To what extent do beliefs and rationality affect our conclusions?

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 --To what extent do beliefs and rationality affect our conclusions?，文章讲述在尝试解决问题时，人们可能依赖不同的概念并使用各种方法。但是，这些方法或概念最终是否会得出类似的结论取决于知识领域。如果问题属于自然科学，我认为准确的结论应该是唯一的答案。虽然这个问题属于人文科学，但是人们可能会有不同的意见，并且几乎不可能区分这些意见的准确性。

To what extent do beliefs and rationality affect our conclusions?
Knowledge question: To what extent do faith and reason affect the conclusions what we reach?
When trying to solve problems, people may rely on different concepts and use various methods. However, whether these methods or concepts will eventually result in a similar conclusion or not depends on the field of the knowledge. If the problem belongs to the natural science, I think the accurate conclusion should be an exclusive answer. While if the issue belongs to human science, people may have different opinions and it is almost impossible to distinguish the accuracy of these opinions.
First of all, let’s see how various methods affect the conclusions in nature science field. In some degree, the conclusions in nature science are mainly subjected to scientific logics. The methods we choose may not affect the final conclusion. For instance, in nature science class, our teacher asks us to calculate the displacement of a car if it can accelerate from standstill to 45m/s in 6 seconds. Several methods can be used to solve the question. The first way is to use calculation formula. From a=v/t, we can get the acceleration equals to 7.5 m/s^2, and then from S (displacement)=1/2at^2 it is easy to get that the displacement is 135m. These calculation formulas are concluded by previous physicists and we may apply them directly when we meet similar questions. In addition, we can also use diagrams to solve the problem.


From this diagram, we can find that the velocity of the car is increased at the same rate, and the area between the green line and x-axis is the value of displacement, which is 6*45/2=135m.
We can find that even though we use two different concepts to solve the problem, the answer we get is exactly the same. This example demonstrates that changing the methods may not change the final conclusion. Why different ways result in same conclusion? This is because that in natural science area, all the conclusions are based on the laws of nature. Scientists may rely on different theories to verify a theory, but actually, they just try to discovery the logics that have already exist in the world. People cannot create or invite the law of nature.
However, it is undeniable that new concepts may change previous conclusions and such circumstances normally occur in the emerging days of nature science. Actually, most theories raised by scientists are based on conjectures. After that, they tried various methods to testify their theories. It is possible that some widely accepted theories today may be demolished someday in the future. The history of atomic theory is a good example. In 1800, John Dalton, a well-known English chemist, physicist and meteorologist, pointed out that element is composed of atoms. The atom is the smallest element and it is uncuttable. The stoichiometry experiment he did supported his theory. In 1897, physicist J.J. Thomson did cathode ray tube experiment and discovered the existence of electron. After that, he made another conclusion and it is that an atom must have a negative charge (electron) and a positive charge. He also concluded that atom is not the smallest part of an element. From this example, we can find that in the area of nature science, various experiment methods may result in completely different conclusions. However, I believe the reason that Thomson and Dalton can get opposite conclusions is that they are on the road of exploring the scientific facts and their conclusions are limited to the depth of their study. The natural facts wait us to study and if people finally get the truth, various methods may also result in the same conclusion.
Secondly, faiths can shape the conclusions in some degree. Basically, faith is confidence or trust in a person, deity, or in the doctrines or teachings of a religion. It is mainly based on spiritual conviction. Similarly, culture diversity may result that people may have different perspectives to the same issue. For instance, people may have various opinions on the definition of a good life and numerous reasons result in such diversity. In traditional Chinese culture, Confucius advocated the rule of the golden mean, which means that people should stay in the medium social level. People in the upper class level may bear more pressure and have more trouble. To keep their social status, upper class people may spend more time on their business and fail to experience the happiness they should have when staying with family. Similarly, people in the lower class may not have enough money to live and have to lower their quality of life. Lower class people may also suffer unequal treatments in their daily lives. Confucius’s theory has been widely accepted by Chinese people, but it might be difficult for people in other countries, such as Americans, to understand. In America, most people spare no efforts to enter the upper class, since they believe that it is the only method to show their personal value and contribute to American society. Some even strive to change the world to some extent and they take it as his/her supreme honor. When discussing The Great Gatsby in one of my classes, I get the chance to know other classmates’ opinion on Gatsby’s life. It is easy to realize the culture differences from my classmates’ comments on Gatsby. Some Asian students point out that Gatsby is a self-centered guy. He has the right to chase his dream, but before leaving his family, he should at least talk to his parents. Gatsby’s parents would be worried about him. As a son, Gatsby hasn’t fulfilled his obligations to take care of his parents. Also, he should respect his family and should not change his last name. These Asian students’ opinions demonstrate the eastern culture in some extent. However, western students express their admiration for Gatsby’s insistence. He spares no effort in pursing his dream and never gives up. To realize his dream, he makes a specific plan and ultimately makes it come true.
However, I also believe that various faiths can coexist and result in the same conclusion. My personal experience testifies my idea. My boyfriend is a Christian, while I am an atheist. He believes in the existence of God, but I don’t think so. However, when discussing how we can have a better future, we never have any arguments on that. Moreover, my boyfriend and I have different career plans. He wants to be a businessman, but I want to be an engineer. Even though my boyfriend believes in God, he never thinks that God could offer all best chances for him. Both of us believe that our lives are created by ourselves. Besides these differences in faith, we have similar attitude to life and act in concert without previous arrangement. Although we come from different countries and have different backgrounds, the conclusions we made didn't have too much difference. I think my experience can demonstrate that faith cannot be the only factor to determine the conclusion.
Through observing phenomenon and conducting experiences, natural scientists get numerous laws, such as Newton’s Law and Coulomb’s Law, to help people better understand the world. Then based on these laws and theorems found by former scientists, talented scientists invite numerous tools, machines and facilities to easier people’s lives. Hence, it is reasonable to say that the science and technology promote the development of the society. Some even feel that the contribution made by nature scientists is greater than that made by human scientists. Natural science is mainly based on facts. If these widely accepted laws are inconsistent with the practical situation, these laws may not be laws any more. When learning different laws in natural science, we can utilize one law to test the accuracy of another. The laws in the same field may have various expressions, but the conclusions we can get by using these laws should be the same. In this way, the knowledge we learn in natural science can be rule-based and withstand repeated inspections. That's why we can have several ways to solve a problem, but the ultimate conclusion keeps the same. However, there are so many areas in the world that have not been known yet. With natural scientists continuously studying, it is possible and reasonable that some widely-accepted laws or theorems today would be demolished by some new laws someday in the future. Nevertheless, we should not suspect the relationship between methods and conclusion.
While, for the fields involved in human sciences, the conclusion for this question might be different. Human science is the study and interpretation of the experiences, activities and artifacts associated with human beings. Culture is an indispensible part of human science. Different countries may have different cultures. It is easy to find that people come from same country may have certain common perspectives to an issue. This circumstance is due to their similar faith. A person's faith is not inherent. The growing environment, educational level and experiences would have a huge impact on his/her faith. People who have different faiths may have various conclusions on an issue. However, this circumstance is not absolute. People share a common understanding on certain issues. For most countries in the world, killing, stealing and robbing are illegal behaviors and the actors should be subject to legal sanctions.
To sum it up, whether concepts or faiths will eventually generate a similar conclusion or not relies on the field of the knowledge. If the problem belongs to the natural science, such as physical or chemical, the conclusion is unique. It means that no matter what methods used in the process, the final result is determined. However, if the issue belongs to human science, people may have various opinions.

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Differences in Historical Development of Public Relations Practices between Britain and America

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Differences in Historical Development of Public Relations Practices between Britain and America，文章讲述公共关系是一种知识或科学，旨在实现不同个人，团体和组织之间的共同利益。 （Gruning and Hunt，1984）通过采用新闻发布，互联网信息，公共广告等传播手段，可以在不同实体之间形成合作关系，从而有可能实现某些群体的兴趣或目的。公共关系知识可用于商业公司，政府机构，社会机构和组织，公共社会等。尽管公共关系可以在综合领域中应用，但不同国家在公共关系实践的历史发展上有不同的条件。对于不同的国家，可能导致公关活动发展差异的各种原因，包括国家历史，传统文化，政治制度和经济发展。英国和美国是世界上两个大国。英美两国在文化，社会，政治制度和经济发展方面存在明显差异，在公共关系的历史发展中表现出鲜明的特征。因此，本文选择英国和美国作为两个样本，以说明文化，社会，政治和经济如何影响两国公共关系实践的历史发展。

Differences in Historical Development of Public Relations Practices between Britain and America
Public relations is a knowledge or science with attempt to achieve the common benefits among different individuals, groups and organization. (Gruning and Hunt, 1984) By adopting communication means like news releases, internet information, public advertisement and so on, cooperative relationships among different entities could be formed, making it possible to achieve interest or purpose of certain groups. Public relations knowledge could be used in business corporations, government agencies, social institution and organization, public society and so on. Though public relations could be applied in comprehensive areas, different countries have different conditions of the historical development of public relations practices. For different countries, various reasons that may result in differences in the development of PR activites, including national history, traditional culture, political system and economic development. The United Kingdom and the United States are two big countries of the world. With obvious difference in culture, society, political system and economic development, the United Kingdom and the United States demonstrate distinctive characteristics in their historical development of public relations. Thus, this essay would choose the United Kingdom and the United States as two samples to explain how culture, society, politics and economy influence the historical development of public relations practice in the two countries.
The Origin of PR Practices in the Two Countries
Lamme and Russell demonstrated that public relations did not exist until the middle of the 19th century (2010). And the development of the two countries—Britain and America, started almost at the same time in the history (Nessmann, 1995). The first appearance of the term—public relations, or PR in short, stemmed from the 20th century in Europe. In the 1930s, German scholar, Carl Hundhausen initially used the word ‘Public Relations’ (Flieger & Ronneberger, 1993) in his article. However, in the earlier time before the 1930s, the concept of public relations was already formed in the press and journalism industry. For example, as early as the time of the 1860s, Wuttke had become a pioneer who applied public relations as a scientific theory in his literature works so as to deliver some social criticism of the European society. (Nessmann, 1995) Until the period of World War II, public relations started to develop rapidly as an academic discipline which is focused on the relationship between the press, journalism and the public opinion. During the period of World War II, public relations enjoyed a continuous development both in the fields of academic theory and practical application, making it become a systematic scientific discipline which is still thriving today. Therefore, according to the information above, we could learn that the origin of public relations started in the 1930s in Europe, or to be specific, the Germany. Due to the influence of the World War II, public relations was spurred to develop as a more systematic and practical science which would be effective applied in the journalism and the press industry.
Since the origin of public relations was started in Germany, Europe in the 1930s, as one of the superpower country at that time, the public relations also emerged and then enjoyed a great development in the United Kingdom. The start of public relations was also happened in the 1930s. According to Shirley Harrison and Kevin Moloney, John Elliot, the pioneer of public relations theory and practice in the United Kingdom, was one of the first professionals that initially specialized in public relations activities (2004). John Elliot was also a journalist when he was young. Also, he was the son of the editor of the press, the Daily Express. The background of journalism offered opportunities for him to make breakthrough in the public relations area especially for the commercial industry. In the beginning of the 1900s, John Elliot worked as a consultant in field of public relations in companies like Pennsylvania Railroad. By Providing public relations severs for companies like railroad construction companies, economic investment companies, industrial manufacturing companies and so on, John Elliot became an experienced practitioners in the public relations industry. During his work for industrial or commercial companies, John Elliot innovatively adopted the concept ‘propaganda’ to the sphere of public relations, making it become not only a theory derived from the press and journalism, but also a professional knowledge which could be applied in various kinds of commercial industries, including manufacturing industry, government agencies, social institutions and so on. (Harrison and Moloney, 2004) Died in the 1930s, John Elliot was devoted all his life to the practice and application of public relations. Though his theories and knowledge on public relations lacked concepts like crisis public relations management and media public relations compared with modern public relations area, his contribution to public relations set up the foundation of the PR development of the United Kingdom and also had significantly influence on other countries like the United States. Thus, the origin of the PR development in the UK also started in the 1930s. It is the factors like the development of industry, manufacturing, economics, and other commercial industries that resulted in the breakthrough of PR practices—the application of commercial propaganda in the UK.
Just as mentioned at the beginning of the essay, the development of PR practices in the UK and the US started almost at the same time in the history. Though the historical development of public relations originated in German, the US also enjoyed remarkable as well as independent progress in this area in the 20th century. On the one hand, the United States was greatly influenced by European PR theories. For example, Bernays, known as one of the founders of PR practices in the US, adopts lots of concepts and theories from Sigmund Freud’s theories of mass psychology. Some theories of Germany professionals like Jurgen Habermans’s Theory of Communicative Competence was widely spread in the United States in the 1970s, which brought ideas regarding ethical communication to the public relations area of the United States. (1970) On the other hand, according to Karl Nessmann, the emphasis of PR practices that the United States exhibited was quietly different from that in the Europe. For example, European professionals paid more attention to the principle and rationales of public relations, while the United States professionals were more focused on the effectiveness and consequence of the practices of public relations. (1995) Therefore, though the relationship between the public relations in Europe and the United States is so close, there are still a lot of differences in the historical development of PR.
Actually, as early as the time between 1800s to the 1900s, professionals or scholars had widely used the term ‘propaganda’ in their public relations activities. According to Cayce Myers, the father of American public relations, Edward L. Bernays, always called himself a ‘propagandist’ before the World War I. However, before the World War I, propaganda was more a religion-related activities (Myers, 2015). Aiming at promoting the influence and popularity of Catholicism, a great number of Catholics conducted propaganda programs to deliver the doctrines of Catholicism among American people. For example, from the early time of the 1800s to the 1900s, a lot of articles of the press and religious magazines were published across the United States so as to release news coverage of the Vatican or the Pope (Myers, 2015). Therefore, different from the UK, public relations in the US was more influenced by the religions. Since the origin of American public relations stemmed from religious propaganda programs, the following development of it are more focused on the effectiveness and impacts of communication, journalism as well as the public relations activities.
All in all, by exploring the origin of public relations in the two countries, it could be concluded that factors like wars, religions, commercial activities, and the condition of the journalism industry at that time may explain differences of the PR relations practice in the histories before the World War I. Backed by the solid foundation of journalism and the press, the United Kingdom in advance enhanced public relations as a scientific discipline and then applied it to the commercial activities for companies like railroad firms, investment firms and so on. However, the public relations originated from the religious propaganda programs in the United States, making it more focus on the effectiveness of propaganda. Moreover, since modern public relations initially developed in Germany in the 1930s, both the United Kingdom and the United States shared some common theories from the European schools, but after the initial phases, more differences appeared in this field of study in the two countries, especially in the areas of definitions, practices, and PR education.
The Period of Post-World War II of the Two Countries
After the World War II, the two countries—the UK and the US stepped into a new stage in the PR practices study. Due to the development of world economic, technology and culture, the public relations also enjoyed significant and comprehensive progress both in its academic theories and practical application in the two countries. Meanwhile, the differences of the two countries in the PR practices became more and more obvious.
First of all, the definitions of public relations between the two countries were different from each other. In the United Kingdom, most professionals held relatively conservative and traditional attitudes towards the definition of public relations. For example, most of them inclined to agree with definition by Gruning and Hunt, which defined public relations as “the management of communication between an organization and its public” (1984, p.1). This kind of definition regarded public relations as a means of communication management. In other world, in the United Kingdom, most professionals were inclined to consider public relations as a part of the science of communication (Nessmann, 1995). Jacquie L’Etang also mentioned this phenomenon in her book Public Relations in Britain: A history of Professional Practice in the 20th Century. She pointed out that British professionals were so conservative that they could not give a clear jurisdiction of the public relations and lacked the courage to “separate their practice from propaganda” (2005, p.440). According to Karl Nessmann, for a long time after the World War I, public relations in the United Kingdom was subject to the corporation management as a tool of marketing (1995). Therefore, one of the most important features of public relations in the United Kingdom is that no matter the British theorists or the practitioners, they all considered public relations as one means of communication management rather than an independent science which could guide the marketing or communication during the business or social activities.
However, the US definition of public relations was quiet different from that in the UK. For example, in the 1970s, American professional Harlow proposed that public relations is a science that could use communication to achieve goals (Hutton, 1999). From his standpoint, public relations was a kind of management which was able to guide the communication and then achieve benefits in communication activities. Also, according to Rex F. Harlow, public relations was defined as a distinctive management function (1976) that could facilitate the communication among the public, corporation and the social groups. Through the two definitions above, we could learn that in the United States, no matter theorists or practitioners all believed public relations was a totally independent science which could be a kind of management that influence social communication. In other word, communication, propaganda, or social media are only the tools of public relations to influence the public opinion and then achieve goals or mutual benefits among individuals, organizations and the public.
The difference in the definitions of public relations among the two countries may result from the culture and tradition difference of the two countries. According to Curtin and Gaither, culture does not have influence on public relations practices, it is the essence of public relations practice (2007). So culture is always one of the most important elements that cause the differences of public relations in different countries. In the SAGE Handbook of Public Relations, culture is everywhere (Health, 2010), which could result in certain types of communication or behaviors (Newsom et al., 2001). Thus, since the United Kingdom is a country with long history with culture featured by rigorousness, preciseness and conservativeness, British people would show less passion towards the new discipline—the public relations when compared with the traditional communication science like propaganda or journalism. As a result, British professionals always considered public relations as a part of social communication and should be subject to the marketing management. However, the United States is different. As a country with relative short history, it is featured by a more comprehensive and open culture which is willing to accept new study and concept. As a result, America accepted the new concept—public relations, more easily and rapidly developed into an independent science that involves communication, propaganda and marketing management as a part of its disciplines. Therefore, culture plays an important role that results in the PR practices in the two countries.
Secondly, the education of public relations in the UK and the US were different from each other. According to Hazleton and Cutbirth, for the public relations education in the Europe and the North America, British students were required to exhibit emphasis on theory and basics which are related to communication and journalism. European public relations programs believed that students of this major should be cultivated to management level. However, the students of the United States were required to achieve job-relating skills or occupational training (Hazleton & Cutbirth, 1993). After they graduated, they would quickly have a job which was related to the communication, the press and the journalism. In other word, public relations in Europe was related to advanced management, while in the United States, public relations was still a means that served the business.
The difference in the education of the PR practices in the UK and the US may result from the economic or business activities of the two countries. According to Ryszard Lawniczak, “information is a limiting variable in economic decisions” (2009, p. 347), which means that the decision makers would determine the information and communications styles in the public relations work. After the World War II, the United States experienced a dramatic economic development. To meet the requirements of business corporations, a great number of workers specializing in the public relations were needed by business corporations. Therefore, students were required to learn practical occupational skills in the colleges and then applied them in their works (Mackey, 2010). After the World War II, an increasing number of public relations employees were created and needed by business entrepreneurs for company news release, product marketing and advertising, company brand promotion, public relations crisis management and so on. For example, in the book Public Relations and Social Theory, public relations or communication has been greatly adopted by companies as a way to demonstrate their accountability and reliability of to the customers (Ihlen et al., 2009). Also, brands have become a means that establish interactions between enterprises and individuals of the public. (Cheney, 1992) Thus, after the World War II, the public relations became an occupation widely needed by corporations, so the education of public relations was more focused on practical occupational skills. However, after the World War II, the United Kingdom still underwent a period for economic and education recovery. Thus, the education of public relations was more focused on academic theories and basic.
Modern Times Period of PR Practices
Just as analysis of the essay shows above, culture and economic development become two important factors that may explain differences in the historical development of public relations practice in the United Kingdom and the United States. In fact, culture is always changing. Especially in the modern times, culture has been significantly influenced by the globalization and the development of new technology. Thus, factors like globalization and new technology should also be taken into consideration in today’s development of public relations.
Since globalization is an inevitable trend which has influenced the global economy, culture and politics, public relations should also be adjusted to accommodate the globalization. (Health, 2010) Faced with globalization, public relations now encounters more complex challenges including new media and new communication technology (Vercic, 2003). For example, driven by the development of Internet and smart mobile phone, traditional media like newspapers, journal and radio are now gradually being replaced by new emerging media including Social Network Sites, like Facebook, Tweet and Instagram, online blog or video, like Youtube. During the globalization, public relations in the United Kingdom is becoming opener to accept new ideas from other countries. Taking its education system for an instance, today, education system of public relations is similar to that of the United States. Also, over the last few years, public relations has developed into a more independent science which has been separated from communication and marketing management (Nessmann, 1995) Moreover, since the new media and new communication technologies were largely controlled by the United States, America now plays a dominant role in the global public relations development.
In conclusion, from the 19th century to today, both the United Kingdom and the United States experienced a great development. Factors like political conditions, especially wars spurred the development of the PR practices in the two countries. However, during the historical development, culture, economic or business activities, globalization and new communication technology are all result in the difference of public relations practice in the two countries—culture or tradition influence the custom of a country’s communication. As a conservative country with a long history, the UK had regarded PR as a part of communication management for a long time in the 20th century. The US is an opener country which encouraged the development of new knowledge. As a result, PR rapidly became an independent discipline in the US that significantly influences the structure of modern business. Economy also determined the style of PR practices. Especially for the modern business, PR now becomes indispensible for most of business corporations in terms of brand marketing, crisis PR management, media relations and so on. In the future, PR would still experience various kinds of evolvement due to the changes of the countries’ culture, economy and the emerging of new communication technology. Meanwhile, under the trend of globalization, differences of public relations in countries would be greatly eliminated, and also, countries would have more opportunities in public relations cooperation in the future.

References:
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Curtin, P. A. and Gaither, T. K. International Public Relations: Negotiating Culture, Identity, and Power. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2007), 12.
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Gruning, J.E. and Hunt T. Managing Public Relations. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984), 1, 46.
Habermas, J. “Toward a Theory of Communicative Competence.” Inquiry 13 (1970): 360.
Harrison, Shirley and Moloney, Kevin. “Comparing Two Public Relations Pioneers: American Ivy Lee and British John Elliot.” Public Relations Review 30 (2004): 205, 206.
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Lamme, M.O. AND Russell, K. M. “Removing the Spin: Toward a New Theory of Public Relations History.” Public Relations Reivew 37 (2011): 112.
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Moderation in the Great Depression

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 --Moderation in the Great Depression，文章讲述由于美国禁止饮酒，大萧条和《大盖茨比》的出版，腐败的十年是1920年代的好标题。
本文的目的是为了证明1920年的腐败，可以分为四个部分。第一部分讨论了美国的禁酒令。第二部分分析了大萧条。第三部分揭示了《大盖茨比》出版的影响。第四部分是全文的结论。

Moderation in the Great Depression
Introduction
Due to the U.S. Prohibition of alcohol, the Great Depression and the publication of the Great Gatsby, the decade of corruption is a good title for the 1920s.
The essay fully is aimed to prove the corruption in the 1920, which can be divided in four parts. The first part discusses Prohibition in the United States. The second part analyzed the Great Depression. The third part reveals the influence of the publication of the Great Gatsby. The fourth part is a conclusion of the whole essay.
Prohibition in the United States
Prohibition is a period from 1919 to 1933 when the Twenty-first Amendment replaced the Eighteenth Amendment. (Temperance and Prohibition) Congress of the United States enacted Prohibition in the 1920s. The reason was that the alcohol was the origin of crimes. Simply speaking, it was caused by the movement of women, because alcohol caused a lot of domestic violence. In order to protect women's rights, Prohibition was implemented. In 1933, 9 states have fully implemented Prohibition and 31 states allowed to ban alcohol by the public opinion. (Riggs, 1064) Meanwhile, alcohol was also linked with the crimes in religion. It is seemed that Prohibition can lead to a brighter future, but it has caused a society with corruption.
In the first place, underworld alcohol market was pervasive in the United States. Although the sale of alcohol was illegal, alcohol was still easily to be purchased in the speakeasies and other underground bars. Over 280,000 bootlegging establishments were set up and between 200,000 and 500,000 speakeasies were widely scattered in the United States. (Riggs, 1065) The janitor job was to filter policemen and agents and agents had no powers of forced entry if the gatekeeper didn’t allow them to enter. There were also a lot of people who maintained a private bar to entertain visitors. Meanwhile, a large number of alcohol products were smuggled from all over the world.
In the second place, Prohibition has led to a lot of social problems, which has severely influenced the social stability.
On the one hand, there existed loopholes for taking the opportunity to bootleg liquor. The law stipulated that drinking at home was not illegal. Millions of Americans were involved in the illegal purchase or sale of alcohol. (Riggs, 1066) Many people started making wines or ciders in their own basement, while more people could only buy smuggled wine from the wine businessmen. The law also stipulated that selling liquored in public places was banned , but designated distributors purchase wine for religious rituals was permitted by the government. Many winemakers made many excuses in order to obtain permission for the normal operation.
On the other hand, with the doctor's prescription, people can buy whiskey. Although the provisions required that all other purposes in addition to medical problems were illegal, doctors were rarely held accountable, which caused a sudden surge in the number of hospital patients and a lot of people could obtain whiskey in this way. It was estimated that doctor freely granted prescription of a million gallons of wine within a year. The doctors made great profits during the ear of Prohibition about $40 million in 1928. (Riggs, 1066) Even worse, the most serious side effects of Prohibition were the death and disability resulted from illegal alcohol. (Temperance and Prohibition) Due to the desire for alcohol, people took a risk to drink illegal alcohol which resulted in serious consequences.
In the third place, Prohibition severely influenced the alcohol industry. The business leader began to doubt Prohibition when they witnessed the consequences of the law. (Temperance and Prohibition) Prohibition had significant influence on the wine industry in the United States. Many small wineries went bankrupted due to the law of Prohibition. Only large breweries could survive under the situation of Prohibition. Larger breweries only produced simple beer and beer of the United States had been criticized for lack of personality and many beer critics lamented the decline of American beer quality and kinds.
In the period of Democratic National Convention, the Democratic Party leaders firmly supported the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment. (Riggs, 1066) However, Prohibition has not brought a stable society but creates a lot of negative elements that destroyed the social stability. The black market, underground market, smuggling and unprofessional policemen all contributed to the corrupt situation in the 1920s in the United States. The origin of the temperance movement derived from the increasing poverty, unemployment and crimes that blamed on alcoholism. (Temperance and Prohibition) However, Prohibition added the frequency of crimes in the United States.
The Great Depression
After the Herbert Hoover, the 31st president of the United States, came into office in March 1929, the economy was thriving, but it soon fell into the Great depression. (Benson, 651) In autumn in 1929, the stock market was out of control with huge collapse. (Benson, 651) The Great Depression also reflected the corrupt situation in the United States.
First and foremost, the government and the Federal Reserve System should take the responsibilities of the Great Depression. National fiscal policy hadn’t played a positive role in the Great Depression. From this point of view, the government was corrupt in maintaining the stability of the country’s economy.
There are two main theories explaining the influence of the Great Depression. On the one hand, the Keynesian explanation is based on the theories of Keynes, a great British economics. (Caldwell, 70) Keynes believes that the low demand of a country will lead to the high unemployment rate for a long time. (Caldwell, 70) Keynes also believes that the Federal Reserve System should provide money to the government to borrow and spend instead of levying taxes. (Caldwell, 70) On the other hand, the monetarist explanation is based on the theories of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz. (Caldwell, 70) Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz argue that the Federal Reserve System leads and spreads the depression. (Caldwell, 70) The raised interest rates discouraged the borrowing and spending that results in production decline. (Caldwell, 70) But government and bankers at the beginning were not fully aware of the seriousness of the Great Depress and took slow actions, causing intensified panic. Monetary tightening also had serious influence on the economic entity. Contracted investment, insufficient consumption, declining production and rising unemployment rate resulted in the vicious cycle of the economy from 1932 to 1933, which made the country’s economy enter into a comprehensive depression
Secondly, agriculture of the United States collapsed, which reflected the long-term problem in the agriculture industry. On the one hand, WWI followed had a great impact on agriculture in the United States. The United States was very prosperous during the war, and its products were exported to Europe where was in urgent need of food and clothing. However, the burden of farmers in the United States was exacerbated by the excessive reclamation of land in remote areas that were not suitable for cultivation in the long term, which lead to the result of soil loss rather than a large number of outputs. Meanwhile, farmers' debt problem was very acute, because the demand for U.S. agricultural products for several consecutive years maintained a high level and many farmers borrowed a large amount of loans to take advantage of the high price of agricultural products. On the other hand, the use of gasoline and tractors had changed the demand for agricultural labor. Large scale agricultural production began to change the face of the plains. More importantly, the income for farmers was low, which also reflected the uneven income distribution in the United States. The poverty of farmers was a serious problem, because the agricultural population accounted for one-fifth of the total population. Crop prices dropped sharply and farmers suffered a great loss. (Benson, 652) The agriculture problems in the United States have exacerbated the depression of the economy and the social instability.
Thirdly, the capital surplus and the broad masses of workers and peasants reflect the corrupt industrial situation. Depression occurred in the background of oversupply of goods and services. (Caldwell, 70) In the 1920s in the United States, although the economy and the national income was growing rapidly, excessive greed of monopoly bourgeoisie, the struggle of the masses of workers and peasants, laissez faire policy of the federal government formed the contradiction between production and consumption.
In a nutshell, the unreasonable economic policies collapsed agricultural industry and oversupply of the products all reveals the problems in the economy of the United States. Therefore, the Great Depression didn’t happen in one day but due to the problems in many perspectives in the society.
The Publication of the Great Gatsby
Gatsby is a symbol of American dream with self-made wealth and happiness no matter where he comes from. (Themes and Construction) Fitzgerald’s novel demonstrated American life with direction, ambition, setbacks and confusion in the 1920s. (Themes and Construction) Therefore, the publication of the Great Gatsby shows the corruption in people’s mind, social development and social atmosphere.
For people’s mind, the book is incorporated with a lot of examples of the ruins of American dream. (Themes and Construction) Like Gatsby, many people tend to use illegal methods to make profits in order to become rich. They have forgotten the essence of American dream.
For social development, at that time, New York was a place of corruption that bootlegging, prostitution, and gambling boomed. (Historical Context) The whole society had been transferred into turmoil. The novel demonstrates a willingness of loves, alcohol and financial success. (Benson, Brannen and Valentine, 656)
For social atmosphere, corruption has become a public opinion in the United States. The Black Sox Fix of 1919 is an example of corruption and people tends to use money to achieve certain purposes. Through materialistic efforts to become wealthy, Gatsby had been more successful than his elder generation. (Benson, Brannen and Valentine, 658) However, he was lonely in his heart.
In a word, the publication of the Great Gatsby was a vivid reflection of the corruption in the United States. With the publication of the novel, the corruption has been revealed to the public.
Conclusion
In a conclusion, the 1920s of the United States could be regarded as a decade of corruption, which can be illustrated in three aspects.
In the first place, Prohibition of alcohol didn’t bring a stable situation to the society and the development of the society had experienced great damage. A large number of crimes, smuggling cases and underground black markets all brought negative to the development of the United States. Corruption widely existed in the police and the ordinary people, which led to a severe consequence.
In the second place, the Great Depression is also a reflection of corruption in the economy of the United States. The improper economic policies, overburdened agricultural industry and farmers and oversupply situation all leads to the outbreak of the Great Depression.
In the third place, the publication of the Great Gatsby shows the psychological change of the American Dream. In order to become wealthy, people tends to use illegal methodologies to make profits. The initial willingness of the American Dream has changed and corruption is widely rooted in the United States People tend to use money to solve problems and achieve certain purposes.
In a nutshell, the 1920s is a decade of corruption with negative factors that have imposed a negative impact on the development of the United States and the world. This decade has left a painful lesson for the future generations.

Works Cited
"Temperance and Prohibition." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: Government and Politics.
Detroit: Gale, 2009. Student Resources in Context. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.
"Prohibition." UXL Encyclopedia of U.S. History. Sonia Benson, Daniel E. Brannen, Jr., and
Rebecca Valentine. Vol. 6. Detroit: UXL, 2009. 1264-1268. Student Resources in Context. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.
"Prohibition." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History. Ed. Thomas Riggs. 2nd ed. Vol.
2. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2015. 1063-1066. Student Resources in Context. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.
"Great Depression." UXL Encyclopedia of U.S. History. Sonia Benson, Daniel E. Brannen,
Jr., and Rebecca Valentine. Vol. 3. Detroit: UXL, 2009. 651-656. Student Resources in Context. Web. 9 Jan. 2016.
Caldwell, Jean, and Timothy G. O'Driscoll. "What caused the great depression?" Social
Education 71.2 (2007): 70+. Student Resources in Context. Web. 9 Jan. 2016.
"Hoover, Roosevelt, and the Role of Government." The Great Depression and the New Deal.
Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Media, 1999. American Journey. Student Resources in Context. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.
"Themes and Construction: The Great Gatsby." EXPLORING Novels. Detroit: Gale, 2003.
Student Resources in Context. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.
"Historical Context: The Great Gatsby." EXPLORING Novels. Detroit: Gale, 2003. Student
Resources in Context. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.
"The Great Gatsby." UXL Encyclopedia of U.S. History. Sonia Benson, Daniel E. Brannen,
Jr., and Rebecca Valentine. Vol. 3. Detroit: UXL, 2009. 656-658. Student Resources in Context. Web. 10 Jan. 2016.


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Summary of "APS Observer" and "Science is Forgery"

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Summary of "APS Observer" and "Science is Forgery"，文章讲述这些文章强调了将科学与伪科学区分开来的重要性，同时作者提供了10个可供心理学学生练习的可用技巧。首先，作者指出，一种常见的现象是，新的心理学专业的学生总是将日常生活中真正的科学定型观念，例如杂志，互联网和电视节目。但是，心理学领域的真正科学包括批判性思维，很高的自尊心以及在整合我们将在各个站点学习的知识，技能和实践时避免误解。此外，作者陈述了将科学与伪科学区分开来的好处，其中它可以帮助学生更好地理解新概念及其反面。区分科学和伪科学的最令我惊讶的是，不仅仅是将经验方法与非经验方法区分开来，这意味着即使在观察和实验下，它也可能不是科学标准。因此，当我们应用科学研究时，尤其是在心理学领域，强烈建议批判性思维，这与高度基于经验证据（例如占星术，物理学和生物学）的某些学科不同。

Summary of "APS Observer" and "Science is Forgery"
These articles have emphasized on the importance to distinguish science from pseudoscience while the author provides 10 available tips for psychology students to practice. First, the author states that it is a common phenomenon that new psychology students always bring stereotypes about what is real science from their daily life such as magazines, Internets, and TV programs. However, the real science in psychological field consists of critical thinking, high self-esteem, and avoiding misconceptions when integrating knowledge, skill, and practice we will learn in various sites. Moreover, the author states the benefits of distinguishing science from pseudoscience, in which it could help students to better understand a new concept as well as its opposite poles. What surprised me most about distinguishing science and pseudoscience was it is not simply to distinguish an empirical method from a non-empirical one, which means it might not be scientific standard even it seems like under observation and experiment. Thus, critical thinking would be highly recommended when we apply scientific research, especially in the field of psychology, which is different from some subjects highly based on empirical evidence such as astrology, physics, and biology.

In order to understand real science, I have to make sure how to confirm a real scientific theory. Based on Popper (1963), a real scientific theory should be a prohibition that is easy to be confirmed and refutable by conceivable event. Sometimes, a theory in stereotype would still be accepted by non-scientific admirers even it is found to be false. Thus, as new students, we should be highly mind-clear, using scientific methods and standards to survey diverse theories when distinguish science from pseudoscience. Thus, following 10 commandments in the article, I could generally summarize several ways about how to distinguish science from pseudoscience. As a new student, I should understand the differences between science and pseudoscience. When accepting new concepts, I should apply two forms of skepticism instead of cynicism. I should practice real science based on evidence but not just what scientists told us because, sometimes, even famous scientists make mistakes and bias. I understand it is difficult to change cognitive illusions, but I should be sane when my paranormal beliefs challenged by scientific evidence. Next, it is important to keep my claims accurate while avoiding different intellectual standards. Finally, in order to better distinguish science from pseudoscience, I have to make sure it is different between pseudoscience and metaphysics, which even cannot be tested by empirical evidence and should be counted out of the bound of science.
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Should Alibaba do business in the US and go global?

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 --Should Alibaba do business in the US and go global?，文章讲述1999年，阿里巴巴网络技术有限公司（以下简称阿里巴巴集团）由18位以马云为首的创始人在中国杭州创立。他们认为，互联网可以创造一个公平的竞争环境，中小型企业可以通过科技创新来扩展业务，并在参与国内或全球市场竞争中获得更有利的地位。

Should Alibaba do business in the US and go global?
Introduction
In 1999, Alibaba Network Technology Co., Ltd., hereinafter referred to as Alibaba Group, is founded by 18 founders headed by Ma Yun in Hangzhou, China. They believe that the Internet can create a fair competition environment and small and medium-sized enterprises can expand their business through scientific and technological innovation and obtains a more favorable position in its participation in the domestic or global market competition. (Alibaba Group, “About Us”)[ Introduction of Alibaba Group: http://www.alibabagroup.com/cn/about/overview. Accessed on the 9th of January, 2016.]
Alibaba Group operates a number of businesses. In addition to business and services, the Company also obtains support for business ecosystem from the associated companies. Business and associate companies’ business include Taobao, Tmall, Juhuasuan, Aliexpree, Alibaba international trading market, 1688, Alimother, Alicloud, Ant Financial, Rookie Network, etc.. (Alibaba Group, “Business Scope”)[ Business Scope of Alibaba Group: http://www.alibabagroup.com/cn/about/businesses. Accessed on the 9th of January, 2016.]
On September 19 in 2014, Alibaba Group officially listed on New York Stock Exchange. (BBC news, 2014) The stock code is BABA and founder and chairman of the board of directors is Ma Yun. In the year of 2014, Alibaba’s total revenue is RMB 76.2 billion and net profit is RMB 24.32 billion.
However, Alibaba’s global development has great opportunities and potential difficulties.
Research findings
Alibaba has been listed on the United for more than one year, but it has not reached the original expectation, which can be reflected in two dimensions.
On the one hand, Alibaba’s stock price has slumped by a large margin from 120 dollars to 58 dollars. As the largest IPO on New York Exchange, it has made the investors disappointed.
On the other hand, Alibaba has not implemented its strategic plan. Alibaba should become an important player in the Internet, but it has not made further progress in Internet industry in the United States. Meanwhile, cloud computing should be an important aspect to promote the future valuation of Ali, but it has not achieved a leapfrog progress.
In a short summary, Alibaba should find another effective way to compete with other giant companies in the Internet industry.
Analysis
SWOT Analysis for Alibaba
Strengths Weaknesses
-Excellent management team
-Having a leading position in the domestic e-commerce market
-Having a certain degree of brand awareness
-Overall layout in different industries
-Excellent services -Business platform is huge and messy and information quality is not high
-Ability to create value for customers is becoming weaker
-Pace of development is slow
-Operation model is easy to be imitated
Opportunities Threats
-B2B market development space is very large
-Entering the PC industry
-The legal system is becoming more and more perfect -Competition from the opponents in the United States
-The business model has a huge pressure due to the operation in China and the United States
-Continuous supervision from the authorities in the United States
Opportunities according to SWOT Analysis for Alibaba
Through the listing, Alibaba realizes the enterprise asset securitization, which greatly enhances the liquidity of its assets. It not only provides channels for the shareholders of the company to sell equities to obtain to huge profits, but also makes use of stock options as a tool of long-term incentive means to ensure the relative stability of the enterprise human capital personnel in the future. In addition, as the largest IPO on the New York Stock Exchange in history, its market value has exceeded that of Facebook and become second only the second largest Internet Company second to Google, which will bring great attention effect to Alibaba. The listing can enhance its reputation in overseas, strengthen the brand value and accumulate intangible assets, which has created favorable conditions for further exploration in the international market.
Threats according to SWOT Analysis for Alibaba
Alibaba will be faced with many challenges. Firstly, Alibaba's main business like Taobao, Tmall and Juhuasuan, has a serious problem of selling fake goods. In the United States, the protection of intellectual property rights is a focus and selling fake goods will seriously affect Alibaba’s market image, leading to the slump of the stock price. Therefore, solving the problem of fake goods online mall is the priority of Alibaba.
Porter’s 5-forces Model
For strategic environmental analysis, Michael Porter's Five Forces Model can be applied to carry out the analysis. According to Michael Porter's Five Forces Model, there are five forces in the industry: threat of potential entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitutes and industry rivalry.[ Porter's 5-forces Model: http://www.alibabagroup.com/cn/about/overview. Accessed on the 9th of January, 2016.]

Firstly, new entrants will join in the era of electronic commerce and the barriers to entry are not high. In the era of e-commerce business model, due to the rapid development of technology and progress, a lot of emerging industries have turned up, especially the emergence of virtual economy and the emergence of virtual society. The exchange of information through the Internet directly affects the traditional industries. In the face of this new force, in order to maintain the profitability of the past, Alibaba must accelerate the ability of learning and innovation and timely adjustment of enterprise strategic business direction.
Secondly, customers' bargaining power is strong in the era of electronic commerce and bargaining power of suppliers in the United States is low. Electronic communication is a bright spot in the era of electronic commerce and the transmission and exchange of information has become instant. So the information of instant communication is easy to break the price difference among suppliers’ like Wal-Mart, eBay and Amazon, which has enhanced the customer's bargaining power and reduce Alibaba’s profit margins. Alibaba needs to constantly rely on the product differentiation efforts to maintain strong profit ability from different levels and the degree of stimulation personalized demand pattern to expand profit space and the channel.
Thirdly, power of alternative products is strong in the era of e-commerce like Wal-Mart, eBay and Amazon. With the emergence of the Internet and electronic communications, people's work and life habits have been changed. Faced with this situation, Alibaba should provide additional unique services to survive in the market with fierce competition in the United States.
Fifthly, the competition in the e-commence is fierce. Alibaba has successfully rooted in China. When entering the global competition, it will also face powerful competitors with competitive advantages in the United States. For Amazon, eBay, Wal-Mart, they are the existing business tycoons in the United States and Alibaba is a strong competitor in the international market. For Google and Facebook, Alibaba will not only compete with them investing in emerging companies but also obtaining profits that initially belong to them. PayPal, Google Wallet and Apple Pay will also lay empahsis on Alibaba, because Alipay’s success in China has become a strong threat to them.
Cost-Benefit Analysis
After Sarbanes Oxley Act in the United States, the regulation for listed companies is so strict that results in high operating costs. Listed in the United States, Alibaba will face strict regulations and supervisions. Once the various types of investors found that the company has improper behaviors, they often take the approach of collective action. Therefore, Alibaba needs to bear the additional regulatory risk and pressure in the daily operation and management. From the cost-benefit analysis, Alibaba needs to find a good way to balance the cost and revenue.
Conclusion
Alibaba is the largest IPO on New York Exchange, but it also faces with a lot of difficulties. During the one year listing in the United States, it has not performed in a good manner. From SWOT analysis, Porter’s 5 force model and cost-benefit analysis, it can be inferred that the Company has encountered great obstacles from the competitors and government supervisions in the United States. Therefore, the Company should find a better way to solve the dilemma and ensure sound operations in the United States.

Supporting documents
Alibaba: Chinese retailer to list on New York stock exchange
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-29258567. Accessed on the 9th of January, 2016.
Alibaba: Why It Could Fall 50% Further
http://www.barrons.com/articles/alibaba-why-it-could-fall-50-further-1442036618. Accessed on the 9th of January, 2016.
Alibaba just made a 'very strategic move' in the US
http://www.businessinsider.com/r-alibaba-opens-first-us-cloud-center-enters-hotly-contested-market-2015-3. Accessed on the 9th of January, 2016.

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