Various forms of vampire culture

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Various forms of vampire culture，文章讲述随着怪物文学作品的增加，吸血鬼已成为近来最流行的怪物文化之一。吸血鬼文化以多种形式展示，例如书籍，电影，电视连续剧等。本文将从四个方面讨论吸血鬼文化。首先，用科恩的理论对怪物文化进行一般性介绍。第二，吸血鬼文化发展的起源和历史。第三，具有鲜明特征的吸血鬼类型，持久吸血鬼文化的社会效应。

Various forms of vampire culture

I.Introduction
With the increase of monster’s literature works, vampire has become one of the most fashionable monster cultures in recent days. Vampire culture is demonstrated in many forms such as books, movies, TV series and so on. The essay will discuss vampire culture from four aspects. First of all, a general introduction of monster culture with Cohen’s theory. Second, the origin and history of vampire culture’s development. Third, the types of vampire with the distinctive characteristics and last the social effect of vampire culture.
II.Monster Culture
In Cohen’s idea, he believes that the monster’s body is culture itself, “The monstrous body is pure culture” (Cohen 2). Monsters cannot be categorized into any single species. There are generally several elements inside a monster’s body, such as fear, desire, anxiety and fantasy. All the elements give monsters life or literally create them. Unlike any other kinds of animals or creatures, they are not mortal, so they do not follow the natural order, which we have known previously. The emergence of monsters normally means danger to the human beings or creatures in normal life. Since monsters don’t act according to the natural order, the fighting against them becomes a tough issue, so monsters often bring with fear.
Monster culture is also the culture of fear. Heidenreich states that “Vampire scholars as diverse as Nina Auerbach and Teresa Goddu havargued that vampiric discourse is about fear. Popular culture uses vampiric discourse to voice fear of change, fear of the other, fear that the other is bringing change into our communities ”(Heidenreich 32). In another way, monsters are actually living inside of us, and it is the fear which created monster culture, which is a way of expressing human beings’ fear.
Furthermore, different monster cultures represent various cultural symbols. In different countries, monsters have different patterns of manisfestation. For instance, , terrorists from Muslim world are often regarded as monsters for many American people while most of Chinese people regarded westerners as Gweilo, which is actually word similar to monster in Chinese expression, when the society was isolated from western countries.
Finally, Cohen presents in his word that in monster culture, the curiosity of exploring monsters often leads up to death. Many people would show much interest in solving the mystery of the monsters when they bring damage to the world. As it’s shown in many videos or books, people who have strong curiosity about unknown stuff are mostly punished instead of being rewarded the truth. In the film of Jurassic Park, the curious visitors are eaten by the dinosaurs.
III.The Origin and Historical Development of Vampire culture
The origin of vampire culture can be traced in legendary tales in Old Roman or Paleo Hebrew’s civilization, which is about a thousand year’s history. But vampires in modern sense are said to originate from Balkan and Slavdom in the East Europe. It’s believed that vampires are actually created from people’s own imagination of mythical nature and the demonstration of people’s emotional feelings in different period. George said in his book Introduction: Undead Reflections that ”It offers a vigorous commentary on the development of the genre, the construction of racial and gendered otherness, the treatment of gay sexuality, the significance of pseudo-science in sympathetic vampire narratives, the vampire’s relationship to the zombie, and the emergence of young adult vampire fiction”(George 15).
Vampire culture has never stopped developing in the past centuries. It became popular in the middle age when the plague was rampant in Europe. The medical technology was very backward then, many patients were assumed to be dead and buried when they were only in a shock. So the phenomenon that dead people crawled out of their tomb with blooding nose and mouth were often seen by people. These “dead patients” were considered vampires by human beings and their types also became the original stereotypes of vampires, with blood flowing in the noses and mouth. It was also believed that vampires would wake in the night and sucking blood from people alive. There were even stories of “living vampires”. French count Karl Drais in the 15th century kill more than 300 children for founding gold. In the 17th century, Hungarian Countess Elizabeth murdered young girls and drunk their blood for eternal youth.
In the late 18th century, gothic novels became popular. A huge number of vampire works were produced, among which Bram Stoker’s Dracula was the most famous one. The protagonist Dracula was depicted as a smart gentleman who was very attractive to the females and capable of controlling the victims’ thinking, which made Dracula the name a synonymous word for vampires. Herbert pionted out “Dracula exemplifies not only ego’s abnegation of the transformative spirit, but also the masculine from the feminie” (Herbert 104). The abundant vampire works accordingly intrigued many scholars to study vampire culture, which meant the development of vampire culture entered a brand new era with systematic research. Since then, the theme of vampire has often been adopted in nearly all the literature forms such as poems, novels or televisions, which also symbolizes vampire culture’s being an important part of modern culture.
IV.The Three Types of Vampires
With the development of vampire culture, the types of vampires greatly changed as well as their characteristics. They became more and more good-looking and shrewd at the same time. In the Western works, vampire’s type is normally categorized into three kinds: the wicked and devil, the perfect lover and the combination of human beings and ghost. With the difference in different sorts of vampires, they usually have some common features. For instance, they are afraid of sunlight and can only walk in the night sucking people’s blood or human beings attacked by vampires would turn to be them.
In the beginning, the wicked devil was the earliest type of vampires. This type was to be found ugly and horrible but powerful. They could turn into small creatures like cat or bat while drinking man’s blood in very cruel way. The type was often contained in horror books or films. They often emerged as beautiful dissolute women to allure men for their blood at night, and horrible-looking devil with long teeth. In the horror works of vampires, there were many scenes of sex, violence and blood. Vampire works easily aroused people’s fear with the horrible atmosphere. In this phase, vampire represents the fear inside human’s bodies. The emergence of vampires stemmed from people’s misunderstanding of death, so the basic tone of vampire stories was horrifying. Vampires with the horrible-looking features only presented human beings with dangerous look and unconquerable at the same time. So the type always aroused people’s fear and desperation. The wicked type of vampires demonstrates people’s inner fear and fragility in the living world.
Another type of vampires is the role of perfect lovers. These vampires have miraculous power and fall in love with a human being beyond the thirst for blood. They are often coined as good-looking, extremely wealthy and also belong to the high social status. Meanwhile, they have highly self-control ability in front of their lovers. Hemphill said in his work Vampires: Scary Or Sexy that “When vampire literature was born, this second level of fear was the stage of human-vampire evolution that influenced the first horror authors. John Polidori, The Vampyr. This was the beginning of the modem type of the vampire: a handsome, aristocratic man who is beastly and sadistic like folkloric vampires but also intelligent, personable, and all-too-human at the same time” (Hemphill 14). The type of perfect-lover story is also stereotyped. Male vampires often fall for human girls first and treat them with all their heart and then the girls finally fall in love with them by transcending the impossible barrier between vampire and human beings.
The last type of vampire is the combination of human being and ghost. Different from the last two types, such vampires are proud of their own power but hate to hurt human beings. Vampires of this type are always struggling between the good and the evil. For one part, they have great power and like to be a hero with their power, but on the other hand, they are ghosts and live on human being’s blood. So they always live confusion and pain, but the heroic side always conquers the evil side in most stories. Compared with the former two types, this type is the most favored and has endured the longest history. Maybe it is because that the first type is too scary which presents no beauty to the public while the perfect-lover type is too idealistic, so the compromise between the two caters for people’s taste most.
During the history of vampire culture, vampires have developed their image from the initial wretched devil to the confused combination of humans and ghost. It makes a significant contribution to the art works in the world and greatly enriches vampire literature. Vampires were infused into literature works only as rigid types of monsters at first. Gradually, the type of vampires became more vivid after being added more pro-human disposition. Nowadays, the vampire is no longer a mere image but carries its own culture.
V.The Social Effect of Vampire Culture
With the enrichment of vampire culture, forms of telling vampire stories are more and more diversified. There are thousands of books and novels on vampires available in the market, and media forms on vampires such as movies or TV series are gaining more and more fame. “Vampire: Brighter in Darkness and Twilight” instantly became a hit when it was first released in 2009. Numerous fans of vampires are attracted to vampire culture. Bailie says that “According to statistics brought out by Romance Writers of America, in 2009, the paranormal subgenre made up 17.16% of the popular romance genre, which in itself comprised 54% of all books sold by the publishing industry” (Bailie 34). Generally, it separates in to two parts: the dracula movie and the affectional movie, for example. The vampire culture entertains people greatly.
In modern times, addiction is not a word exaggerating people’s fondness of vampire stories. Jeffrey Andrew mentions that “fans’ crazy love for vampire is becoming a mainstream trend, which, stimulates the more people involve in the trend at the same time and illustrates the continuities of vampire series in movies and novels and explains why the vampire characters appeal so many worshipers” (Jeffrey Andrew 30).
Take “The Night Eternal” for example, the final novel in The Strain Trilogy, written by Guillermo Del Toro and Chuck Hogan have attracted thousands of readers. The novel tells how the two leading roles of Nora Martinez and Vasiliy Fet who finally become an affectionate couple like in fairy tales. The writer remarked that “The development of their love in the ruined society is really moving and the most shining part of the entire context of the novels” (Toro 24). Even though the series ended with a loose and sad story, which is intentionally planned by the writers, fans are still deeply immense in the fictitious plots.
VI.Conclusion
By explaining its inseparable part in monster culture, introducing the origin and historical development, analyzing the different vampire types as well as the social effect, the essay intends to have a general research of vampire culture. Nowadays, vampire culture leads an irreplaceable position in entertaining the public in that its way of expressing human being’s deep emotional feelings and also the change of social development.

















Cited Works
1.Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome ed.. Monster Culture (Seven Theses), from Reading Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
2.Toro, Guillermo del. The night eternal. New York : William Morrow, c2011. 01/01/2011 365 p. ;24 cm. Database: UAH Library Catalog. Web. URL: http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.elib.uah.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=24&sid=7f4f707c-5064-4436-8f84-786ef4dd83a3%40sessionmgr113&hid=112&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=buh&AN=54311449
3.Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew. Vampires, vampires, everywhere! Fall2010, Vol. 90 Issue 3, p4-5. 2p.3 Color Photographs. Database: Business Source Premier. Web. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.elib.uah.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=16&sid=7f4f707c-5064-4436-8f84-786ef4dd83a3%40sessionmgr113&hid=112&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=cat00668a&AN=uah.519729
4.Ramsland, Katherine M. The Science of Vampires. Edition: 1st Berkley Boulevard trade pbk. ed. New York : Berkley Boulevard Books. 2002. eBook. , Database: eBook Collection (EBSCOhost).Web.
URL:http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.elib.uah.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=6&sid=7f4f707c-5064-4436-8f84-786ef4dd83a3%40sessionmgr113&hid=112&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=nlebk&AN=124785
5.Heidenreich, Linda. "Vampires Among Us." Peace Review 24.1 (2012): 92-101. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 Nov. 2014.
Url:http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.elib.uah.edu/eds/detail/detail?sid=a9e12004-9619-4ad0-bfd3-d6b71c0d56c0@sessionmgr4001&vid=8&resultId=1&theDisplayFormat=CitationAndFullText&ReturnUrl=%252feds%252fresults%252fresultlist%253fsid%253da9e12004-9619-4ad0-bfd3-d6b71c0d56c0%2540sessionmgr4001%2526vid%253d8%2526resultId%253d_resultId_
6.Bailie, Helen T. "Blood Ties: The Vampire Lover In The Popular Romance." Journal Of American Culture 34.2 (2011): 141-148. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 Nov. 2014.
URL:http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.elib.uah.edu/eds/detail/detail?sid=a9e12004-9619-4ad0-bfd3-d6b71c0d56c0@sessionmgr4001&vid=6&resultId=1&theDisplayFormat=CitationAndFullText&ReturnUrl=%252feds%252fresults%252fresultlist%253fsid%253da9e12004-9619-4ad0-bfd3-d6b71c0d56c0%2540sessionmgr4001%2526vid%253d6%2526resultId%253d_resultId_
7.George, Sam, and Bill Hughes. "Introduction: Undead Reflections." Gothic Studies 15.1 (2013): 1-7. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 Nov. 2014.
URL:http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.elib.uah.edu/eds/detail/detail?sid=a9e12004-9619-4ad0-bfd3-d6b71c0d56c0@sessionmgr4001&vid=5&resultId=6&theDisplayFormat=CitationAndFullText&ReturnUrl=%252feds%252fresults%252fresultlist%253fsid%253da9e12004-9619-4ad0-bfd3-d6b71c0d56c0%2540sessionmgr4001%2526vid%253d5%2526resultId%253d_resultId_
8.Herbert, Steven C. "Dracula As Metaphor For Human Evil." Journal Of Religion & Psychical Research 27.2 (2004): 62-71. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 Nov. 2014. URL:http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.elib.uah.edu/eds/detail/detail?sid=a9e12004-9619-4ad0-bfd3-d6b71c0d56c0@sessionmgr4001&vid=3&resultId=11&theDisplayFormat=CitationAndFullText&ReturnUrl=%252feds%252fresults%252fresultlist%253fsid%253da9e12004-9619-4ad0-bfd3-d6b71c0d56c0%2540sessionmgr4001%2526vid%253d3%2526resultId%253d_resultId_
9.Hemphill, Meredith. "Vampires: Scary Or Sexy?." Teen Ink 26.2 (2014): 21. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 1 Nov. 2014. URL:http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.elib.uah.edu/eds/detail/detail?sid=a9e12004-9619-4ad0-bfd3-d6b71c0d56c0@sessionmgr4001&vid=1&resultId=1&theDisplayFormat=CitationAndFullText&ReturnUrl=%252feds%252fresults%252fresultlist%253fsid%253da9e12004-9619-4ad0-bfd3-d6b71c0d56c0%2540sessionmgr4001%2526vid%253d1%2526resultId%253d_resultId_

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The school bus

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The school bus，文章讲述您可以容易地想象出，在去学校的公交车上，您被挤成一个充满异味和汗水的披萨，或者即使您昨晚在12:00 pm睡觉，有时也应该在6点起床。您错过了公共汽车以及为整个晚上准备的重要考试。更重要的是，当您等公交车的腿长时间站着时，您会感到筋疲力尽。

The school bus
You can easily imagine that you are squeezed as a pizza full of smell and sweat on the bus to school or sometimes you are supposed to get up at 6 o’clock even if you slept at 12:00pm last night. You miss the bus as well as an important exam which you prepared for the whole night. What’s more, you feel exhausted when you wait for the bus with legs erecting for a long time. Do you think of the reasons why it is so hard for students to wait for the bus?  Shouldn’t it be easy to take a bus and snap for a while before class? The point is that the school bus launches every1 hour or more, regardless of traffic jam and car accidence, which make it too hard to take. Moreover, as the weather turn to be colder, wind and rain make it a mess for students to wait for hours without a chair to sit.
 Several solutions are set to resolve this problem. For school perspective, it is its duty and responsibility to create a good and pleasing environment for students, including the school bus. Adding more buses is the most direct way. For one thing, more buses means there will be more space to contain students, thus, they do not need to be squeezed any more. For another, more buses can provide a much clearer and pleasing atmosphere, thus, students can enjoy the trip to school, even though it is a short one. A large quantity of buses can ensure every student a seat, in which they can gain a room to review lessons or listen to music, even getting a snap is possible to make them energetic before class. Another way to solve this problem is updating the schedule as well as the bus stop: shortening the time between 2 bus shifts. Transforming from 1 bus per hour to 1 bus per half an hour is a reasonable solution, because it can quicken the trip. As for the bus stop, keep it clean and comfortable, updating some facilities, such as more seats and bigger waiting area, because waiting for buses will make students nervous and anxious sometimes and a better environment can soothe their moods, of course, if some pieces of music exist, waiting for a bus can be an attractive thing. Loads of better buses are needed, which will accommodate more students as well as teachers, their personality and speed will be sharpened and let the trip much quicker.
However, even several solutions are put forward, there are still some problems. First of all, more buses on the road will result in traffic jam, especially the time of school is mostly in peak time for white collars and workers, which may also prolong the duration of trip and thus being late for school cannot be avoided. What’s more, the income of bus drivers and more budget for updated buses will be paid by school itself which can aggravate the burden of school, thus, money that are supposed to put on students and their studies will be cut down. Moreover, a new bus stop built at school will intake some new staff who are in charge of this matter, which can add security problems and risks to students. And the process will inevitably cause noise and dust, students’ health and study cannot be protected.
Thus, some available and better ways are in need. The responsibility of a relaxed trip should not be limited to school; Students, as the subject of this problem, can also contribute to better solutions. Getting up early is a good way, students get up early and catch the bus on time can guarantee their school time and help them build up good habits, which means they need to change their life styles and cannot stay up into night any longer. If more buses are needed and the quality should be better, it is reasonable to update half the bus, so do the time. Also, if school can change the time of class, for instance, changing the first class from 8:30am to 9:00am to avoid the peak time can reduce the possibility of the traffic jam. What’s more, encouraging families which have a car to take their own kids to school and leave more space for students who do not have a car themselves will make a different. Thus, school do not need to add cars and money can be saved . Last but not the least, bus stop can be updated by students themselves, which is the best of both worlds. Students can form a team to supervise the sanitation of the stop and check whether the bus is on time or not, also, they can set up a students’ broadcast to play music which are popular among students, for another, school can save up a great deal of money which will, in turn, be used on students. Also, when it is cold and windy outside, students can get a hot tea or coffee for free, but they need to clean up the bus stop at the end of the day as an exchange.
Bus problems at school cannot be resolved merely counting on school itself, students can do a lot, too. If what mentioned above are implemented, waiting for a bus can be pleasing. Imagine you catch a cup of coffee, enjoying the music of Taylor, then after a short time, you arrive at school, the life of study will not be so tough for you.

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The role of women in songwriting society

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The role of women in songwriting society，文章讲述现在人们生活在一个万物迅速发展的社会中，雨后的新事物像蘑菇一样出现。随着科学技术的飞速发展，人们的生活水平有了很大提高。似乎人们生活在一个无法用过去进行比较的时代。但是，与身体享受相比，最明显的进步是逐渐提高了妇女在社会中的地位。现在，无论是在政治，经济领域还是在娱乐领域，越来越多的妇女在社会中起着重要作用。事实是，妇女现在几乎活跃于各行各业，尤其是在歌唱界。到底是什么促进了女性在歌曲社会中的领导作用？详细内容如下。

The role of women in songwriting society

Introduction
Now people are living in a society where all things develop quickly and new things are appearing like mushrooms after the rain. With fast advancement of science and technology, people’s living standard has improved a lot. It seems people are living in an era which no past can be used to make comparison. However, compared to the physical enjoyment, the most obvious advancement is gradually improved women’s status in the society. More and more women are now leading important roles in the society, no matter in fields of politics and economy, or in the field of entertainment. It is the fact that women are now active in almost all walks of life, especially in song society. What on earth that promotes women’s leading role in song society? Details are followed.

Chapter one three factors promote improvement of women’s status in song society

Start from the perspective of science and technology, the improvement of women’s social status shows the progress of humanity and the improvement of civilization degree. Women’s liberation reflects to the solution of productivity. Many careers are suitable for married women, without any doubt, this will greatly promote advancement of the whole society. Looking back to the history, more and more women are joining in the song society. In the past, people spoke ill words to those women who sing and dance, recently, people do not do those things again, but praise them for their wonderful performance. However, what factors that push progress of women’s status in song society? To sum up, there are three factors. (Conor & Katherine & Corey, 2012)

The first reason that promoted women’s improved role in song society is changing of weak position, which makes women hold up “half the sky”. In the old days, almost in every country, men controlled most of the world, leaving women only stay at home to be housewives and serve the men who act in the outside world. The most terrible thing is that people’s marriage is arranged by their parents, leaving them almost no space to choose their own partners. For most women, their life is to listen to their husbands and do according to their instructions. It is common that women are left at home for long time, while men are going far away to fight for life and the whole family. Under that situation, women hardly have free time to enjoy themselves, saying nothing of entertainment. (Lee, 2005) If some women are singing outside in front of public, they will be cursed as bitch, even abandoned by the family and the society. However, with advancement of human civilization, women’s weak position is improved. More and more women are going outside to play their roles and strive for their family as what men do. As their active frequency improves, they are of course becoming active in songs, which they are good at. What deserves mentioning is the beautiful feeling songs give them, therefore, most of women are beginning to enter into the world of song to enjoy themselves and the beautiful music, meanwhile, bring entertainment to their family and friends.

The second factor pushes women’s role in song society owes to gender equality. In the past, people held the opinion that men were noble than women in gender, based on this, women suffered great pains and pressures, in the past few years, even though women’s status was improved, many enterprises stated clearly only hire men when recruit new employees, leaving women no opportunity. But as gender equality is approved and permitted, women are recognized as the main part of human society, people gradually feel women’s importance. So more women are hired and used. It is the fact women are better performed at songs due to their emotional feeling. Therefore, women always play better than men in expressing feelings. And song, as an effective way of expressing, certainly attracts women’s taking part in. (Richa, 2013)

The third factor that leads women’s improvement in song society is the improved situation of gender discrimination. As what said above, in the past, people had gender unfair, which heavily influenced women’s development. But with advancement of gender discrimination, more policies are carried out for women’s activities. Without any doubt, support from the whole society greatly improves women’s confidence in their skilled field. Some female singers not only look beautiful, but also show sweet voice like valley songbirds. (Shakuntala, 1999) Therefore, more people are eager to enjoy women’s performance at songs.

Chapter two why women perform well in song society

As talked above, women’s role in song society has been greatly improved and recognized. But why women can perform better in song society? Generally speaking, song is sung to express emotion and feeling, it is the fact that women are more sensitive in emotion and feeling than men. Besides, although songs are for ears to listen, with advancement of science and technology, many videos are developed, when people are sitting for listening songs, they are also tending to watch the dance or other performance of the singer, especially their facial expression and body showing.

As people all know, women is the symbol of beauty, they are born with slim figure, beautiful face and sweet voice. From the very ancient to the current society, beautiful women are always pursued by men, as the saying goes “a good young man is wooing a maiden fair he loves”. Performance of women can always present wonderful scenes, depend on their nice dress up, the effect of women’s dressing up and making up is incomparable. In recent years, as people’s living standard is improved greatly, they are more tendency to mental enjoyment and since women are becoming more confident in themselves and more willing to pursue and perform their beautiful life and career, therefore, more women are devoted to song society to experience life and realize their dreams and values. (Staff, 2006)

Conclusion

Songs are always drawing people’s attention, women are always getting men addicted, and the society is made up of men and women, although in the past, women always had to obey men’s instruction and stay at home to look after family, with improvement of the whole society, women’s status is improved and the whole society is giving them more power. Therefore, society’s support plus women’s own pursue, the two together make women more addicted in themselves and their skilled careers. Due to the fact women and songs can both bring people visual and auditory enjoyment, therefore, women’s role in song society is greatly improved. What’s more, song society is also updating and changing its status from lower level to high-top class, nowadays, women who perform well in song society is praised and adored. Without any doubt, with improvement of women’s self-awareness and social status, more women will bravely join in the song society to show their value and bring mental wealth to human beings.


References:

Conor C. Taff & Katherine A. Littrell & Corey R. Freeman-Gallant.(2012). Female Song in the Common Yellowthroat. The Wilson Ornithological Society.

Lee, Peter H. (2005). Echoing song: contemporary Korean women poets. White Pine Press.

Richa Pinto. (2013). Churches to highlight women's role in society. Diligent Media Corporation, Ltd., DNA - Research, Archives & Syndication.

Shakuntala Devi.(1999). Women's status and social change. Pointer.

Staff Reporter.(2006). Women's role in society stressed. The Financial Times Limited.


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The life of Alexander Calder

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The life of Alexander Calder，文章讲述1942年亚历山大·卡尔德（Alexander Calder）创作的“移动”作品典型地展示了他自己的风格和对雕塑艺术的理解-移动的物体以及使用金属线，碎片和各种颜色代表雕塑的移动性和灵活性他的工作。野口勇（Isamu Noguchi）的作品“ Kouros”是极端抽象雕塑的插图，它被命名为“ Kourus”，但实际上是一件互锁的作品，它用细针相连的石头代表了“少年”的非常模糊的图像。 ”（“ Kouros”）。

The life of Alexander Calder
The work “Mobile” by Alexander Calder which is made in 1942, is a typical demonstration of his own style and understandings of the sculpture art—the moving objects and the use of metal lines, pieces and various colors to represent the mobility and flexibility of his work. Whereas the work “Kouros” by Isamu Noguchi is the illustration of extreme abstract sculpture—it is named “Kourus”, but it is actually an interlocking piece of work, using stones connected with very thin needles to represent a very blurred image of “teens” (“Kouros”). The two works can both be described as “abstract” sculptures, but it has very different meaning deep inside, which is closely linked to the background, environment, study of art, etc. of the two artists. Generally, the messages that Calder tried to convey were energetic, vibrant ones; and for Noguchi, it is the deep worry and a sense of fragments. We shall discuss these differences along with their work in the next paragraphs and to see what led them to the different way.

Alexander Calder, as a man born in the family of sculptors, and a man heavily influenced by French sculptor Miro and Dadaism art during the 1920s and 1930s, elaborated his own style of sculpture in 1942 and made this sculpture of “Mobile”. Different from any other forms of sculptures before his age, he put more emphasis on the mobility and flexibility of the sculpture, making them moving objects instead of merely standing ones. In “Mobile”, Calder used thin pieces of aluminum, steel and wires to piece the whole work together. The whole sculpture looks like a big clothes stand, with many different parts hanging out from the body. And indeed, the sculpture itself was being hung in the exhibition, so that it moved from time to time and changed its relative position consecutively. This was by no means “traditional” sculpture; it was a total innovation in sculpture, and soon made Calder very famous as one of the founders of the mobile sculpture.

The work “Mobile” was not a complicated sculpture with delicate design and outstanding handicraft work; it is rather simple, as a matter of fact, and the structure is quite clear. However, the difficulties that lie in analyzing this work of art result from the simplicity—since people in general do not understand the essence of its design, they cannot get the message that the artisit is trying to convey. Furthermore, the sculpture is a mobile one, just as its name; unlike traditional ones, it is hung from upside to downside, and it spins naturally as the structure went. All these designs can be seen as the reflection of French Dadaism that had influenced Calder deeply—his work was closely linked to the abstractionist school, which does not take the shape and physical appearance, but inner spirits and signified characteristics highly. The “Mobile” is a very unique representative of the abstractionist school: first, it has no concrete shape to describe a man, an object, or something we can tell; it is merely a combination of different metal pieces and strings; second, it does not have the common emoting elements as the traditional sculptures, which are presented through the features or certain manners of the work; rather, the simple structure aims to tell us what “Mobile” really means, by making all these strings and metal pieces move naturally through direct hanging them. It is a symbol of mobile and mobility.

The work was highly praise and awarded during the 1942 exhibition "Artists for Victory" at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Sculpture Committee recommended it to be added to the collect, which showed how influential Calder’s work is, even at that time. Although in the future career life of Calder, he did design a number of public sculptures which are put outdoors, but the core of his abstract sculpture had been kept ever since, so one should say that “mobile” is a typical piece of work of Alexander Calder.

For the Japanese American Isamu Noguchi, the sculpture is a different story. Born in a family of Japanese father and American mother, Noguchi’s life experienced a series of twists and turns—his father and mother divorced when he was only 14, and he went back to US to finish his high school studies. He first started his university life as a medical student, but due to the enthusiasm in sculpture in later years, he picked up sculpture and learned from various surrealist artists, which included Miro, the one that also influenced Calder. During 1945 and 1948, he sculpted 15 interlocking sculptures, and the “Kouros” was among those works. Noguchi used heavy pink marbles as the medium and cut them into two large pieces, which were also abstract shapes that people could not understand at their first glance. The way that Noguchi interlocked those pieces were very curious—he used very thin pieces of marble, as thin as needles, to penetrate each pieces and linked them together in different positions, so that the whole work looks like fragments lying and hanging together, with thing needles holding them. The sculpture itself is about 9 feet tall, and the shape looks weird and curious for the viewers.

Noguchi had studied from many artists during the 1930s, including eastern master Qi Baishi and western artists. His work demonstrated a very obvious style of surrealism and abstractionist, which is much alike to those of Calder; but also, we can see strong presence of traditional Japanese art style in “Kouros”, it looks like a combination of traditional Japanese work of art and western abstractionist art, as it could be seen from the shape of the marbles. Unlike Calder’s “Mobile”, which aims to use light objects to present the status of “mobile”, Noguchi’s “Kouros” is a large, steady sculpture which stands on the ground. The feeling of fragmentation is strongly presented through the design, leaving people an impression of split and confusion. At that time, the world suffered from WWII and just regained peace. “Kouros”, meaning “young people” in the world, were lost to the post war trend and the world. The “Kouros” has a very strong sense of confusion and loss of future, indicating Noguchi’s worries about the future. Noguchi’s own identity of Japanese American had probably given him inspirations of the work: he was imprisoned by the American government in 1941 for his Japanese blood lineage, and was released only after many of his artist friends came up to rescue. The hostility status of the Americans towards Japanese and Japanese Americans made Noguchi depressed, for a moment he could not see the future, and the young people who experienced the war and similar feelings. Out of this, Noguchi designed “Korous” to show his worries of the precarious post war world. The sculpture looks lonely and separated, being linked with only thin pieces of marbles. The shape looks like human organs, maybe legs, which symbol uncertainty and separation. Noguchi’s later works were mostly about industrial design and large public sculptures, which had few similarities with earlier works such as “Kouros”. It can be told that the style of this sculpture is typical of Noguchi, but the work itself is the product of his particular time, which could not be understood as “typical work”.

In general, Calder and Noguchi both belong to the school of surrealism and abstractionist. Both their works are not restrained by outer shape but inner emotions; expression is more valued in their sculptures than appearances. While for Calder, his experiences in France and the sculpture traditions of his family left him energetic and flexible style of design, which can be felt at the moment we see the work; whereas Noguchi’s “Kouros” is more about depression, steadiness and confusion, he used the abstract works to present his own feelings about the world during the particular time and his own experience. Although both works were from the same time, the artists’ life experiences gave their sculptures totally different feelings.

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Progress in further study

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Progress in further study，文章讲述到现在为止，我发现我在某些方面已经做出了很大的改变。在其他方面，我仍然是我自己。使我发生变化的原因是环境，周围环境，与我相关的师生的结果。使我成为我自己的是内心的声音和其他因素，例如我的个性和养成的习惯。

Progress in further study
Up till the present moment, I found that I have changed a lot in some respects. While in other respects, I still be myself. What causes me to change is the result of environment,the surroundings, teachers and students related to me. While what keeps me to be myself is the voice from my inner heart and other factors, such as my personality and well developed habit.
It had been four years since I was admitted by a high school in Ohio. The first challenge in high school was attempting to adjust to a new environment. I was looking froward to making more friends, broadening my vision and enhancing my abilities to deal with all sorts of things. Instead of idling with the period, I think I had led a colorful and significant life at that time, though adversity arose from time to time. Life in high school was really busy, moreover, full of hardships. Every day, I must get up at 6 and get myself ready to catch the school bus at ten to seven. School pressures was imposing on me increasingly, partially because of too much homework, and partially in the hope of getting the admittance of a prestigious university. Therefore, extra homework and examination for me to deal with. Some of them needed cooperation with classmates while others needed me to present myself through presentation, all of which forged me to be a qualified student and to be more optimistic towards difficulties. However, this is not the whole criteria for being admitted. Qualified candidates must be good at one or two kinds of sports,or had been a leader in a team, anyway, one must have several experience in leadership. To meet all those requirements, students must spend most of their after class time in making up it and optimizing oneself, this is what I used to be. And I often stayed up late at night, usually went to bed at 12 or one O'clock. So, I only slept 5 to 6 hours averagely every night. After class, I relaxed myself by traveling together with classmates or resting myself at home. Additionally, high school students in Ohio are required to do community service or to clear up rubbishes in a coastal area. In all, I was growing up to be a man through those hard works and participation in those activities.
This summer vacation, I spent it with ease as there is no pressure on me to hunt for a job and I can still do what I am interested in during the following years. I was expecting the college life with great eagerness. As what I did in high school, I expected to meet the love of my life,to be instructed by knowledgeable teachers with high ethics. Moreover, I planned to travel more places or climbing up more mountains, as traveling is one of my favorite hobbies. In order to be a successful businessman in the future, I wish to take an opportunity to motivate myself by starting my business career initially in the forthcoming period. All in all, this summer holiday,I had devised a rough plan for my life in university.
I have been this university for a certain period. I feel that the plan I made needs modifying a little bit to adapt to the new environment. Here, I am required to pass exams for basic courses in the first two years. Hence, I still need to study hard. Too much homework still needs to do, rather, classroom discussion,presentation and research projects are a major part of the whole study. Doing a research, one must read several books,several relevant journals and theses, and this is what I am doing currently. if one fail to pass the exam,he will not get the credit certification, therefore, my classmates and I are studying hard still. So,we spend most of our after class time in the library. Life in college is free from the influence of parents, as I am economically independent already. Moreover, I really feel the freedom of college students as nobody asks one to do something compulsorily. I traveled abroad alone or with friends twice since I have been here.
from the above description, a conclusion can be drawn to describe the transition experience of mine from high school to college. Study in the two periods are highly required, especially the later one that study is closely associated with one's job or salary, more focus therefore is on conducting researches and writing thesis. Life did changed to a certain extent. For example, I am living on myself and I can do whatever I like with a flexible time schedule and no supervising from parents. Currently, I am thinking of starting my business now and then. I am confident and optimistic that I would be a great businessman, as I have been through those adversities bravely. This is what I am as what I used to be, be grace under pressure. As Mark Twain said, one can be destroyed but defeated.

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