下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Where Does Child Labor Come From And Go，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了童工。如今，虽然世界各国的经济一直都在增长，但童工问题并没有根除。童工是特定环境下的一种产物，在大多数发展中国家，都存在这一现象。一旦穷人的收入无法支撑整个家庭，那么他们就别无选择，只能让他们的孩子找工作赚钱。但这种决定也无法让他们摆脱贫困，因为童工是非法的，所以几乎也赚不到多少钱。
The seed of risks for children has been sown, as child labor has come along for a long time but has not been rooted out despite the efforts made by powers or even global players in the world. It seems to be a chronic problem that has plagued the planet for centuries as an epitome of poverty, agony, backwardness and grievance for children, who have not get themselves ready for the adults’ world, physically or psychologically.
What on earth generates such an unsound and sorrow-provoking phenomenon ? And what would it contribute to? Hiring children under legal age and dictating them to do onerous or strenuous work seems inhumane. Unfortunately, many a organizations, particularly non-government or non-profit ones, have exerted themselves to address this issue in a bid to create a brighter, freer, more positive and advantageous environment for all children living in the world, despite their diverse colors, races and religions. However, their insufficient efforts seem to be a failure even have achieved moderate headway. There remains huge room to fight against such global bane. What is worse is that it has boiled over into a remarkably resilient phenomenon (Doepke & Zilibotti, 2009).
Child labor, a particular product produced in certain circumstances, has triggered worldwide attention and anxiety, especially for those who hold immense sympathy for kids. It is persistent phenomenon that can be captured in most developing countries, where the living standard there is relatively low and material supply is not affluent.
A poor life and inadequate income that fails to support the whole family come as a major source of impulse for most children who seek a job. Some children from low-income families have to drop school, cut their access themselves to education and move to cosmopolitans where they can be hired illegally and get illegal income, even they are in danger of having their rights and interests encroached on. It is a universal truth that no parents could make a reckless determination to send their young and immature kids to workplace. In most cases, penniless folks, especially those have to bear so many children that their own wages can not be sufficient, have no choice but ask their children to find jobs to get money. Such decision is commonly prompted by their desire to alleviate serious poverty and even shrug off destitute. Their dream, however, could never come true for children are illegal and low-quality labors with unsound salaries.
The second reason that can explain such phenomenon is law deficiencies. In other words, political support for prohibition on child labor is rather weak (Doepke & Zilibotti, 2009). It can not be denied that the governments have rolled out a long list of policies and regulations to curb this unhealthy tendency. Nevertheless, there always exist numerous businesses who employing children under legal age for the lower cost. They are exploiting legal loopholes. Most of those organizations are money-oriented, ruthless and cold-blooded. They are so relentless that they would never blink at child labors even in the face of strenuous work. Child labor calls for far lower cost compared to adult workers. And most of them are unqualified for mental work owing to their poor educational background. This forces them to opt for manual work that is prone to exact a heavy toll on their health and physical development. Even parents are unwilling to expose their children to such danger, they are driven by the pressure of shortage of money. And on the other hand, many black-hearted businesses risk employing poor children to reduce operation cost at the expense of defying national and international laws.
On top of that, mental backwardness also contributes to the phenomenon of child labor. In some developing countries, particularly the rural regions, poorly- educated parents lag behind in terms of mentality and hold stereotyped ideas that children should go to work when they have grown buoyant physically even still under legal age. They stop their children from being educated at school and prompting them to make money by landing a job. It is because most of such parents regard education as a way of wasting time and money. Education, an significant approach to getting rid of poverty and achieving success, has been considered second to immediate money and jobs.
Apart from that, in the less-developed regions, education remains a weak undertaking that has not been transformed into a nationwide program. In China, for example, despite the policy of compulsory secondary education, waves of poor children have been forced to become labors to make money for their families. Such wrongful idea and eager for immediate income give birth to child labor——a tragic group.
Besides, another culprit for the issue of child labor is the need to offer child workers training opportunities for future careers (Togunde & Weber, 2007). Some parents draw on their own experience and ask their children to go to work for better job opportunities. From their perspective, child labor is by no means a form of tragedy but an advantage of possessing job opportunities. This can boil down to some sort of financial anxiety.
In the middle of such global issue that threatened most countries, governments and some NGOs have taken steps to crack down on the spreading of child labor. To fight for the rights and interests of children and protect more of them from sufferings, some people boycott the companies that has proved to employ children as their workers. Such activity is gaining popularity in these years as a forcible means of showing determination of forbidding utilizing child labors. To illustrate, in 1993, a U.S. bill banned imports of goods involved in the contentious issue of child labors. As such, approximately 70000 children were unceremoniously booted out of garment industry (Murshed, 2001). Nevertheless, such practice turns out to produce side effect and does no good to alleviate the wide phenomenon. It is because such boycott delivers a blow to both child labor market and adult labor market (Di Maio & Fabbri, 2013).
Furthermore, the press has redoubled its efforts to disclose such illegal employment so that the practice of utilizing child labor is being put under public criticism. We tend to put a label on hiring child labors as greed, relentlessness and cold heart. The comments on this issue include emotional contents as people always express inexhaustible sympathy about the child labors, and aim to guide public opinion toward a unified direction.
Some radical activists prefer to depict child labors as impoverished youths in rags with wages next to nothing (López-Calva, 2001), which generate massive anger and criticism. To make matter worse, some journalists have taken child labor as a means of exploitation and profiting. They take grievous photos of child labors and their poor-equipped workplace, edit and attach exaggerated contents and then publicize them on newspapers. This has exacerbated public animosity against such illegal employment.
Some developed, wealthy countries rolled out bans, laws and regulations against products made by children as a good deed to eliminate child labors. This means they not only forbid child labors at home, but say no to it abroad due to their humane mentality. But their efforts seem to have not paid off. Child labors still exist and even increase.
There have been solid evidence that higher living standards indeed reduce children employment, which means economic conditions have a great deal to do with child labor market (Manacorda & Rosati, 2011). If living standards could be elevated to a large degree, the number of low-income families would decline, and then children who are forced to quit schools and find employment would decrease as well. After all, children’ s employment is illegal. To make an example, between 1993 and 1997, child labor in Vietnam declined by 30 percent and at the same time, this country’ s GDP grew by around 9 percent (Edmonds, 2005). Economic cause is the most important driver of children’ s adventure.
Fortunately, relevant laws and regulations around the world on labor employment have being improved. Labor unions in different countries scramble to set up regulations as a kind of assistance. Social organizations are making efforts to supervise businesses in case that they secretly employ children to save money. Some businesses, particularly labor-intensive ones, are inclined to hire young, physically healthy workers to expand profits as a way of exploitation. Less-educated children have to go to manual work that establishes a low bar for workers. That means, those poor children have much less room for career development owing to inadequate knowledge basis and weak educational background. The well-educated children usually are more promising than them and more likely to achieve success. Child labors are prone to turn into young labors, then middle-aged labors and then aged labors. What is in store for them is strenuous and menial work that can even last until retirement age.
Child labors, who have gone through the pressure and onerous work that seems rare to their peers, may have a miserable and interior childhood. Such experience could remain engraved in their mind lifelong, leaving an ever-lasting scar on their bodies and hearts. And this could shape and influence how those children think about life and world and what their future is about. If what they have come through is full of ordeals, blood and sweats, they could hold a passing attitude toward the world. And this may lead them to committing crimes out of revenge. As such, child labors could evolve into the pool of law offenders who can be seen as high-risk people in the society.
References
Di Maio, Michele, and Giorgio Fabbri. “Consumer Boycott, Household Heterogeneity, and Child Labor.” Journal of Population Economics, vol. 26, no. 4, 2013, pp. 1609–1630.
Doepke, Matthias, and Fabrizio Zilibotti. “International Labor Standards and the Political Economy of Child-Labor Regulation.” Journal of the European Economic Association, vol. 7, no. 2/3, 2009, pp. 508–518.
Edmonds, Eric V. “Does Child Labor Decline with Improving Economic Status?” The Journal of Human Resources, vol. 40, no. 1, 2005, pp. 77–99.
López-Calva, Luis F. “Child Labor: Myths, Theories and Facts.” Journal of International Affairs, vol. 55, no. 1, 2001, pp. 59–73.
Manacorda, Marco, and Furio Camillo Rosati. “Industrial Structure and Child Labor Evidence from the Brazilian Population Census.” Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 59, no. 4, 2011, pp. 753–776.
Murshed, Madiha. “Unraveling Child Labor and Labor Legislation.” Journal of International Affairs, vol. 55, no. 1, 2001, pp. 169–189.
Togunde, Dimeji R., and Emily Weber. “Parents’ views, Children’ svoices: Intergenerational Analysis of Child Labor Persistence in Urban Nigeria.” International Journal of Sociology of the Family, vol. 33, no. 2, 2007, pp. 285–301.
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The seed of risks for children has been sown, as child labor has come along for a long time but has not been rooted out despite the efforts made by powers or even global players in the world. It seems to be a chronic problem that has plagued the planet for centuries as an epitome of poverty, agony, backwardness and grievance for children, who have not get themselves ready for the adults’ world, physically or psychologically.
What on earth generates such an unsound and sorrow-provoking phenomenon ? And what would it contribute to? Hiring children under legal age and dictating them to do onerous or strenuous work seems inhumane. Unfortunately, many a organizations, particularly non-government or non-profit ones, have exerted themselves to address this issue in a bid to create a brighter, freer, more positive and advantageous environment for all children living in the world, despite their diverse colors, races and religions. However, their insufficient efforts seem to be a failure even have achieved moderate headway. There remains huge room to fight against such global bane. What is worse is that it has boiled over into a remarkably resilient phenomenon (Doepke & Zilibotti, 2009).
Child labor, a particular product produced in certain circumstances, has triggered worldwide attention and anxiety, especially for those who hold immense sympathy for kids. It is persistent phenomenon that can be captured in most developing countries, where the living standard there is relatively low and material supply is not affluent.
A poor life and inadequate income that fails to support the whole family come as a major source of impulse for most children who seek a job. Some children from low-income families have to drop school, cut their access themselves to education and move to cosmopolitans where they can be hired illegally and get illegal income, even they are in danger of having their rights and interests encroached on. It is a universal truth that no parents could make a reckless determination to send their young and immature kids to workplace. In most cases, penniless folks, especially those have to bear so many children that their own wages can not be sufficient, have no choice but ask their children to find jobs to get money. Such decision is commonly prompted by their desire to alleviate serious poverty and even shrug off destitute. Their dream, however, could never come true for children are illegal and low-quality labors with unsound salaries.
The second reason that can explain such phenomenon is law deficiencies. In other words, political support for prohibition on child labor is rather weak (Doepke & Zilibotti, 2009). It can not be denied that the governments have rolled out a long list of policies and regulations to curb this unhealthy tendency. Nevertheless, there always exist numerous businesses who employing children under legal age for the lower cost. They are exploiting legal loopholes. Most of those organizations are money-oriented, ruthless and cold-blooded. They are so relentless that they would never blink at child labors even in the face of strenuous work. Child labor calls for far lower cost compared to adult workers. And most of them are unqualified for mental work owing to their poor educational background. This forces them to opt for manual work that is prone to exact a heavy toll on their health and physical development. Even parents are unwilling to expose their children to such danger, they are driven by the pressure of shortage of money. And on the other hand, many black-hearted businesses risk employing poor children to reduce operation cost at the expense of defying national and international laws.
On top of that, mental backwardness also contributes to the phenomenon of child labor. In some developing countries, particularly the rural regions, poorly- educated parents lag behind in terms of mentality and hold stereotyped ideas that children should go to work when they have grown buoyant physically even still under legal age. They stop their children from being educated at school and prompting them to make money by landing a job. It is because most of such parents regard education as a way of wasting time and money. Education, an significant approach to getting rid of poverty and achieving success, has been considered second to immediate money and jobs.
Apart from that, in the less-developed regions, education remains a weak undertaking that has not been transformed into a nationwide program. In China, for example, despite the policy of compulsory secondary education, waves of poor children have been forced to become labors to make money for their families. Such wrongful idea and eager for immediate income give birth to child labor——a tragic group.
Besides, another culprit for the issue of child labor is the need to offer child workers training opportunities for future careers (Togunde & Weber, 2007). Some parents draw on their own experience and ask their children to go to work for better job opportunities. From their perspective, child labor is by no means a form of tragedy but an advantage of possessing job opportunities. This can boil down to some sort of financial anxiety.
In the middle of such global issue that threatened most countries, governments and some NGOs have taken steps to crack down on the spreading of child labor. To fight for the rights and interests of children and protect more of them from sufferings, some people boycott the companies that has proved to employ children as their workers. Such activity is gaining popularity in these years as a forcible means of showing determination of forbidding utilizing child labors. To illustrate, in 1993, a U.S. bill banned imports of goods involved in the contentious issue of child labors. As such, approximately 70000 children were unceremoniously booted out of garment industry (Murshed, 2001). Nevertheless, such practice turns out to produce side effect and does no good to alleviate the wide phenomenon. It is because such boycott delivers a blow to both child labor market and adult labor market (Di Maio & Fabbri, 2013).
Furthermore, the press has redoubled its efforts to disclose such illegal employment so that the practice of utilizing child labor is being put under public criticism. We tend to put a label on hiring child labors as greed, relentlessness and cold heart. The comments on this issue include emotional contents as people always express inexhaustible sympathy about the child labors, and aim to guide public opinion toward a unified direction.
Some radical activists prefer to depict child labors as impoverished youths in rags with wages next to nothing (López-Calva, 2001), which generate massive anger and criticism. To make matter worse, some journalists have taken child labor as a means of exploitation and profiting. They take grievous photos of child labors and their poor-equipped workplace, edit and attach exaggerated contents and then publicize them on newspapers. This has exacerbated public animosity against such illegal employment.
Some developed, wealthy countries rolled out bans, laws and regulations against products made by children as a good deed to eliminate child labors. This means they not only forbid child labors at home, but say no to it abroad due to their humane mentality. But their efforts seem to have not paid off. Child labors still exist and even increase.
There have been solid evidence that higher living standards indeed reduce children employment, which means economic conditions have a great deal to do with child labor market (Manacorda & Rosati, 2011). If living standards could be elevated to a large degree, the number of low-income families would decline, and then children who are forced to quit schools and find employment would decrease as well. After all, children’ s employment is illegal. To make an example, between 1993 and 1997, child labor in Vietnam declined by 30 percent and at the same time, this country’ s GDP grew by around 9 percent (Edmonds, 2005). Economic cause is the most important driver of children’ s adventure.
Fortunately, relevant laws and regulations around the world on labor employment have being improved. Labor unions in different countries scramble to set up regulations as a kind of assistance. Social organizations are making efforts to supervise businesses in case that they secretly employ children to save money. Some businesses, particularly labor-intensive ones, are inclined to hire young, physically healthy workers to expand profits as a way of exploitation. Less-educated children have to go to manual work that establishes a low bar for workers. That means, those poor children have much less room for career development owing to inadequate knowledge basis and weak educational background. The well-educated children usually are more promising than them and more likely to achieve success. Child labors are prone to turn into young labors, then middle-aged labors and then aged labors. What is in store for them is strenuous and menial work that can even last until retirement age.
Child labors, who have gone through the pressure and onerous work that seems rare to their peers, may have a miserable and interior childhood. Such experience could remain engraved in their mind lifelong, leaving an ever-lasting scar on their bodies and hearts. And this could shape and influence how those children think about life and world and what their future is about. If what they have come through is full of ordeals, blood and sweats, they could hold a passing attitude toward the world. And this may lead them to committing crimes out of revenge. As such, child labors could evolve into the pool of law offenders who can be seen as high-risk people in the society.
References
Di Maio, Michele, and Giorgio Fabbri. “Consumer Boycott, Household Heterogeneity, and Child Labor.” Journal of Population Economics, vol. 26, no. 4, 2013, pp. 1609–1630.
Doepke, Matthias, and Fabrizio Zilibotti. “International Labor Standards and the Political Economy of Child-Labor Regulation.” Journal of the European Economic Association, vol. 7, no. 2/3, 2009, pp. 508–518.
Edmonds, Eric V. “Does Child Labor Decline with Improving Economic Status?” The Journal of Human Resources, vol. 40, no. 1, 2005, pp. 77–99.
López-Calva, Luis F. “Child Labor: Myths, Theories and Facts.” Journal of International Affairs, vol. 55, no. 1, 2001, pp. 59–73.
Manacorda, Marco, and Furio Camillo Rosati. “Industrial Structure and Child Labor Evidence from the Brazilian Population Census.” Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 59, no. 4, 2011, pp. 753–776.
Murshed, Madiha. “Unraveling Child Labor and Labor Legislation.” Journal of International Affairs, vol. 55, no. 1, 2001, pp. 169–189.
Togunde, Dimeji R., and Emily Weber. “Parents’ views, Children’ svoices: Intergenerational Analysis of Child Labor Persistence in Urban Nigeria.” International Journal of Sociology of the Family, vol. 33, no. 2, 2007, pp. 285–301.
想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要论文代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有paper代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。
51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。
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