Student centered education

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Student centered education，文章讲述人们大力提倡近代教育，而人们对教育重要性的认识越来越高。如今，一种不可避免的趋势是，令人惊讶的令人信服的理由支持教师从事或从事于科学研究的研究。教育。此外，一些教育政策的不断提出也有助于提高教育者对所有受教育的年轻学生的影响的重要性。众所周知，以教师为导向的教学水平和以学生为导向的教学水平已经运行了多年，同时引起了师生之间的争议，因为它引发了关于如何有效的任何一种方法都可以影响当前的教学方法。

Student centered education
Highly advocated is education in modern times and more and more increasing is human beings’ awareness toward the importance of education, nowadays it has been an inevitable trend that there are surprisingly compelling reasons in support of teachers undertaking, or contributing to, research in and of education. Moreover, the continuous proposal of several education policies as well has helped to contribute to the significance of the educators’ influence toward all young students being educated. As is known to us, the teachers-oriented level of instruction and the students-oriented level of instruction have been in operation over years and have in the meantime aroused the controversy among both the teachers and students in that it has begged the question on how effective either method can influence the current methods of teaching or learning. At the same time, it is imperative to identify the type of instruction that best suits the education system that exists at present.
Then a problem comes out accordingly that whether the teachers-oriented level of instruction or the students-oriented level of instruction is more effective and successful in carrying out the essence of education. Whenever it comes to the idea that the teachers-oriented level of instruction can be more effective and successful in carrying out the essence of instruction, a negative voice will always cry out that the students-oriented level of instruction will undoubtedly be a wiser choice for the impletion of the essence of education. There is no doubt that I am personally in favor of the latter opinion that the students-oriented level of instruction matters more, which will be elaborately in detail in the following.
Within every system, there must be a set of guidelines and regulations set up to guarantee the normative and orderly development of education activities as it has decided what roles should teachers and students play within mainly through the use of instructions. In order to achieve the efficiency that is as high as possible, it is a must that the best form of communication between teachers and learners should be established. All the reading materials having been looked through, it can be found that the level of students-oriented instruction can realize the cultivation of the best form of communication between teachers and students. It can not be denied that both levels of instructions have their own advantages and disadvantages for education, while the advantages of students-oriented level of instruction weigh more than that of the teachers-oriented level of instruction.
First and foremost comes that the students-oriented level of instruction is more effective in that the teachers will teach according to the needs of students but not directly instill the thoughts to students when they don’t understand them at all. What is described in [1] just shows this: “the general method has been to first furnish the pupils with an outline of the work to be covered and to assign lessons from the text in conformity with this, and then to lead them by conversations to discover the reasons to think out the results.” In this way, students themselves have not got anything from the teaching from their teachers even if the teachers do have a well-knit knowledge base and professional expertise out of their experience and definiteness in the past years. Instead, the students-oriented level of instruction signifies the principles of “implementing teaching in accordance of students’ respective aptitude” and “students are the focus and center of the whole class”. That is to say, in order to carry out education toward all the young students, the educators must ingrain themselves the view that they should try different ways to educate the educated according to their different situation both before birth and after birth. Only in this way can the students on different levels actually learn something from the teacher’s lecturing bit by bit.
With the students-oriented level of instruction’s being able to advocate the teaching manner of “implementing teaching in accordance of students’ respective aptitude” stated at length in the above, what comes next at the list of why students-oriented level of instruction concerns more also lies in that this level of instruction play high premiums on the participation of various students in the class but not only those top students. Or maybe we can put it another way that this level of instruction emphasizes the dynamics of each and every student that is within the system in hope for the common development of all students in the end. The common development of all students can at the same time restore the talents needed for the construction for the whole country in the future as they are generally acknowledged as the main source of the contributing factors for the development of the whole country.
Furthermore, we can have a fair knowledge that the enthusiasm and activeness to take part in the classroom activities can also affect others and drive them to be a member of the big group to participate in the classroom activities more and more frequently. The participation of more students in class can absolutely result in a higher flexibility in decision making as it varies from one learner to the other, thus the classroom atmosphere will also change to be a more active one. Also what may be unobvious but must have to be referred to is that the enthusiasm and activeness to take part in the classroom activities of students can in return lead to the increase of the teacher’s motive to lecture so as to pass their knowledge to their students as much as possible, as is the so-called duty and mission of the teachers. We can naturally draw a conclusion that the students can have a better performance in their studies as they have been drowned in an unprecedentedly active atmosphere consisting of mutual help and peer instruction.
However, some people may say that if the teacher gives the initiative to students in the classroom, then it is inevitable that some students will distract their attention to something that is not related to their study but ranging far away in the fields. In this way, students may not listen to the teachers at all, let alone they can perform better on their study under that situation. While if they are supervised by their teachers, they will be forbidden to divert their attention to something unrelated more or less and may focus on the classroom activities instead to improve themselves. But what is ignored by those people is that even if those students are forced by their teachers to put their attention on the study, they are not willing to it at all and may instead have some reversal mind as well. What is a pity is that such reversal mind will make those students think badly of their teachers, under the impact of which they will not listen to their teachers any longer but rather may go against what their teachers hold. In the long run, it may turn out to be worse and hard to imagine. From this we can see that the performance of the students on their study has also largely been dependent on their own attitudes toward their study and their teachers as well but not all the efforts of the teachers alone. The importance of oneself to his own destiny can also be shown in [2] as “the force of his intellect and his incredible energy were undoubtedly vital ingredients in Harris’s national stature.”
Last but not the least is that students-oriented level of instruction is conducive to the selection of what to teach in class, which is to choose what is needed by the students and what is helpful to those but not teach everything according to the arrangement in the textbooks without any personal thinking on that. It is indicated in [3] as well in that “it just made it all the more difficult under those circumstances to see organized knowledge as related to human needs and human aspirations”. The past experiences of teaching simply according to the teachers’ hobbies have witnessed a big failure in conducting the teaching activities, which is indicative of a fact in turn that choose the teaching materials based on the students’ needs and interest will be favorable and preferred to a certain degree. It can be easily understood in that everyone tends to possess higher interest toward their own interesting areas and will successively pay more attention to it for further exploration on it. While teaching what teachers hold to be more important to students may be boring to the students, some extent of such materials should be combined with the other materials as well in that the materials chosen by the teachers are inherently professional and indispensable for the all-rounded development of students themselves. We can imagine that if the students only learn those that are their interest and don’t get access to other useful information, then they may come out as a kind of person that is lack of the knowledge of other fields that are not of their interest. In the long run, it is not suitable for their personal development and may suffer due to their being overboard on one or some subjects but being ignorant on other subjects.
To sum up, why the students-oriented level of instruction will undoubtedly be a wiser choice for the impletion of the essence of education when compared with the teachers-oriented level of instruction can be summarized as the following three aspects: it encourages the carrying out of the principles of “implementing teaching in accordance of students’ respective aptitude” and “students are the focus and center of the whole class”; it plays high premiums on the participation of various students in the class but not only those top students in hope for the common development of all students by emphasizing the dynamics of each and every student that is within the system; it is conducive to the selection of what to teach in class, which is to choose what is needed by the students and what is helpful to them combined with what teachers themselves hold as indispensable for the development of the students.
Conclusively education is an important facet in any society all around the world, due to which it is a necessity to determine the specific techniques that can take effect to achieve the required results in the most efficient ways. This poses a question onto the best type of instruction that is worthwhile to call for one’s due consideration. These two forms of instructions have been in play over a century ago. By considering the role played by these techniques, the flaws and strengths in the education system over the years will be put to perspective. This will in turn lead to the necessary changes being made, in line with the need for a stable and productive education system. And a stable and productive education system can only result from the students-oriented level of instruction, which is just what makes it to be a wiser choice for the carrying out of the essence of education in the history.

References
1.Chapter 1 Teaching at the Turn of the Century: Tradition and Challenge. 1890-1990. Progressive and Classroom Practice.
2.Harris, Hall and the appearance of John Dewey on the educational scene. The Struggle for the American Curriculum. The Curriculum versus the Child.
3.The Curriculum of the Dewey School. The Struggle for the American Curriculum.

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State University of New York

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- State University of New York，文章讲述纽约州的所有大学和大学-公立，非营利性独立和营利性专有-都是纽约州大学的成员，该州是《纽约州宪法》所建立的实体，涵盖了纽约州的所有教育从幼儿园到博士后的约克，公共和私人的。

State University of New York
All colleges and universities in New York -- public, non-profit independent, and for-profit proprietary --are members of The University of the State of New York, an entity established in the New York State Constitution that embraces all education in New York, public and private, from prekindergarten through post­doctoral.
The higher education portion in the universities of New York State consists of 271 public, independent, and proprietary degree-granting institutions, about 6.3 percent of the nation’s 4269 colleges and universities. New York's colleges and universities operate at 373 main and branch campuses and more than 1,800 other locations. In 2003-04, they had about $30 billion in expenditures for operation and sponsored research. State appropriations supported 14 percent of expenditures; the other 86 percent came from private sources (including tuition and fees), local governments, and the federal government. In 2008-09, their students earned more than 251,000 degrees. In the fall of 2010, the institutions had a total headcount enrollment of more than 1,272,000 students. The degree-granting institutions comprise two public university systems: the State University of New York with 64 campuses and The City University of New York with 19, and the Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research of the New York State Department of Health (a free-standing public institution), 147 independent (not-for-profit) colleges and universities, and 40 proprietary (for-profit) colleges.
SUNY has a central governing board and administration. Generally, each board has the same powers and responsibilities as the governing boards of the independent colleges.
The State University of New York (SUNY) has campuses across the State. It was created in 1948. Thirty-four campuses are fully State-operated; two offer only graduate study and 32 offer baccalaureate and graduate programs (including four comprehensive universities). In the fall of 2010, the 34 had a total headcount enrollment of nearly 222,000 students. The other 30 are community colleges, sponsored by local governments (usually counties) under SUNY's general supervision. One community college offers associate degree, baccalaureate, and master's degree programs; the other 29 are two-year colleges. In the fall of 2010 they had a total headcount enrollment of more than 246,000 students. A 16-member Board of Trustees governs SUNY. The Governor appoints 15 members, with the consent of the Senate, and the student body chooses one student. SUNY's State-operated campuses derive almost 40 percent of their income from direct State appropriations; the balance is from tuition and fees, Federal funds, and other sources. Its community colleges are funded under a system that shares expenditures among the State, the local government sponsor, and tuition and fees. Under that system, they derive almost 30 percent of their operating income from direct State appropriations. Normally, State aid may not exceed about 40 percent of operating income and tuition revenue may not exceed one-third of operating income; the local sponsor provides the remainder. Each community college has its own nine-member board of trustees. The local sponsor appoints five members and the Governor, four.
In the late 1990s, New York State began a series of initiatives and investments to promote the greater Albany region as a high-tech competitor in the area of semiconductors, microelectronics, and nanotechnology. Since then the area has enjoyed a series of major research infrastructure investments anchored by the University at Albany – State University of New York (SUNY). Taken together, these investments have made Albany an emerging innovation cluster in nanotechnology.
SUNY – Albany has been the anchor site for state and local investments totaling $4.2 billion to perform world-class research in advanced nanotechnology. Public research universities rely on state funding for a share of their operating revenues, most of which supports their education function. In the 2012 edition of Indicators, the Board examined data on state funding for 101 major public research universities that were either among the top recipients of academic funding in the country or the leading recipients in their state. During period from 1992 to 2010, state appropriations as a percentage of public research universities’ total revenue fell by 15 percentage points from 38 percent in 1992 to an average of 23 percent in 2010 (Figure 1). During the period from 1993 to 2001, enrollment increased by only 2 percent and state funding (constant 2005 dollars) increased 25 percent, or 23 percent per enrolled student. In contrast, over the following decade, from 2002 to 2010, enrollment increased 13 percent, and state funding failed to keep pace. As a result, state funding per enrolled student dropped 20 percent over this time period. This decline in funding can impact these institutions’ financial health and the quality of education provided.
State funding (constant 2005 dollars) for higher education has varied widely, with forty-four states showing declines per enrolled student during the period from 2002 to 2010. The appropriations in New York State have the largest projected budget shortfall. From 2002 to 2010, there was a 30 percent decline on average in funding per enrolled student for New York’s major universities. In contrast, the four State Universities of New York received an average per student increase of 72 percent over the same time period. In New York, funding increases were much greater in the 2000s than in the 1990s.
In recent years, public research universities have raised tuition and fees at rates that have exceeded inflation and rates of increase at private universities, in part due to declining state appropriations. Data from the Delta Cost Project’s Trends in College Spending report indicate that net tuition revenue, defined as total revenue from tuition and fees including grant and loan aid, has raised continually at public research universities over the past decade. From 1999 to 2009, revenue from net tuition per full-time equivalent student increased by 50 percent.
While the cost of higher education has increased, the Federal Reserve reports that median family income has declined, from $49,600 in 2007 to $45,800 in 2010. The total annual nominal charge, including standard in-state charges for tuition, required fees, and room and board, in 2010 for a full-time under-graduate student to attend a public 4-year institution in their state of residence averaged over $15,000 nationally, an increase of 43 percent since 2000 (after adjusting for inflation). In 2009, this would have consumed, on average, 39.7 percent of a state resident’s disposable income, compared to 31.8 percent in 2000. Public research universities have, in addition to raising tuition and fees, looked for additional ways to offset reductions in state appropriations. In the 2011 Inside Higher Ed Survey of College and University Admission Directors, half of respondents from public doctoral universities reported increasing recruitment of affluent students and out-of-state students who pay a higher rate of tuition. Likewise, 42 percent of respondents indicated that they had increased the recruitment of international students. Increasing the percentage of out-of-state and international students at public universities potentially could lead state policy-makers to further lower state appropriations to these institutions as the number of in-state students they educate declines. Alternatively, states may seek to limit out-of-state and international enrollment to maintain a high percentage of in-state enrollment. For example, California lawmakers have proposed restricting the enroll-ment of out-of-state and international students to 10 percent of undergraduate enrollment.
Federal student aid has increased 164 percent since 2000-01 (inflation adjusted dollars). Total Federal aid from grants and loans for students attending all higher education institutions reached $169 billion in 2010-11, and undergraduate FTE students received an average of $12,455 in financial aid.
Financial aid from the state also has risen. The total amount of state financial aid from grants provided to undergraduates increased nationwide, rising from $45 billion (inflation adjusted dollars) in 2000 to $7.2 billion in 2008. In recent years, a growing proportion of state grants to students have been awarded based on merit. According to a report from the Brookings Institution, many of the recent large-scale grant programs enacted by states are not need-based, though states are spending 1.6 times as much per student on need-based grant aid in 2010-2011 (inflation adjusted dollars) as they spent in 1980-81. Although only 9 percent of all state grant aid for undergraduates was awarded without regard to financial need in 1985-86, by 2009-10 it reached 28 percent.
In conclusion, increased enrollment and declining state support have occurred. Increased enrollment in higher education is projected to come mainly from traditionally underrepresented minority groups. While enrollment at public research universities has continued to increase, a greater share of students, particularly minorities, are attending public 2-year or private for-profit institutions.

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Solve the canteen problem

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Solve the canteen problem，文章讲述我们的校园有很多类别可供选择，但我们小组认为与校园问题相关的最一般的类别是就餐服务，学术氛围，图书馆服务，交通状况和停车。在这五类中，餐饮服务是我们最感兴趣的。这是关于我们日常生活的一个类别，我们每天必须至少面对3次。它也会影响我们的健康。我们经常听到同学对餐厅服务的抱怨。这似乎是一个大问题。

Solve the canteen problem
There are many categories about our campus to choose, but our group thinks the most general categories related to campus issues are dining service, academic atmosphere, library service, traffic conditions and parking.
Among the five categories, dining service interests us most. It is a category about our daily life and we must face it at least 3 times every day. It will also affect our health. We often hear the complaints about the dining service from our classmates. It seems to be a big problem.
We take five problems based on dining service into consideration. They are unhealthy food, high price, long time for waiting, discriminatory for dorm students and closing in weekend or holidays.
As far as I’m concerned, unhealthy food is the most serious problem that must to be solved from now on. It is a problem about our daily life and we must face it at least 3 times every day. It will also affect our health.
What negative effects will unhealthy food lead to? Firstly, it will lead to obesity. As scientists find, there is a phenomenon called “freshman 15” which means students are expected to get fatter by 15 pounds after they enter college. Nowadays, obesity has become a severe problem among teenagers in America. Secondly, unhealthy foods are more likely to make students fall ill. Viruses are more likely to enter students’ body to cause disease. Thirdly, too much oil and fat and little vegetables will break the diet balance of student and make them feel sick. As we all know, there is a proper proportion between meat and vegetables and the proper proportion will make people healthy. The forth effect is that unhealthy foods will make students lack of energy. Too much junk food can’t provide the necessary nutrition for life and will lead to a state called “sub-health”. Last but not least, unhealthy foods can’t make students focus on their study. A healthy body is the guarantee of study. Unhealthy food makes students feel sick. As a result, they will lack of energy to study.
To solve the problems caused by unhealthy foods, we carry out 5 possible solutions as follow. Firstly, the menu should be changed. It’s better to consult a dietician. Secondly, the food materials should be fresh enough. The materials that are not used should be placed in fridges as soon as possible. Food materials determine the quality of food. If the food materials are fresh enough, the food will include fewer viruses. Thirdly, vegetables and meat should be matched at a proper proportion so that the food will not make students become fat easily. The forth solution is that good cookers should be employed to manage the mess hall. A good cooker’s management will improve the quality of food. Finally, when the foods become healthy, more foods are expected to be provided to students at the same price.
Among the five solutions, the first one finally becomes the best solution after our discussion.
Changing the menu by consulting a dietician will solve the problem in 5 ways as follow. Firstly, vegetables and meat will be matched at a proper proportion so that the food will not make students become fat easily because the dietician will give a scientific menu. Secondly, students will no longer feel tired of eating the same food so that they will have a good mood. Thirdly, students will be more energetic and be more enthusiastic about their study. There is a common saying in China. “Food is the paramount necessity of the people”. The forth effect is that they will keep a good figure and a healthy body. Last but not least, they will be satisfied with dorm life.
The first, second and third reason become the best 3 reason after our discussion.
There are 3 major objections to this solution. Firstly, to change the menu costs lots of money. It means that all styles of the dish have to be changed. The cost of such great change is too high. Secondly, it may lead to a waste of food. Finally, it’s hard to determine what proportion of vegetable and meat should be used.
To fight back the first objection, we have a good idea. It’s not a problem about money but about students’ health. In addition, money can be taken from other less important projects. After all, the quality of food is a vital problem. And it will be support by most students.
How will the solution work? We will explain it as follow.
A new menu designed by a professional dietician will ensure the quality of foods. Healthy food materials will be chosen and healthy foods will be cooked. Besides, the proportion between vegetable and meat will be controlled properly so that students will not get fat easily. Introducing new and healthy food every period of time will meet every student’s favor. Healthy food keeps students in a good figure and a good mood. They will feel satisfied when studying. Besides, this will provide them enough energy to face the pressure on study.
Let’s go back to other four solutions to see why they can’t solve the problem totally. For example, the forth solution is that good cookers should be employed to manage the mess hall. Though a new cooker will brought new food to students, the food can’t be ensured to be healthy. He cooks well and the food is tasty but he may use too much meat and ignore the importance of vegetable. Besides, his management will not change the food totally, because some cooker will not listen to a new cooker’s demands.
To confirm our ideas, we can do an interview or a survey. There are mainly four kinds of people we can turn to for help. They are students in our campus, dining hall cookers, students’ parents and the manager of the dining hall.

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Males are the sex with a higher sense of self

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Males are the sex with a higher sense of self，文章讲述男性是具有较高自我意识的性别，因此他们更加关注自己的身份建构，这主要是男性气质。广告是产品与普通百姓最紧密的联系之一，尤其是在像我们这样高度商业化的社会中。因此，检查并描述为什么这些广告可以吸引和说服我们购买他们谈论的产品是一件很有趣的事情。

Males are the sex with a higher sense of self
Male is a gender of greater self-awareness, and they pay much more attention to their construction of identity, which is mostly, masculinity. Advertisement is one of the tightest links of the products to ordinary people, especially in a highly commercialized society like ours. So, it has been a fascinating thing to examine and describe why these advertisements can attract and persuade us into buying the products they talk about. According to Jib Fowles, there are approximately 15 appeals that advertisements may produce to influence people. Among these appeals, the most frequently seen appeals are those that appeal to men, or we should say, male. Thus, advertisements that appeal to men would fit some of the need of a man’s masculinity. One will analyze a few commercials and see how they match Folwes’s theory of 15 appeals, and how do they manage to attract male’s desire for masculinity.


The first one is the advertisement of the famous brand of swimming utilities, Speedo®. According to Fowles, sports heroes are the most convenient means to snare consumers' needs to achieve. The company chose Michael Phelps as their endorser, clearly wishing to build up a sense of success and achievement among men. Phelps, being the world’s top swimming athlete and Olympic medalist, is the kind of ideal male in the heart of many men, especially the American men who are thirst for success. They do it because they want to be positively evaluated by other men, they want to be a “man among men” (Kimmel: 465). The words written on the ad “Worn by World Champions, my Speedo®” strengthen their thought. Also, if one takes look at the body shape of Phelps, we can see his perfect muscle which makes him fast in the game; and also his eye of resilience, which suggests he is a man of perseverance and self-reliance, greatly evaluated by American culture. Now, he’s got a Speedo® swimming glass with him that makes him professional and competitive. All these leave people an impression that if they buy the pair of swimming glasses, they will be as professional and competitive as Phelps. This is the typical appeal to achieve, and a perfect one matching the demand of masculinity. In addition to masculinity, he is also the type of “heterosexual men that have continually been inundated by popular culture images designed with their sexual responses (Bordo: 168).”

Along with the sense of achievement, of course, a man needs not only the sense of achievement, but also the sense of a harmonious, happy family, which we see as in the need for dominance. In this advertisement of Johnson’s Baby Powder (Johnson), the sitting in the middle of the whole picture is the absolute center of this family, at least seen from the structure of the picture. Yes, taking care of children and household chores are generally considered as women’s business in the modern society, but when it comes to publicity, especially in the society that men’s image should be predominant, people would not give up the chance of demonstrating the dominance of male everywhere. Fowles describes the phenomenon in terms of advertisements “the appeal of dominance”, or the need to dominate. Although people probably know that such scene in the picture can hardly be seen in common families, still they are persuaded by the advertisement that this family looks better than the others, because men would finally take care of their babies. So we can see the picture also goes to the need to nurture, to take care of the small, defenseless creatures, children and pets, largely. (Fowles, 1994) In fact the need to nurture is just another reflection of need to dominate; it is because his need of dominance that drives him to take care of the weak ones, and that’s what men want for their “Guy code”, and also for the baby in the man’s arm. The words “Like father, like son” is the best interpretation of that. People ever since Freud believe that the key to boy’s development is separation, that he must switch his identification from mother to father in order to “become” a man (Kimmel: 462), and ad gives men everything they want.


Despite families and achievements, affiliation such as friendship is another key feature that defines a man. A male would hang out with his friends from time to time, despite his status, job and family situations. Men must get together for some time and have long chats about “men’s thing” with a beer or some kinds of other shots in their hands, in a pub, or a bar. This advertisement of Miller High Life Beer (Miller) is a perfect symbol of this kind of “men’s culture”. With four guys holding a beer in their hands and smiling at each other at a pool table, an atmosphere of friendship is created. The need for affiliation, according to Fowles (p.25), is the key element that dominates this piece of ad. Apart from affection, friendship is definitely the kind of relation that men treasures most; the ads of this kind have successfully made men believe that if they want to build up friendship, they must hold a beer in their hands so that he can join the conversation. In this advertisement, the four men must have been friends for years, or they would not be playing pool together. The Miller High Life beer in their hands serves as a symbol of the tight relationship between them, a typical demonstration of men’s friendship and affiliation. One can also see this scene in various videos and books, which all contribute to the augmentation of this concept. The influence of the ads may not be very instant, but once it is done, it’s a long term one.

Advertisements aim to attract men from their need of not only masculinity, but also of nurture, dominance, affiliation and achievements. What all men desire in the modern society are perfectly demonstrated in all the ads above: achievement as in Speedo, dominance as in Johnson, and affiliation as in Miller. These appeals will keep attracting men for the next few years. So long as “Guy’s code” stays the same as it has always been, men will be persuaded by these ads to be the way the society have always want them to be, the men of pure masculinity.




Works Cited

1.Bordo, Susan. “Beauty rediscovers male body.” The Male Body, Farrar, Stratus and Giroux, New York (2000).
2.Fowles, Jib. "Advertising’s fifteen basic appeals." Language Awareness, 6th ed. St. Martin’s Press, New York (1994).
3.Johnson’s Baby Powder. Advertisement. Atticpaper. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 October 2014.
4.Kimmel, Michael. “Bros before Hos: The Guy Code.” Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men, Harper Paperbacks: New York (2009)
5.Miller High Life. Advertisement. 3Cushion. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 October 2014.
6.Speedo. Advertisement. Shoppingblog. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 October 2014.

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Illegal drug marijuana

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Illegal drug marijuana，文章讲述大麻是使用最广泛的非法药物。众所周知，美国一些州一直在设法使大麻的使用和销售合法化，这与他们过去对酒精所做的类似。但是，大麻对人们身心健康的影响仍存在很大争议。因此，我们是否应该将大麻的使用合法化，这引起了美国的热议。就我而言，应该使大麻合法化，条件是大多数公民都知道大麻的潜在危害并知道如何正确处理这种诱惑。大规模生产和销售仍应在一定程度上由政府监管。

Illegal drug marijuana
Outline
Thesis statement: Marijuana is the most widely used illegal drug. It is known that some of the states in America has been managing to legalize the use and sales of marijuana, which is similar to what they have done to alcohol in the past. However, the influence of marijuana on people’s physical and psychological health is still in great controversy. Therefore, whether we should decriminalize the use of marijuana stimulates a hot debate in the United States. As far as I am concerned, marijuana should be legalized on condition that most citizens are aware of its potential harms and know to handle this temptation properly; the massive production and sales should still be regulated by the government to a certain degree.

I. Introduction of marijuana legalization policy in America
i. Introduction of marijuana
ii. the development of the legalization of marijuana
iii. Current situation of the legalization of marijuana
II. Rebuttal
i. Increase of crime rate
ii. Considerable medical cost
iii. Bad influence
III. Necessity to legalize marijuana
i. The influence of the “forbidden fruit”
ii. The exaggerated harm of marijuana
iii. The great but unnecessary cost occurred by the prohibition
IV. Potential positive outcomes of the legalization
i. Maximization of its medical use
ii. Increase of revenues
iii. Decrease of the crime rate

marijuana , an inseparable component of American popular culture, is now faced with serious criticisms from kinds of parties. Marijuana is a product of the hemp plant (cannabis sativa) and appears as a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers. It is also called by street names such as pot, weed, boom, or Mary Jane. In early times, marijuana was used as a medical cure, which was mainly intended to reduce patients’ pain. Gradually, its medical use was extended to broader usage. And more specifically, as a drug. People smoked marijuana not only to relieve their physical pain, but also to reduce stress and to escape from reality by enjoying the transient but raging joy marijuana gave them. Consequently, some people got addicted to marijuana. Along with the rampant addiction problem, the violence and crime related to marijuana all promoted the process of criminalizing marijuana in America.
However, the controversy of whether we should forbid and criminalize marijuana or not has never stopped. Plenty of scholars, politicians and social parties are strongly supportive of the legalization of marijuana. And remarkable progress has been made. On the 6th of November 2012, marijuana was legalized for recreational use in Colorado and Washington state. People over the age of 21 can possess up to an ounce of marijuana for recreational use. In the last fourteen years, the Washington state and other 14 states has legalized marijuana for its medical use respectively, which attracted other states to imitate the action. In California, marijuana is an important source of revenues, which accumulates 14 billion dollars by sales. Some cities are considering to tax it. On 26th February 2014 A recent poll of residents in Texas show that 49% of Texans support legalization of marijuana and 77% support the legalization of medical marijuana.
Despite all the meaningful results brought about by the legalization of marijuana, there are still numerous criticisms against it. Some people still believe that marijuana should be forbidden and criminalized. They support their opinion by stating the relationship between marijuana and crime. According to the official statistics, more than 746,000 people were arrested in the USA in 2010 for marijuana-related offenses alone. Canada’s drug crime rate has hit a 20-year high, driven largely by a surge in the rate of possession of marijuana during the past 10 years(Spotlight: Drug Offences). The use of marijuana poses serious threats to the society considering all the possible crimes that may be committed when people under the influence of drugs. In addition, they claim that marijuana is a stepping-stone drug, leading to more serious drugs such as heroin and cocaine.
Those who insist that marijuana not be legalized also declare that marijuana increases a nation’s medical cost. Numerous population go to hospital and receive treatment because of diseases caused by the abusing use of marijuana. Marijuana is also addictive. It deprives the user of free will. A drug user cannot make an informed and rational decision to continue using drugs because the use of the drug eliminates that user’s ability to think logically. Furthermore, the availability of drugs would create new consumers rather than rescuing current ones.
In spite of all the negative factors presented by the party which is against the marijuana legalization, there are still more convincing arguments to support the legalization action.
By trying to hide marijuana from innately curious young people, the society just has elevated its status to that of a forbidden fruit. Instead, in order to create a more healthy environment for young people, a better approach is to bring pot into the open, make it legal for people over the age of 21, and educate children from a young age about the actual dangers of its recreational use( David L. Nathan). During adolescence, young people are rebellious by showing their unique personalities and bold behavior. Drugs, especially marijuana naturally become their first choice. They hardly know the effects of smoking marijuana but they do know it is illegal, which stimulates their interest and enthusiasm in this illegal attraction. The prohibition fuel the forbidden fruit syndrome. The 1920s' alcohol ban criminalized a huge percentage of decent Americans, created organized crime in the US, and corrupted thousands of police and officials (even President Warren Harding and Chief Justice William Taft secretly drank).
Another misunderstanding is the exaggerated dangers of marijuana. As is known, the chronic use of cannabis may result in mood changes and low motivation, especially for those users who are in their adolescence. However, all the potential harms are way weaker than the perils of alcohol. Considering the easy access to alcohol, it is extremely easy for people to drink a lethal amount of alcohol, but it is not the same situation when it comes to marijuana( David L. Nathan). Dr. Lester Grinspoon, a professor emeritus at Harvard Medical School said, “there are no deaths from cannabis use. Anywhere. You can't find one."(Dave Smith) This claim breaks the stereotype about drugs. Some believe that the exact end of drug users is death, which is not true in the case of marijuana. Dr. Paul Hornby, a biochemist and human pathologist who also happens to be one of the leading authorities on cannabis research explained, "I've heard you have to smoke something like 15,000 joints in 20 minutes to get a toxic amount of delta-9 tetrahydrocannibinol, I challenge anybody to do that." (Dave Smith) In fact, people will die from excessive consumption of aspirin, coffee or wine. Marijuana, like Dave Smith said, is just one of them, or in some way less lethal than them.
Apart from the overstated health risks marijuana may have, marijuana is not the stepping-stone to other harder drugs like many people insist. The problem is not marijuana itself, ironically, it is the ban put on it. The illegal purchase of marijuana exposes consumers to dealers who push the hard stuff. Suppose that people can purchase marijuana at an ordinary store with legal license instead of meeting drug dealers secretly, it will decrease the chances people are exposed to those more serious drugs like heroin.
Considerable cost accrued by prohibiting and criminalizing marijuana. Every year, a lot of marijuana users are put into prison even though they don’t hurt anyone around them. The cost to build more prisons, to accommodate more prisoners, to compensate the loss caused by less people at workplace is actually a huge waste of resources. The cost should have been allocated to some areas like education, public infrastructure, and arts projects. The money should be spent to develop the state and improve citizens’ lives instead of regulating people who smoke pot for recreational purpose not hurting others. According to Jeffrey Miron, a senior lecturer at Harvard University who in 2010 studied the likely impact of drug legalization, came to a stunning conclusion. Marijuana prohibition now costs state and federal government as much as $20 billion a year; about $8.7 billion would be saved on law enforcement and another $8.7 billion would be generated from taxes on marijuana. Accounting for inflation, that would add up to about $20 billion now, he said(Matt Sledge).

Suppose that marijuana is legalized, its medical use will be taken good advantage of for the sake of human’s welfare. There is overwhelming evidence showing that marijuana is less toxic to the system than many pharmaceuticals. On the contrary, cannabis relieves various unpleasant symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, pain and spasm, as well as the side effects of some prescription medicines. Moreover, users of medical marijuana are seldom heavy users. For those who are against legalization of marijuana by claiming that the action will increase the consumption of marijuana, there is a convincing fact that in states where medical marijuana is legal, the figures for teen use of cannabis have either remained stable or have followed a downward trend.
Along with the medical benefits, the legalization of marijuana will make contributions to revenues. Christopher Wilson proposed three ways in which the legalization can help to increase revenues. First off, the resources used in fighting the “War on Drugs” would be greatly reduced. The nation spends $68 billion a year on its prisoners, one-third of which are imprisoned for nonviolent drug crimes. About half of these criminals are marijuana offenders, which means one-sixth of our country’s prisoners are in jail for marijuana-related charges(see graph below). Legalizing the drug would mean spending $11.3 billion less a year on prisons ( Madeline Wolff ). Second, legalized marijuana purchases would provide additional revenue in the form of sales tax. Third, companies that grow and distribute the marijuana would in turn provide even more tax revenue as well as much needed jobs(Christopher Wilson). In the case of California, the legalization has already earned California about $14 billion a year, it has been estimated that legalizing marijuana could generate anywhere between $1.5 and $4 billion (from taxing the drug) in revenue for California, a boost that undeniably needed(Madeline Wolff). California NORML estimates that a legally regulated market for marijuana could yield the state at least $1.2 billion in tax revenues and reduced enforcement costs. A basic $50/ounce excise tax (roughly $1/joint) would yield about $770 - 900 million per year plus another $240-360 million in sales taxes(Dale Gieringer ).
Another main positive outcome of legalization of marijuana is that it can lower the crime rate. In the paper published by the United States Government Accountability Office “ Poverty In America: Consequences for Individuals and the Economy”, the relation between poverty and crime. They found that someone who is struggling to support their family or who has been disillusioned by a system that they believe has failed them is far more likely to turn to criminal activity than someone in a stable environment(U.S. GAO). The legalization of marijuana boost the economy and create more job opportunities. In other words, with the legalization of marijuana, more people are likely to get a job to support themselves instead of idling time on the street. The solve the crime problem from the root. After all, it is obvious that nobody want to steal or rob others for ten dollars since he has a decent job with stable income.
To conclude, a new approach to solve the marijuana dilemma is to legalize it with a certain degree of proper regulation. Based on the fact that it is not toxic and addictive as people once believed, and in essence medically beneficial, prohibiting and criminalizing it completely do no good to the society and to the people who live in the society. Under proper supervision, legalizing it will bring about plenty of positive outcomes and create a more healthy, active and safe environment instead of ruining it.

Works Cited
Christopher Wilson, Legalizing Marijuana Would Reduces Crime, Increase Tax Revenue and Ease Illegal Immigration Concerns. 12 December.2011.
Available at

Dale Gieringer, Ph.D., Benefits of Marijuana Legalization in California October.2009.
Available at

David L. Nathan, Why Marijuana Should Be Legal for Adults at CNN news.
9 January.2013.
Available at

Dave Smith, Medical Marijuana: 10 Health Benefits That Legitimize Legalization
8 August.2013.
Available at

Matt Sledge, Marijuana Prohibition Now Costs the Government $20 Billion A Year. 20 April.2013.
Available at

Madeline Wolff, Legalizing Marijuana Can Reduce Crime, Increase Revenue for State. 9 November.2009.
Available at

“Spotlight: Drug Offences” 2 March.2004.
Available at

The United States Government Accountability Office, POVERTY IN AMERICA:Consequences for Individuals and the Economy. 24 January.2007
Available at


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