justifies the means. In "The Prince", almost all remarkable success is linked with a variety of dirty tricks and evil natures of human being. This led him to subjectivity in the judgment of human nature based on his own perception and understanding of human nature. As written by George H. Sabine., he was not scientific at all due to the fact that his judgment on human nature was empirical from the daily observations of the rulers or study of rulers in the history (Sabine, 1961). He remarked, “the gulf between how one should live and how one does live is so wide”（Machiavelli The prince ex.1, 49-50）. He pointed out the superficial side of the human beings. He also made a bold and abrupt generalization of the human nature: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profitable（Machiavelli The prince ex.1, 54-56）. He did not use any modifier, such as some or most to show that his remarks on human nature is applied to only small part of human beings. This remark is directed towards anyone, which is rather extreme. This subjectivity in the judgment of human nature makes Niccolò Machiavelli appear to be an extreme humanist.
As what have been mentioned about his over generalization on the evil human nature, his sad tone on the nature of human beings is the area where most debate occurred over whether he is a humanist. In Machiavelli's thought, there is a clear difference between moral and political issues, which is called as "Morality- politics". This binary opposition is based on considerations of realism of Machiavelli. Like the early humanists, in The Prince, he talked about the virtues of the monarch. For instance, he mentioned, “His behavior should be tempered by humanity and prudence so that over-confidence does not make him rash or excessive distrust make him unbearable” （Machiavelli The prince ex.1,53. He also mentioned “humanity “in this quote as a quality of ruler, which is an evidence of him as a humanist. But at the same time he claimed that the monarch can abandon virtues for the political purpose, which is the biggest dissimilarity between him and the early humanists. As George H. Sabine remarked about Machiavelli, he simply separate politics and other consideration such as morality and the politics itself has became an end (Sabine, 1961, p318). Machiavelli therefore was struck into a "moral - political" binary opposition, but also Machiavelli's dichotomy gives us an Enlightenment of diverse thoughts. This dilemma is clearly shown in one quote of Machiavelli in The prince: “He should not deviate from what is good, if that is possible, but he should know how to do evil, if that is necessary” (Machiavelli The prince ex.1, 57). Due to this, it could be said that Machiavelli separate politics with virtue as he admired virtue, but at the same time the prince can get rid of it from politics. In this sense, Niccolò Machiavelli made some improvement compared to earlier humanists.
Another main reason to argue Machiavelli as a humanist is based on the aim of his works---to prepare the man for government, which is a central theme of renaissance humanism. According to the book entitled The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction by Jerry Brotton, Professor of Renaissance Studies in the University of London, the aim of renaissance humanism is rather pragmatic：to provide guild and prepare people for professional advancement, especially for man in government (Brotton, 2006). In this sense, "The Prince" by Machiavelli as a result of summary of his 14-year political career, especially diplomatic experience is indeed about technique and statecraft of monarch to be prosperous. It expounds on in great detail the gist of the monarch or other types of authoritarian rule, and how to consolidate their power, and status. For instance , he talked about that a good prince “have known how to trick men with their cunning” and “have not taken their promises seriously（Machiavelli The prince ex.1,56）. The central issue is divided into two areas: political and military measures. The book is written for powerful and respected king of authoritarian regime and ambitious officials.
To sum up, Machiavelli advocated the supremacy of the prince capability, and dismissed the authority of god and fortune. His masterpiece "The Prince" focuses on what ability and skills that the prince should have, in order to seize and consolidate power and so on. In addition, in “The Discourse”, he demonstrated his great admiration of the ancient Greek and Roman civilization. All this combined to make him a humanist despite his pessimism and negative description of the human nature makes the public doubt his status as a humanist. But it is dangerous to confuse the view on morality and attention on people. He is truly not only one of the main founders of modern political thoughts but also a great humanist.
Bibliography
Machiavelli, N. (2016) .The prince extract, Melbourne, Trinity College Foundation Studies.
John Bowle. (1947). Western political thoughts: an historical introduction from the origins to Rousseau. London: Lowe and Brydone limited
Jerry Brotton. (2006).The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
James Hakins. (1996). Humanism and origins of modern political thoughts. Cambridge University Press.
George H. Sabine. (1961). A history of political theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Quentin Skinner. (1981). Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press
要想成绩好，英国论文得写好，51due英国代写平台为你提供英国留学资讯，专业辅导，还为你提供专业英国essay代写，paper代写，report代写，需要找论文代写的话快来联系我们51due吧。—Ace
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469 - 1527), an Italian political thinker and historian, was born in Florence. There is a lot of controversy and debate about whether Niccolò Machiavelli is a humanist. As some scholar argues that he neither has a simple relationship with humanism nor is apart from it (Hakins, 1996). There is also an argument that Machiavelli is not a humanist due to his pessimism of the human nature (Bowle.1947). However, in this essay, it is argued that Machiavelli is not only a humanist but also an extreme humanist based on the interpretation of the extracts his main works---"The Prince” and “The Discourse”.
Machiavelli was a humanist as his main work "The Prince” broke the shackles of theology and ethics, opened up the path towards an independent discipline of political science and law. During the medieval time of the Western Europe, Christian Church with a strict hierarchy became the spiritual pillar of the feudal society, and people at that time regard God as the absolute authority who controlled anything. Machiavelli was aware of such social phenomenon, but he remarked that in The Prince “fortune is the arbiter of half the things we do, leaving the other half or so to be controlled by ourselves” (Machiavelli The prince ex.1, 79). Based on this remark, it could be seen clearly that Machiavelli began to notice and emphasize the power of human beings instead of focusing only on fortune controlled by the fortune and god. In addition, he pointed out the importance of the capability of the prince as he said that “one who adapts his policy to the times prospers, and likewise that the one whose policy clashes with the demands of the times does not” (Machiavelli The prince ex.1,79) based on his observation of the danger of total reliance on the fortune. Humanism, the ideology formed during the Renaissance, is consistent with the central idea of progressive literature of Machiavelli. Its advocates are all people-oriented, and against the authority of God. It believed that the people should be freed from the shackles of medieval theology. It aired on the liberation of personality, the pursuit of the improvement of prince’s ability to adapt to the time and the opposition of hierarchy. Thus, this point is in accord with not only the humanistic spirits but also the modern concept of the state based on reason and experience, as its main content is to make the "state" get rid of the medieval theocracy and is against belief that divine right of kings is given by god as the prince need to find methods and policy adapting to the time can prosper.
In his another main work “The discourse”, he showed respect to the ancient civilizations---another feature of humanism. And one main feature of humanist is a close reading of ancient history and moral philosophy (Skinner, 1981, p5). He said in the discourse,” In legal disputes between citizens and in diseases that men get, we have recourse to the judgments and the remedies prescribed by the ancients” (Machiavelli The discourse ex.2, 98). Machiavelli did not separate the ancient legal issues and medicine from the medieval legal issues and medicine due to a high reverse of the intelligence and admiration of ancient Greek and roman culture. He also expressed his admiration of ancient Greek and roman culture in a directly by saying, “ the origin of the [ancient] city of Rome, of its legislators and of its constitution, will not be surprised that in this city such great virtue was maintained for so many centuries”(Machiavelli The discourse ex.2,100). Here the word “virtue” is the humanism understood and admired by Machiavelli. This thought is rather consistent during this book, which could be explained by his earlier life experience: his family was closely related to the humanist circles and there was a strong humanistic belief at Florentine at that time (Skinner, 1981, p.p5-6). Thus, the living environment of Niccolò Machiavelli led him to a high level of respect and admiration of ancient civilizations, which is shown clearly in his main works.
However, Machiavelli’ works went over the limit and put too much emphasis on the individuals, which makes him became an extreme humanist. His thinking profoundly and clearly reflects an idea that an end justifies the means. In "The Prince", almost all remarkable success is linked with a variety of dirty tricks and evil natures of human being. This led him to subjectivity in the judgment of human nature based on his own perception and understanding of human nature. As written by George H. Sabine., he was not scientific at all due to the fact that his judgment on human nature was empirical from the daily observations of the rulers or study of rulers in the history (Sabine, 1961). He remarked, “the gulf between how one should live and how one does live is so wide”（Machiavelli The prince ex.1, 49-50）. He pointed out the superficial side of the human beings. He also made a bold and abrupt generalization of the human nature: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profitable（Machiavelli The prince ex.1, 54-56）. He did not use any modifier, such as some or most to show that his remarks on human nature is applied to only small part of human beings. This remark is directed towards anyone, which is rather extreme. This subjectivity in the judgment of human nature makes Niccolò Machiavelli appear to be an extreme humanist.
As what have been mentioned about his over generalization on the evil human nature, his sad tone on the nature of human beings is the area where most debate occurred over whether he is a humanist. In Machiavelli's thought, there is a clear difference between moral and political issues, which is called as "Morality- politics". This binary opposition is based on considerations of realism of Machiavelli. Like the early humanists, in The Prince, he talked about the virtues of the monarch. For instance, he mentioned, “His behavior should be tempered by humanity and prudence so that over-confidence does not make him rash or excessive distrust make him unbearable” （Machiavelli The prince ex.1,53. He also mentioned “humanity “in this quote as a quality of ruler, which is an evidence of him as a humanist. But at the same time he claimed that the monarch can abandon virtues for the political purpose, which is the biggest dissimilarity between him and the early humanists. As George H. Sabine remarked about Machiavelli, he simply separate politics and other consideration such as morality and the politics itself has became an end (Sabine, 1961, p318). Machiavelli therefore was struck into a "moral - political" binary opposition, but also Machiavelli's dichotomy gives us an Enlightenment of diverse thoughts. This dilemma is clearly shown in one quote of Machiavelli in The prince: “He should not deviate from what is good, if that is possible, but he should know how to do evil, if that is necessary” (Machiavelli The prince ex.1, 57). Due to this, it could be said that Machiavelli separate politics with virtue as he admired virtue, but at the same time the prince can get rid of it from politics. In this sense, Niccolò Machiavelli made some improvement compared to earlier humanists.
Another main reason to argue Machiavelli as a humanist is based on the aim of his works---to prepare the man for government, which is a central theme of renaissance humanism. According to the book entitled The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction by Jerry Brotton, Professor of Renaissance Studies in the University of London, the aim of renaissance humanism is rather pragmatic：to provide guild and prepare people for professional advancement, especially for man in government (Brotton, 2006). In this sense, "The Prince" by Machiavelli as a result of summary of his 14-year political career, especially diplomatic experience is indeed about technique and statecraft of monarch to be prosperous. It expounds on in great detail the gist of the monarch or other types of authoritarian rule, and how to consolidate their power, and status. For instance , he talked about that a good prince “have known how to trick men with their cunning” and “have not taken their promises seriously（Machiavelli The prince ex.1,56）. The central issue is divided into two areas: political and military measures. The book is written for powerful and respected king of authoritarian regime and ambitious officials.
To sum up, Machiavelli advocated the supremacy of the prince capability, and dismissed the authority of god and fortune. His masterpiece "The Prince" focuses on what ability and skills that the prince should have, in order to seize and consolidate power and so on. In addition, in “The Discourse”, he demonstrated his great admiration of the ancient Greek and Roman civilization. All this combined to make him a humanist despite his pessimism and negative description of the human nature makes the public doubt his status as a humanist. But it is dangerous to confuse the view on morality and attention on people. He is truly not only one of the main founders of modern political thoughts but also a great humanist.
Bibliography
Machiavelli, N. (2016) .The prince extract, Melbourne, Trinity College Foundation Studies.
John Bowle. (1947). Western political thoughts: an historical introduction from the origins to Rousseau. London: Lowe and Brydone limited
Jerry Brotton. (2006).The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
James Hakins. (1996). Humanism and origins of modern political thoughts. Cambridge University Press.
George H. Sabine. (1961). A history of political theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Quentin Skinner. (1981). Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press
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