本篇paper代写- The bretton woods system讨论了布雷顿森林体系。自二战以来，在布雷顿森林体系的推动下，世界贸易与经济逐渐呈现全球化的趋势，世界外汇、资本、贸易均在西方主要国家实现了高度自由化，直接促进了战后资本主义世界经济的恢复和发展。布雷顿森林体系是建立在美国强大的经济、军事实力的基础之上的，其主要机构包括国际货币基金组织和世界银行。布雷顿森林体系于20世纪70年代解体，标志着以美元为中心的国际货币体系在形式上的终结。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。
Since the second world war, world trade and economy have gradually presented a trend of globalization under the promotion of the bretton woods system. World foreign exchange, capital and trade have all been highly liberalized in major western countries, directly promoting the recovery and development of the post-war capitalist world economy. The bretton woods system was built on the strong economic and military strength of the United States. Its major institutions include the international monetary fund and the world bank. The disintegration of the bretton woods system in the 1970s marked the formal end of the international monetary system centered on the us dollar. However, due to the strong economic strength of the us and its absolute superiority in the IMF and WB, the us dollar has maintained its position as the world's leading trade settlement currency in the wave of dedollarization. Economic and trade globalization will not end in the current world trade frictions, but will emerge in a broader wave of globalization based on a new monetary settlement system that is more in line with the interests of all countries.
There is a view in marxist political economy called "economic basis determines superstructure". As an economic law, it is universal and will not be limited to a country or region. The bretton woods monetary system is also the superstructure, it is the global foreign exchange, capital, trade economic treaty system. After the war, the continuous evolution of the world economic map, coupled with some inherent defects of the bretton woods system, directly led to the collapse of the system. Although the system has broken down, the dollar still serves as the main settlement currency for global trade, especially in some commodities, such as oil. The United States continues to export dollars to the world, and USES the dominant position of the dollar in global trade to grab the economic interests of all countries, which has triggered a new round of de-dollarization wave in the world and the expectation of all countries to build a new currency settlement system. With the end of the bretton woods system and the new world monetary settlement system still not established, the global trade friction and anti-globalization movement show a general trend of wave after wave. In order to fully grasp the rules of global economic and trade operation, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of the economic history related to the bretton woods system and globalization.
First of all, bretton woods is a place name of the United States, because the United Nations monetary and financial conference was held here, so the outcome of this conference and the name of the place together.
The result was the use of the dollar as a reserve currency, while the dollar was pegged to gold.
At the beginning of the 16th century, Magellan's voyage around the world was successful. Later, the colonies of western powers all over the world laid an early foundation for economic globalization.
The first industrial revolution refers to a productivity revolution marked by replacing manual labor with machine labor initiated from Britain in the 1760s. The first industrial revolution strengthened global ties, changed the structure of the world's industrial chain, and shook up the world's political and economic landscape.
From 1870 to 1914, the extensive application of electricity, the internal combustion engine, the creation of new means of transportation, the invention of new means of communication and other scientific and technological development made rapid progress, and was quickly applied to industrial production, greatly promoting the economic development. This was the second industrial revolution.
The two industrial revolutions provided the material and industrial basis for trade globalization.
With the world capitalist powers' scramble for colonies and the capitalist economic crisis gradually intensifying, two wars swept the whole world successively in 1914-1918 and 1939-1945. Although the two world wars brought profound disasters to mankind, they also indirectly promoted the global spread of science and technology, especially to the third world countries. After the war, the globalization of industrial production and industrial division of labor provided an opportunity for the globalization of trade.
The end of the second world war, that is, in July 1944, by the heads of the Allies economy in bretton woods, New Hampshire held an important meeting, discussed the post-war world economic and trade issues, in this time's historic meeting, participating countries through the international monetary fund agreement, decided to set up the international bank for reconstruction and development, is also the world bank and international monetary fund and a global trade organization.
In particular, the bretton woods system established the us dollar as the world's reserve currency. The dollar can be pegged directly to gold, while other currencies need to be pegged to the dollar and can exchange for gold at a certain price in the United States.
From 1945 to 1963, based on the bretton woods agreement, the relatively stable monetary system did bring great benefits to the western capitalist world. During this period, world trade increased rapidly, countries' economies recovered rapidly, and the United States also experienced rapid growth and prosperity after the war.
The bretton woods system was the first global monetary settlement system, before which trade was based on the gold standard.
The imf and the world bank are important financial legacies of the bretton woods system.
The focus of the bretton woods system, including the countries in the world currency by the dollar and gold exchange relationship, admitted that the dollar as the world's reserve currency, adjustable fixed exchange rate system and principles of international payment and settlement currencies, first make the liberalisation of trade in foreign exchange, capital and has the strong support of the international economic system.
The bretton woods system facilitated the global movement of industrial capital. The relative stability of international exchange rate facilitates the two-way flow of international capital, provides a convenient environment for countries to raise funds, promotes the progress of international financial industry and financial market, and creates favorable conditions for global industrial capital to build its own industrial chain.
The formation of the bretton woods system expanded world trade in line with historical conditions at that time. Through this economic system, the United States continuously distributed a large number of dollars to the world, stimulating worldwide consumer demand and expanding the world purchasing power level. The fixed exchange rate system, on the other hand, restrains the large fluctuations of the exchange rate of major currencies, making them relatively stable and controllable and conducive to the steady development of international trade. In the 23 years from 1950 to 1973, international trade increased from us $60 billion to us $574 billion, with an average annual growth rate of 10.3%. It can be seen that the bretton woods system provides very favorable conditions for promoting the expansion of world trade.
The dollar's peg to gold has given it a special status, increasing America's influence over the world economy. First of all, the United States through the issuance of money rather than using gold for external payment and capital export, conducive to the expansion and plunder of the United States. Second, the us cannot maintain its commitment to gold parity. If the United States could not maintain full confidence in the dollar, or if there was a crisis of confidence in the dollar, it would be difficult to maintain a fixed exchange rate between the dollar and gold when people asked for gold.
In this system, there is no currency that can be recognized by all countries as reserve, let alone support the development of international economy and trade for a long time.
Under the condition of fixed exchange rate, all countries except the United States will encounter the situation that they cannot use the exchange rate mechanism to adjust their payments effectively or are forced to form imported inflation, while the financial market of these countries is controlled and repossessed by the dollar in a disguised way.
In July 1971, US President Richard Nixon closed the "gold window" and announced the end of the fixed exchange rate between the us dollar and gold.
In the wave of de-dollarization, European countries successively adopted the exchange rate policy of "co-floating" and "separately floating" to the us dollar in 1973. Since then the floating exchange rate has entered the stage of history, and the exchange rate of a country's currency will change according to the changes of market supply and demand.
After the end of the bretton woods system, the dollar lost its status as the only international reserve currency, but it is still the most important international currency.
The dollar has used its political and military might to force the world's major powers to use it as the currency for international commodities such as oil. The urgent need for oil in the world's industrial countries and the emergence of petrodollars lead to the continued dominance of the us dollar in the international monetary reserve.
Before bretton woods, gold was the main currency of payment for world trade, but gold production was so small that neither as a reserve nor as a means of payment was sufficient to sustain the massive international trade of the industrial age. The appearance of paper money, as a kind of credit money, is completely different from metal money. The extremely low production cost enables the paper money to be issued and circulated in large quantities and provides another possible means of payment for large-scale international trade. Yet every country in the world has the right to issue its own paper currency and to determine its value. Productivity levels and social systems vary around the world, and currency exchange rates are highly volatile. A fragmented and unstable monetary system has limited world trade.
As the world's first systematically and relatively stable monetary system, in the specific historical period promoted the growth of world trade, industry, the globalization of capital flow to promote the industrialization of the world division of labor, division of labor of the industrialization of the world, in turn, further promoted the and expansion of world trade, directly promote the globalization of world economy.
Since the 18th century, human beings have experienced three industrial revolutions successively. The industrial application of advanced science and technology represented by electrical technology, communication technology and transportation technology in the second industrial revolution promoted the rapid development of economy. The third scientific and technological revolution is marked by major breakthroughs in the fields of nuclear energy, electronic computers, microelectronics, aerospace technology, and molecular biology. The three industrial revolutions were all led by science and technology.
The three industrial revolutions in the past two hundred years have brought about a leap in productivity in the major industrial countries of the west. They have produced more products than all the physical products produced by human beings two hundred years ago. Besides domestic consumption, of course, it flows to countries and regions with relatively backward productivity. Import raw materials from these countries, and then sell manufactured goods to these countries, so as to obtain excess income. In this process, the bretton woods system duly emerged, stabilized the international monetary settlement order, vigorously promoted the global expansion of industrial capital and the development of international trade, straightened out the international supply and demand relations, strengthened the international division of labor, and built the international commodity industry chain and international interest distribution relations.
Thus it can be seen that the fundamental cause of the emergence and development of international trade is the development of productive forces and the expansion of social division of labor. The development of productive forces and the expansion of social division of labor depend on the progress of science and technology.
With the continuous progress of global science and technology, the fourth industrial revolution represented by artificial intelligence, network communication technology and quantum technology is emerging, and the development of global productivity will usher in another leap, which will lead to the expansion of the scale and level of international trade. In order to adapt to the development of international trade, the new international monetary system will be formed at a faster pace, and the industrial division of labor will be further adjusted and strengthened.
When and how will the new international monetary system take shape? This is an accidental problem affecting globalization. Globalization may experience low tide or cause short-term regression. However, the long-term and overall trend of globalization is irreversible.
It is not surprising that the resurgence of isolationism and anti-globalization is associated with the emergence of a new trade order in a unity of opposites. The process of economic globalization can be summed up in a sentence: the future is bright, but the road is bound to be tortuous.
要想成绩好，英国论文得写好，51due代写平台为你提供英国留学资讯，专业辅导，还为你提供专业英国essay代写，paper代写，report代写，需要找论文代写的话快来联系我们51due工作客服QQ：800020041或者Wechat：Abby0900吧。
Since the second world war, world trade and economy have gradually presented a trend of globalization under the promotion of the bretton woods system. World foreign exchange, capital and trade have all been highly liberalized in major western countries, directly promoting the recovery and development of the post-war capitalist world economy. The bretton woods system was built on the strong economic and military strength of the United States. Its major institutions include the international monetary fund and the world bank. The disintegration of the bretton woods system in the 1970s marked the formal end of the international monetary system centered on the us dollar. However, due to the strong economic strength of the us and its absolute superiority in the IMF and WB, the us dollar has maintained its position as the world's leading trade settlement currency in the wave of dedollarization. Economic and trade globalization will not end in the current world trade frictions, but will emerge in a broader wave of globalization based on a new monetary settlement system that is more in line with the interests of all countries.
There is a view in marxist political economy called "economic basis determines superstructure". As an economic law, it is universal and will not be limited to a country or region. The bretton woods monetary system is also the superstructure, it is the global foreign exchange, capital, trade economic treaty system. After the war, the continuous evolution of the world economic map, coupled with some inherent defects of the bretton woods system, directly led to the collapse of the system. Although the system has broken down, the dollar still serves as the main settlement currency for global trade, especially in some commodities, such as oil. The United States continues to export dollars to the world, and USES the dominant position of the dollar in global trade to grab the economic interests of all countries, which has triggered a new round of de-dollarization wave in the world and the expectation of all countries to build a new currency settlement system. With the end of the bretton woods system and the new world monetary settlement system still not established, the global trade friction and anti-globalization movement show a general trend of wave after wave. In order to fully grasp the rules of global economic and trade operation, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of the economic history related to the bretton woods system and globalization.
First of all, bretton woods is a place name of the United States, because the United Nations monetary and financial conference was held here, so the outcome of this conference and the name of the place together.
The result was the use of the dollar as a reserve currency, while the dollar was pegged to gold.
At the beginning of the 16th century, Magellan's voyage around the world was successful. Later, the colonies of western powers all over the world laid an early foundation for economic globalization.
The first industrial revolution refers to a productivity revolution marked by replacing manual labor with machine labor initiated from Britain in the 1760s. The first industrial revolution strengthened global ties, changed the structure of the world's industrial chain, and shook up the world's political and economic landscape.
From 1870 to 1914, the extensive application of electricity, the internal combustion engine, the creation of new means of transportation, the invention of new means of communication and other scientific and technological development made rapid progress, and was quickly applied to industrial production, greatly promoting the economic development. This was the second industrial revolution.
The two industrial revolutions provided the material and industrial basis for trade globalization.
With the world capitalist powers' scramble for colonies and the capitalist economic crisis gradually intensifying, two wars swept the whole world successively in 1914-1918 and 1939-1945. Although the two world wars brought profound disasters to mankind, they also indirectly promoted the global spread of science and technology, especially to the third world countries. After the war, the globalization of industrial production and industrial division of labor provided an opportunity for the globalization of trade.
The end of the second world war, that is, in July 1944, by the heads of the Allies economy in bretton woods, New Hampshire held an important meeting, discussed the post-war world economic and trade issues, in this time's historic meeting, participating countries through the international monetary fund agreement, decided to set up the international bank for reconstruction and development, is also the world bank and international monetary fund and a global trade organization.
In particular, the bretton woods system established the us dollar as the world's reserve currency. The dollar can be pegged directly to gold, while other currencies need to be pegged to the dollar and can exchange for gold at a certain price in the United States.
From 1945 to 1963, based on the bretton woods agreement, the relatively stable monetary system did bring great benefits to the western capitalist world. During this period, world trade increased rapidly, countries' economies recovered rapidly, and the United States also experienced rapid growth and prosperity after the war.
The bretton woods system was the first global monetary settlement system, before which trade was based on the gold standard.
The imf and the world bank are important financial legacies of the bretton woods system.
The focus of the bretton woods system, including the countries in the world currency by the dollar and gold exchange relationship, admitted that the dollar as the world's reserve currency, adjustable fixed exchange rate system and principles of international payment and settlement currencies, first make the liberalisation of trade in foreign exchange, capital and has the strong support of the international economic system.
The bretton woods system facilitated the global movement of industrial capital. The relative stability of international exchange rate facilitates the two-way flow of international capital, provides a convenient environment for countries to raise funds, promotes the progress of international financial industry and financial market, and creates favorable conditions for global industrial capital to build its own industrial chain.
The formation of the bretton woods system expanded world trade in line with historical conditions at that time. Through this economic system, the United States continuously distributed a large number of dollars to the world, stimulating worldwide consumer demand and expanding the world purchasing power level. The fixed exchange rate system, on the other hand, restrains the large fluctuations of the exchange rate of major currencies, making them relatively stable and controllable and conducive to the steady development of international trade. In the 23 years from 1950 to 1973, international trade increased from us $60 billion to us $574 billion, with an average annual growth rate of 10.3%. It can be seen that the bretton woods system provides very favorable conditions for promoting the expansion of world trade.
The dollar's peg to gold has given it a special status, increasing America's influence over the world economy. First of all, the United States through the issuance of money rather than using gold for external payment and capital export, conducive to the expansion and plunder of the United States. Second, the us cannot maintain its commitment to gold parity. If the United States could not maintain full confidence in the dollar, or if there was a crisis of confidence in the dollar, it would be difficult to maintain a fixed exchange rate between the dollar and gold when people asked for gold.
In this system, there is no currency that can be recognized by all countries as reserve, let alone support the development of international economy and trade for a long time.
Under the condition of fixed exchange rate, all countries except the United States will encounter the situation that they cannot use the exchange rate mechanism to adjust their payments effectively or are forced to form imported inflation, while the financial market of these countries is controlled and repossessed by the dollar in a disguised way.
In July 1971, US President Richard Nixon closed the "gold window" and announced the end of the fixed exchange rate between the us dollar and gold.
In the wave of de-dollarization, European countries successively adopted the exchange rate policy of "co-floating" and "separately floating" to the us dollar in 1973. Since then the floating exchange rate has entered the stage of history, and the exchange rate of a country's currency will change according to the changes of market supply and demand.
After the end of the bretton woods system, the dollar lost its status as the only international reserve currency, but it is still the most important international currency.
The dollar has used its political and military might to force the world's major powers to use it as the currency for international commodities such as oil. The urgent need for oil in the world's industrial countries and the emergence of petrodollars lead to the continued dominance of the us dollar in the international monetary reserve.
Before bretton woods, gold was the main currency of payment for world trade, but gold production was so small that neither as a reserve nor as a means of payment was sufficient to sustain the massive international trade of the industrial age. The appearance of paper money, as a kind of credit money, is completely different from metal money. The extremely low production cost enables the paper money to be issued and circulated in large quantities and provides another possible means of payment for large-scale international trade. Yet every country in the world has the right to issue its own paper currency and to determine its value. Productivity levels and social systems vary around the world, and currency exchange rates are highly volatile. A fragmented and unstable monetary system has limited world trade.
As the world's first systematically and relatively stable monetary system, in the specific historical period promoted the growth of world trade, industry, the globalization of capital flow to promote the industrialization of the world division of labor, division of labor of the industrialization of the world, in turn, further promoted the and expansion of world trade, directly promote the globalization of world economy.
Since the 18th century, human beings have experienced three industrial revolutions successively. The industrial application of advanced science and technology represented by electrical technology, communication technology and transportation technology in the second industrial revolution promoted the rapid development of economy. The third scientific and technological revolution is marked by major breakthroughs in the fields of nuclear energy, electronic computers, microelectronics, aerospace technology, and molecular biology. The three industrial revolutions were all led by science and technology.
The three industrial revolutions in the past two hundred years have brought about a leap in productivity in the major industrial countries of the west. They have produced more products than all the physical products produced by human beings two hundred years ago. Besides domestic consumption, of course, it flows to countries and regions with relatively backward productivity. Import raw materials from these countries, and then sell manufactured goods to these countries, so as to obtain excess income. In this process, the bretton woods system duly emerged, stabilized the international monetary settlement order, vigorously promoted the global expansion of industrial capital and the development of international trade, straightened out the international supply and demand relations, strengthened the international division of labor, and built the international commodity industry chain and international interest distribution relations.
Thus it can be seen that the fundamental cause of the emergence and development of international trade is the development of productive forces and the expansion of social division of labor. The development of productive forces and the expansion of social division of labor depend on the progress of science and technology.
With the continuous progress of global science and technology, the fourth industrial revolution represented by artificial intelligence, network communication technology and quantum technology is emerging, and the development of global productivity will usher in another leap, which will lead to the expansion of the scale and level of international trade. In order to adapt to the development of international trade, the new international monetary system will be formed at a faster pace, and the industrial division of labor will be further adjusted and strengthened.
When and how will the new international monetary system take shape? This is an accidental problem affecting globalization. Globalization may experience low tide or cause short-term regression. However, the long-term and overall trend of globalization is irreversible.
It is not surprising that the resurgence of isolationism and anti-globalization is associated with the emergence of a new trade order in a unity of opposites. The process of economic globalization can be summed up in a sentence: the future is bright, but the road is bound to be tortuous.
要想成绩好，英国论文得写好，51due代写平台为你提供英国留学资讯，专业辅导，还为你提供专业英国essay代写，paper代写，report代写，需要找论文代写的话快来联系我们51due工作客服QQ：800020041或者Wechat：Abby0900吧。
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