下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Housing design，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了房屋的设计。根据建筑材料的不同，房屋的设计也不太一样。像以前用茅草搭建的房屋，它的屋顶就必须要倾斜度大于45度，以便于水的流出。还有木头搭建的房屋，缺点非常严重，有严重的火灾隐患，并且容易腐烂。
The United Nations states that “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing…” (UN, 1948). However, in many developing and third world countries, a large proportion of people are too poor to have even a decent house. The condition is similar in Devikulam. Devikulam is a small village located in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. There are about 90 households in the village, and almost all of the people are living below the poverty line. Within Devikulam, houses in an area called ‘colony’ are not adequately prepared for the heavy monsoon rain and people have expressed that they would like an improvement on their houses so they have better protection from the rain (EWB, 2011). Our team has identified this issue the prime problem of the community.
Houses provide people with security and comfort. Also, if the people in colony have better houses that can safely survive through the monsoon season, they will be able to spend their resources and time on doing more productive activities, rather than fixing homes every monsoon season. As a consequence, our team has decided providing colony people better housing with improved protection from the rain as a design topic.
http://www.51due.net/writing/research-paper/sample31898.html
Research tasks
To assist with this topic the following sub-research areas were identified.
User needs regarding cultures and people
The current housing situation in Devikulam
Environmental factors
Materials available
Existing housing solutions
Different kinds of roofing methods
This report will focus on identifying and evaluating the existing roofing methods that could be used in the colony. The report examines four different types of roofing methods: thatching, tiling, roofing with slate and wood. A simple set of design criteria will be developed and will be incorporated into a decision matrix to compare each method. Finally, how this information will assist our team in finding the final solution will be discussed and recommendations regarding the most suitable roofing method will be made.
Evaluation of four types of roofs
Approach
There are many existing roofing methods. To be relevant to the purpose of the project, roofing methods that require modern resources and technologies that are not accessible to Devikulam have not been considered below. Instead, four roofing methods, thatching, tiles made from clay, roofing using slate and wood, were selected as they are all natural source roofing materials. Pros and cons of each method will be examined and this will be followed by source analysis.
1. Thatching
Thatching is one of the oldest roofing techniques (Letts, Quantrill, 2010). The materials used for thatching depends on the region; in England wheat straw is common (Letts, Quantrill, 2010), tropical countries use palm and Palmyra fronds (Keller, 2010) while countries like Korea where rice farming was extensive, use rice straw. Reeds are also used.
1.1 Advantages
It uses the local material and is produced by natural process.
As there is no need to import foreign materials, it is cost effective.
Attractive appearance (Botes, 2007).
It traps heat well; it is cooler in summer and warmer in winter (National Energy Services, 2008)
1.2 Disadvantages
Vulnerable to fire risk.
Susceptible to decay and decomposition.
The pitch of the roof should not be less than 45 degrees to allow water to shed quickly. The steeper the roof, the greater the durability of the thatch (Botes, 2007).
Attracts rodents and birds (National Energy Services, 2008).
The durability of thatching depends on the material used. Thatched roof using long stem grasses lasts long, between 50 to 60 years (Roofing Products, 2011) while that made of rice straw only last one or two years. One way to improve thatched roofs against rain water leakage is to use two layers of thatching. Knapp (2003) says that two layers are used for thatching in south India, Coconut or Palmyra fronds as a lower layer topped with a fine layer of paddy straw or grasses to content with monsoon rain. Palmyra trees are abundant in the area, and rice is grown on wetlands (EWB, 2011) so they can be used to form a double layer thatching.
1.3 Source analysis
Botes and National Energy Services are unbiased as they provide evenly weighted discussions of pros and cons. Botes, although he is an architect, is less reliable since the information is explicitly of his own opinion. Roofing Products is more informative than others, presenting facts rather than comparing pros and cons. Knapp back-ups his statements with other various researches which indicates high accuracy.
2. Clay tiles
Clay tiles are produced by baking moulded clay. The clay used, the temperature of kiln and the amount of time the tiles spend in the kiln determine the characteristics of the tile. The laying technique also depends on the type of tile used (National Roofing Contractors Association, 2011). Some of common tile types are illustrated in figure 1.
Figure 1: Different types of tiles (Roof Magician, n.d.)
2.1 Advantages
Tiles last long because they do not decompose and attract pests such as termites, birds, rodents
They are not flammable.
Provide good protection from rain.
Require little maintenance (RoofGenius, 2011)
2.2 Disadvantages
If tiles were to be made in Devikulam, the people need to learn how to make them.
Making tiles may require resources that are not reachable from the village. They include;
Highly skilled personnel who can teach villagers tile making.
Building a tile making facility may be inappropriate - Set-up cost will be high.
There may not be adequate fuels to feed the kiln and maintain high enough temperature to produce tiles.
Tiles are fragile, they are easily broken.
Tiles are heavy; the current mud house is likely to be too weak to support the weight of tiles (RoofGenius, 2011).
Figure 2: Bamboo roof in Osaka, Japan (Telford, n.d.)
Introducing clay tiles seem impossible, due to the cost and the fact that the entire house needs reconstruction with stronger materials. A more appropriate and simpler way is to use bamboo. Split bamboo can be laid similarly to Spanish tiles (see figure 1 for Spanish tile arrangement), using natural overlap to create a smooth surface for water to run from (Roofing Products, 2011). Figure 2 shows the actual bamboo roof made from using this technique in Japan.
2.3 Source analysis
RoofGenius delivers unbiased comparison between different types of roofing. Accuracy is high as the webpage is run by a retired shingler as well as a roofing contractor. Information is clear, simple and easy to understand even for people who do not have any background knowledge of roofing.
3. Slate
A slate is a type of rock that can be split into sheets of the thickness of 4 to 15 mm. These sheets are laid in a way that each layer of slate laps over the piece of slate below so the rain cannot get through the roof (premierslate, n.d.).
3.1 Advantages
It lasts long; invulnerable to rot and insects.
Well protected from a fire.
Little maintenance required. (RoofGenius, 2011)
3.2 Disadvantages
It is heavy; therefore houses in Devikulam would require extra strength to support a slate roof.
Slates are breakable (RoofGenius, 2011).
Similarly as clay tiles, slate roofs seem unfeasible for Devikulam because of the reconstruction reason. Also, slate or any similar kind of rocks that can be split into sheets may not be found in the area.
4. Wood roofs
Wood has been a popular roofing material due to its availability (Roofing Products, 2011). There are two types of wood roofs, using shingles and shakes. Shingles are produced by sawing a wooden block while shakes are split from a wood block (Advanced Housing Research Center, 2000). While shingles are less expensive than shakes, shakes last longer.
4.1 Advantages
It requires less specialised knowledge for processing and installation than other roofing methods such as thatching (Roofing Products, 2011).
Wood is a widely available resource.
4.2 Disadvantages
Regular maintenance is required (Roofing Products, 2011).
Susceptible to decay, especially in humid weather. Shakes and shingles that have absorbed moisture can result in swelling, shrinking, cracking and they encourage more moisture to get in. Mildew, moss, algae and lichens can grow on the shake roof which also speed up the decay process. Chemical treatment can be applied to increase the durability but not an option for Devikulam (Advanced Housing Research Center, 2000).
Fire risk.
It is clear that wood roofs in Devikulam would not last long because of the humid weather. Furthermore, frequent replacement of wood roofs due to decay may result in deforestation.
4.3 Source analysis
Since Advanced Housing Research Center is under the US federal agency the information is of high accuracy. It is factual and no indication of bias in the information.
How this research will be incorporated into team’s design topics
The findings in this report will provide our team background knowledge of different types of natural source roofing. All of the information collected by team members will be collaborated in order to choose a solution that can be successfully implemented in Devikulam. In particular, this report will be considered closely with the available material information so that the local materials are used as much as possible.
Recommendations
Even though clay tiles, slates and shingles and shakes come from natural sources, they are not appropriate for Devikulam due to various reasons discovered above. Instead, thatching and bamboo using Spanish tile arrangement have been identified as more suitable roofing techniques. Five possible solutions have been generated using these methods and are shown in the decision matrix in table 1. They are evaluated against five criteria; protection from rain, cost, time taken for building roof, labour and durability.
Table 1: Decision matrix
Criteria
References
Advanced Housing Research Center, 2000, Wood Shakes and Shingles: Tips for Longer Life, viewed at 27 March, < http://www.toolbase.org/Best-Practices/Failure-Prevention/wood-shakes-and-shingles>
Botes, J, 2007, Thatch Roofing – The Pros and the Cons, viewed 25 March 2011,
Engineers Without Borders Australia, 2011, 2011 EWB Challenge Design Brief, viewed 20 March 2011, < http://www.ewb.org.au/explore/initiatives/2011ewbchallenge#top>
Keller, M, 2010, How to Build a Palmetto Thatched Roof, viewed 26 March 2011,
Knapp, R,G (ed), 2003, Asia’s Old Dwellings Tradition, Resilience and Change, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 56.
Letts, J, Quantrill, K, 2010, Thatching with ‘Long Straw’, viewed 26 March 2011,
National Energy Services, 2008, Thatched Roof Coverings, Factsheet, viewed 26 March 2011,
National Roofing Contractors Association, 2011, Clay tile and concrete tile, viewed 26 March 2011, < http://www.nrca.net/consumer/types/tile.aspx>
premierslate, n.d., What is slate?, viewed 27 March 2011, < http://www.premierslate.com.au/what-is-slate/>
Roof Magician, n.d., Clay Roof Tile Installation, viewed 27 March 2011, < http://roofmagician.com/176/clay-roof-tile-installation/>
RoofGenious, 2011, Popular roofing materials, viewed 26 March 2011, < http://roofgenius.com/roofmaterialchoices.htm>
Roofing Products, 2011, Biomass Roofing For All Needs, viewed 26 March 2011,
Telford,R, n.d., Bamboo roof, Osaka, Japan, viewed 27 March 2011,
United Nations, 1948, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 25, viewed 27 March 2011,
想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要论文代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有paper代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。
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The United Nations states that “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing…” (UN, 1948). However, in many developing and third world countries, a large proportion of people are too poor to have even a decent house. The condition is similar in Devikulam. Devikulam is a small village located in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. There are about 90 households in the village, and almost all of the people are living below the poverty line. Within Devikulam, houses in an area called ‘colony’ are not adequately prepared for the heavy monsoon rain and people have expressed that they would like an improvement on their houses so they have better protection from the rain (EWB, 2011). Our team has identified this issue the prime problem of the community.
Houses provide people with security and comfort. Also, if the people in colony have better houses that can safely survive through the monsoon season, they will be able to spend their resources and time on doing more productive activities, rather than fixing homes every monsoon season. As a consequence, our team has decided providing colony people better housing with improved protection from the rain as a design topic.
http://www.51due.net/writing/research-paper/sample31898.html
Research tasks
To assist with this topic the following sub-research areas were identified.
User needs regarding cultures and people
The current housing situation in Devikulam
Environmental factors
Materials available
Existing housing solutions
Different kinds of roofing methods
This report will focus on identifying and evaluating the existing roofing methods that could be used in the colony. The report examines four different types of roofing methods: thatching, tiling, roofing with slate and wood. A simple set of design criteria will be developed and will be incorporated into a decision matrix to compare each method. Finally, how this information will assist our team in finding the final solution will be discussed and recommendations regarding the most suitable roofing method will be made.
Evaluation of four types of roofs
Approach
There are many existing roofing methods. To be relevant to the purpose of the project, roofing methods that require modern resources and technologies that are not accessible to Devikulam have not been considered below. Instead, four roofing methods, thatching, tiles made from clay, roofing using slate and wood, were selected as they are all natural source roofing materials. Pros and cons of each method will be examined and this will be followed by source analysis.
1. Thatching
Thatching is one of the oldest roofing techniques (Letts, Quantrill, 2010). The materials used for thatching depends on the region; in England wheat straw is common (Letts, Quantrill, 2010), tropical countries use palm and Palmyra fronds (Keller, 2010) while countries like Korea where rice farming was extensive, use rice straw. Reeds are also used.
1.1 Advantages
It uses the local material and is produced by natural process.
As there is no need to import foreign materials, it is cost effective.
Attractive appearance (Botes, 2007).
It traps heat well; it is cooler in summer and warmer in winter (National Energy Services, 2008)
1.2 Disadvantages
Vulnerable to fire risk.
Susceptible to decay and decomposition.
The pitch of the roof should not be less than 45 degrees to allow water to shed quickly. The steeper the roof, the greater the durability of the thatch (Botes, 2007).
Attracts rodents and birds (National Energy Services, 2008).
The durability of thatching depends on the material used. Thatched roof using long stem grasses lasts long, between 50 to 60 years (Roofing Products, 2011) while that made of rice straw only last one or two years. One way to improve thatched roofs against rain water leakage is to use two layers of thatching. Knapp (2003) says that two layers are used for thatching in south India, Coconut or Palmyra fronds as a lower layer topped with a fine layer of paddy straw or grasses to content with monsoon rain. Palmyra trees are abundant in the area, and rice is grown on wetlands (EWB, 2011) so they can be used to form a double layer thatching.
1.3 Source analysis
Botes and National Energy Services are unbiased as they provide evenly weighted discussions of pros and cons. Botes, although he is an architect, is less reliable since the information is explicitly of his own opinion. Roofing Products is more informative than others, presenting facts rather than comparing pros and cons. Knapp back-ups his statements with other various researches which indicates high accuracy.
2. Clay tiles
Clay tiles are produced by baking moulded clay. The clay used, the temperature of kiln and the amount of time the tiles spend in the kiln determine the characteristics of the tile. The laying technique also depends on the type of tile used (National Roofing Contractors Association, 2011). Some of common tile types are illustrated in figure 1.
Figure 1: Different types of tiles (Roof Magician, n.d.)
2.1 Advantages
Tiles last long because they do not decompose and attract pests such as termites, birds, rodents
They are not flammable.
Provide good protection from rain.
Require little maintenance (RoofGenius, 2011)
2.2 Disadvantages
If tiles were to be made in Devikulam, the people need to learn how to make them.
Making tiles may require resources that are not reachable from the village. They include;
Highly skilled personnel who can teach villagers tile making.
Building a tile making facility may be inappropriate - Set-up cost will be high.
There may not be adequate fuels to feed the kiln and maintain high enough temperature to produce tiles.
Tiles are fragile, they are easily broken.
Tiles are heavy; the current mud house is likely to be too weak to support the weight of tiles (RoofGenius, 2011).
Figure 2: Bamboo roof in Osaka, Japan (Telford, n.d.)
Introducing clay tiles seem impossible, due to the cost and the fact that the entire house needs reconstruction with stronger materials. A more appropriate and simpler way is to use bamboo. Split bamboo can be laid similarly to Spanish tiles (see figure 1 for Spanish tile arrangement), using natural overlap to create a smooth surface for water to run from (Roofing Products, 2011). Figure 2 shows the actual bamboo roof made from using this technique in Japan.
2.3 Source analysis
RoofGenius delivers unbiased comparison between different types of roofing. Accuracy is high as the webpage is run by a retired shingler as well as a roofing contractor. Information is clear, simple and easy to understand even for people who do not have any background knowledge of roofing.
3. Slate
A slate is a type of rock that can be split into sheets of the thickness of 4 to 15 mm. These sheets are laid in a way that each layer of slate laps over the piece of slate below so the rain cannot get through the roof (premierslate, n.d.).
3.1 Advantages
It lasts long; invulnerable to rot and insects.
Well protected from a fire.
Little maintenance required. (RoofGenius, 2011)
3.2 Disadvantages
It is heavy; therefore houses in Devikulam would require extra strength to support a slate roof.
Slates are breakable (RoofGenius, 2011).
Similarly as clay tiles, slate roofs seem unfeasible for Devikulam because of the reconstruction reason. Also, slate or any similar kind of rocks that can be split into sheets may not be found in the area.
4. Wood roofs
Wood has been a popular roofing material due to its availability (Roofing Products, 2011). There are two types of wood roofs, using shingles and shakes. Shingles are produced by sawing a wooden block while shakes are split from a wood block (Advanced Housing Research Center, 2000). While shingles are less expensive than shakes, shakes last longer.
4.1 Advantages
It requires less specialised knowledge for processing and installation than other roofing methods such as thatching (Roofing Products, 2011).
Wood is a widely available resource.
4.2 Disadvantages
Regular maintenance is required (Roofing Products, 2011).
Susceptible to decay, especially in humid weather. Shakes and shingles that have absorbed moisture can result in swelling, shrinking, cracking and they encourage more moisture to get in. Mildew, moss, algae and lichens can grow on the shake roof which also speed up the decay process. Chemical treatment can be applied to increase the durability but not an option for Devikulam (Advanced Housing Research Center, 2000).
Fire risk.
It is clear that wood roofs in Devikulam would not last long because of the humid weather. Furthermore, frequent replacement of wood roofs due to decay may result in deforestation.
4.3 Source analysis
Since Advanced Housing Research Center is under the US federal agency the information is of high accuracy. It is factual and no indication of bias in the information.
How this research will be incorporated into team’s design topics
The findings in this report will provide our team background knowledge of different types of natural source roofing. All of the information collected by team members will be collaborated in order to choose a solution that can be successfully implemented in Devikulam. In particular, this report will be considered closely with the available material information so that the local materials are used as much as possible.
Recommendations
Even though clay tiles, slates and shingles and shakes come from natural sources, they are not appropriate for Devikulam due to various reasons discovered above. Instead, thatching and bamboo using Spanish tile arrangement have been identified as more suitable roofing techniques. Five possible solutions have been generated using these methods and are shown in the decision matrix in table 1. They are evaluated against five criteria; protection from rain, cost, time taken for building roof, labour and durability.
Table 1: Decision matrix
Criteria
References
Advanced Housing Research Center, 2000, Wood Shakes and Shingles: Tips for Longer Life, viewed at 27 March, < http://www.toolbase.org/Best-Practices/Failure-Prevention/wood-shakes-and-shingles>
Botes, J, 2007, Thatch Roofing – The Pros and the Cons, viewed 25 March 2011,
Engineers Without Borders Australia, 2011, 2011 EWB Challenge Design Brief, viewed 20 March 2011, < http://www.ewb.org.au/explore/initiatives/2011ewbchallenge#top>
Keller, M, 2010, How to Build a Palmetto Thatched Roof, viewed 26 March 2011,
Knapp, R,G (ed), 2003, Asia’s Old Dwellings Tradition, Resilience and Change, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 56.
Letts, J, Quantrill, K, 2010, Thatching with ‘Long Straw’, viewed 26 March 2011,
National Energy Services, 2008, Thatched Roof Coverings, Factsheet, viewed 26 March 2011,
National Roofing Contractors Association, 2011, Clay tile and concrete tile, viewed 26 March 2011, < http://www.nrca.net/consumer/types/tile.aspx>
premierslate, n.d., What is slate?, viewed 27 March 2011, < http://www.premierslate.com.au/what-is-slate/>
Roof Magician, n.d., Clay Roof Tile Installation, viewed 27 March 2011, < http://roofmagician.com/176/clay-roof-tile-installation/>
RoofGenious, 2011, Popular roofing materials, viewed 26 March 2011, < http://roofgenius.com/roofmaterialchoices.htm>
Roofing Products, 2011, Biomass Roofing For All Needs, viewed 26 March 2011,
Telford,R, n.d., Bamboo roof, Osaka, Japan, viewed 27 March 2011,
United Nations, 1948, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 25, viewed 27 March 2011,
想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要论文代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有paper代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。
51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-ZR
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