Risk society and Internet new media

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Risk society and Internet new media，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了风险社会与互联网新媒体。新媒体对于风险社会的建构有一定的作用。风险社会的种种理念可以通过新媒体的传播，输送到广大的受众群体之中。这个概念首先会被受众群体接触到，然后可以慢慢理解消化，补充完善，从而渐渐成为受众头脑中的认知。另外，新媒体也会成为风险产生的预警。新媒体会迅速传播出社会中的危险信号，从而使得公众能够快速做出反应，得以有准备地应对风险。基本功能，会对媒介的发展有一定的影响作用。


The concept of "risk society" was put forward by ulrich beck, a German anthropologist and sociologist, in his book risk society, and gradually improved the risk society theory in his subsequent works. The concept of "risk" has existed for a long time, but it has not been realized by people because of objective factors such as cognition and technology. Baker's "risk society" theory has created a new perspective for our cognitive society: breaking the traditional thinking mode of "technology worship" and cultivating people's introspection consciousness instead, which is called "the third way" by scholars. The rapid development of new media based on Internet technology in recent years makes it occupy the dominant position in the media market. How does the concept of risk society spread through new media and what is the relationship between them?

The concept of "risk" can be analyzed from different perspectives, such as anthropology, economics, statistics, etc. Each discipline will have different definitions of the same concept due to different perspectives of its own concern. In the world risk society, ulrich baker clearly pointed out that risk is a modern way to predict and control the future consequences of human behavior. Therefore, "risk" should refer to the possibility of insecurity, crisis, turbulence or disaster caused by modernization. The risk defined by beck is a modern thinking paradigm, which is endowed with a special social status. Its content has become the core concept of beck's risk society theory. It can be seen that the risk in baker's definition is closely related to modernization, so the focus is more on the problems arising from modernization and the ways to deal with them. But different scholars study the domain, the Angle is different and divides the risk society theory into the following several schools.

School 1: the realism school of "new risk" theory represented by lau believes that the emergence of risk society is caused by the emergence of new and more influential risks or local emergencies that can lead to or cause potential social disasters. In modern society, there are more social risks in the new era, such as irrational fermentation of public opinion, and social panic caused by unrest in a certain place. Newer and greater risks lead to wider coverage and more influential consequences, thus forming the concept of risk society.

School 2: the school of risk culture represented by Hansen, preetwitz and rush: they believe that risk society is caused by the increase and intensification of people's awareness of risk, and they regard risk society as the result of people's subjective consciousness.

School 3: institutionalism represented by risk society builders, baker, giddens, etc. : their definition of risk is mainly from the social structure and institutional level. The risk in the society is analyzed from the deeper level of social structure and system, so as to obtain a certain understanding of the risk society.

According to the risk society theory of beck and giddens, modernity and reflexive modernity are the core contents of the theory. Modern risk as the basic concept and theoretical cornerstone, and reflexive modernity provides another way for the theoretical breakthrough of risk society, in a word, is the core content of risk society.

Giddens' traditional risks are mostly external risks, such as floods, typhoons and so on. However, modern risks are mostly corresponding to man-made risks, such as SARS and bird flu, which are often more harmful and uncertain. Modern society is dominated by modern risks, which are mainly man-made risks. The author believes that modern risks are more uncertain and technology-related, and are often closely related to the development of technology and the progress of human cognition, so they are more destructive than traditional risks.

In baker's opinion, the endogenous, fair, global and knowledge-dependent characteristics of modern risks, as well as the origin of modern risks summarized by giddens in "the result of long-term maturity of modern system", unpredictability, global nature of serious consequences, ambiguity and duality, have all roughly discussed the basic characteristics of modern risks. Modern risk is related to scientific and technological knowledge and modern system, and it is difficult to predict, and its serious consequences often affect the whole world, which shows that the formation of the theoretical system of risk society is closely related to the change of modern technology and the possibility of widespread dissemination, that is, modern risk theory is based on modernization.

Reflexive modernity refers to the self-confrontation, self-change and self-harm of modernization. The risk society is reconstructed from two perspectives: one is the emergence of individual society. Reflexive modernity gradually dissolves the traditional concepts of class consciousness and gender in the society, which is similar to the role of deconstruction in communication studies. The trend of "decentralization" makes the individualized society come. In individualized society, individuals are more independent and free, pay more attention to individual rights, and always hold a skeptical attitude and questioning spirit towards concepts such as authority. Second, subpolitics replaces the dominant position of politics. Baker argued that industrial societies were shaped primarily by institutions and institutions from above, and that subpolitics meant shaping society from below. The power of organizational society is increasingly shifting from the political sphere to the sub-political sphere -- media, science, etc., and ngos are taking the lead in traditional politics. The power of government organization and social organization in the original political field is being transferred to each sub-political field, and the power of the emerging organizational society should not be underestimated.

First, risk allocation has two logical features: one is hierarchical and the other is non-hierarchical. Non - class nature is fundamental, class nature is relatively minor. Risk in modern society is no longer limited to a certain class, but rapidly spreads to the public, causing profound effects or causing panic. Economic conditions and advantageous conditions such as power can resist the harm caused by risks to some extent, but cannot affect the direction of risk allocation. Sex at the same time, the class is embodied in the lower people in life will take on more risk from high-level elite, this is also a sign of social inequality, as we have entered an unpredictable and uncontrollable, inexpressible situation, this situation will make the survival of all life on the earth are all faced with potential dangers. The second aspect of risk allocation is also regional and global. The distribution of risks does vary from region to region. Developed countries will transfer risks to less developed countries by virtue of their economic strength, but the objectivity of risks makes it spread globally rather than concentrated in some regions.

Second, "organized irresponsibility" is another characteristic of a risk society. The so-called "organized irresponsibility" refers to a social situation in which a modern society is surrounded by increasingly serious risks and people feel that legislation and institutional perfection should be strengthened when exploring the reasons for self-care, but no social organization or group is responsible for the risks that occur. We are accustomed to using the old risk standards to evaluate the existing social risks, so we cannot define the responsible subject and relevant organizations to bear the consequences. Therefore, we should establish new risk evaluation standards to redefine the responsible subject and responsible party of the risks. The reason for this is that, as baker points out, "the key to the explanation of this state is a mismatch between the contributing society, the dangerous or perceived uncertain nature of the post-industrial society, and the general definitional relationship between structure and content rooted in a different nature from that of the previous century".

UNESCO has defined new media: new media is network media. Tsinghua university professor xiong chengyu believes that the so-called new media, or digital media, network media, is built on the basis of computer information processing technology and the Internet, play the transmission function of the media. Professor huang shengmin of communication university of China thinks network TV, terrestrial mobile TV and mobile TV are regarded as the three major parts of new media. Kuang wenbo, a journalism professor at renmin university of China, put forward the definition of new media based on the above remarks: the carrier that transmits information with the help of computers. Therefore, in the face of the definition of new media, there are still many debates in the academic circle and the industry, and there are still multiple viewpoints and no unified conclusion.

New media information dissemination has the immediacy, once the occurrence of the event is spread to the Internet will spread quickly. Compared with the update frequency of traditional media by days and weeks, new media has accelerated the update frequency to hours or even minutes or seconds. Moreover, the update cost is low, and the information can be transmitted to users quickly through convenient terminals, which makes it easy for new media to occupy a large number of markets. The "asynchronous nature of acceptance" makes it easy for the audience to receive it anytime and anywhere. ... Also can make the audience not limited by the media transmission time limit, according to their own needs to receive information at any time.

It covers a wide range of areas, spreads globally, breaks through geographic boundaries, and has low costs for transnational communication. Information transmission covers a wide range of areas, and the original time and space boundaries of communication are completely disrupted and reorganized. The world becomes a whole, and the Internet and internet-based new media become a communication platform for cross-cultural communication.

The pertinence of information dissemination is strong, the accuracy of audience placement is greatly enhanced, and audience type differentiation is more obvious but not fixed. Different from the traditional media before, the classes they spread are relatively fixed and stable, with mutual exclusion between classes. However, the target audiences of new media are more personalized and hardly mutually exclusive. The relationship between groups is more equal and has strong mobility, which will promote the further development of focus communication and minority communication. For example, the group manager of the fan group may be the branch President of the photography enthusiasts' association. There is little mutual exclusion between groups.

There are fewer gatekeepers with high degree of information freedom and high degree of information dissemination, and the role of "gatekeeper" almost disappears. The freedom of information in new media communication is greatly enhanced, and the role of gatekeepers in new media is gradually reduced. On the one hand, it can promote the spread of diversified information; on the other hand, it is also a powerful channel for spreading rumors and other untrue opinions.

The information received by the audience is relatively fixed. With the development of Internet information technology, the classification of audience groups is more obvious. "Information cocoon room" refers to the phenomenon that people in the field of information will be habitually guided by their own interests, thus restricting their lives to the "cocoon room" like a cocoon. "Information cocoon room" phenomenon in weibo, more concerned about their favorite blogger or areas of interest and other information filtering, easy to cure his original views and cognition, not have different opinion or rarely contact point of view, and thus become more extreme, closed related community also easily and the social environment gradually from open, is not conducive to know the actual objective external world.

Speed up the flow of information between classes. In traditional media, the information flow is slightly difficult due to the solidified class. However, with the development of new media, the boundary between the classes is increasingly blurred, the information channels increase, the speed of information exchange is accelerated, and the mobility is stronger. Therefore, all social strata have more channels to obtain information and the frequency of information exchange is enhanced.

From the perspective of communication constructivism, walter lippmann believes that "mimicultural environment" is a social environment created by media, while we tend to regard the mimicultural environment as the objective environment itself. There are generally three conditions in the real world and in our minds. The second is the subjective perception of the external world that we construct in our mind, which can be called the world in our mind. The third is the "mimicry environment" created by the media, which is generally a bridge between the objective environment and the construction in the mind and consciousness to help us perceive the external world and form the construction of the world in the mind. New media also plays a role in the construction of risk society. Various ideas of risk society can be transmitted to the vast audience through new media. This concept will first be touched by the audience, and then it can be slowly understood and digested, supplemented and perfected, thus gradually becoming the cognition in the minds of the audience. Therefore, the media plays a great role in the construction of the concept of risk society. It can even be said that without the dissemination of relevant concepts by new media and other media, the concept and consciousness of risk society can hardly resonate and reach consensus among the audience, so the concept of risk society can hardly be understood and accepted.

In luhmann's social organization form of functional structuralism, media is internalized. The world is filled with many elements. The media integrates various elements to form a system. Due to the change of the system, they are constantly debugging, decomposing or recombining, so as to produce the next communication. Thus, communication is in fact a synthesis of options. By sorting and integrating various objective and different forms of elements, new media reconstructs the concept of a risk society and spreads it to the audience.

And new media also can become the early warning that the risk produces. New media will quickly spread the danger signal in the society, so that the public can react quickly and be prepared to deal with risks. "The cultural blind spots of everyday life cannot be fundamentally changed in terms of threats to modern civilization; But through cultural symbols, the news about skeletons skeleton tree or seal of the dying imagination has opened the eyes of people, make the threat to the public, and to arouse the attention to detail, in people's own living space - these are the eyes of the culture, through it, citizens' blind 'to win back their own autonomy. The referee"

There are many other effects of new media on risk society. On the surface, in the face of the Internet to realize the risk is still told, response, and other functions, is only present information transmission speed, expand coverage areas, information capacity increasing, and the flow of information is more complete, technical characteristics, such as, in fact, it can achieve the function as social monitoring "internalized" against the risk of "endogenous", in a wide range of cohesion and real-time against risk, "ductile" to the openness and transparency of information make class opinions openly, promote common decision...

On the one hand, new media is still more or less influenced by interest groups and plays a leading role in the discourse power. In the end, the framework of risk society is likely to be used as a medium or a tool for interest groups to transfer risks, which is not conducive to social equality. On the other hand, the risk society as a media environment will have an impact on the media growing in it to some extent. As a result, the development of media is more inclined to risk prediction, risk notification and related contents, not only focusing on basic functions such as information dissemination, but also has certain influence on the development of media.

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