英検準1級&東大・京大・早慶の英語(英単語)は英英方式で突破できる!

英英思考を制するものは英語を制す。英英辞典とネイティブ向け読み物への早期移行が異次元の高速学習を可能にした。

TOEIC頻出単語(2)初級編200語

2016年05月11日 | TOEIC
 語彙力だけで英語試験で良好な結果を出せるわけではありません。しかし語彙力なしでいい結果を出すのはまず無理です。 
 当ブログでは入門編、初級編、中級編、上級編としてそれぞれ200語、
計800語のTOEIC頻出単語を紹介します。
 前回のTOEIC頻出単語(1)入門編200語に続き初級編200語を紹介します。

(201)environment(環境)
(202)material(材料)
(203)assistance(支援)
(204)absent(欠席の)
(205)suburb(郊外)
(206)permission(許可)
(207)recommend(推薦する)
(208)discuss(議論する)
(209)capacity(能力)
(210)prefer(好む)
(211)produce(生産する)
(212)mention(言及する)
(213)evidence(証拠)
(214)note(留意する)
(215)reasonable(手頃な)
(216)receptionist(受付係)
(217)crowded(混雑した)
(218)solve(解決する)
(219)forecast(予報)
(220)adjust(調整する)
(221)schedule(予定する)
(222)allow(認める)
(223)praise(賞賛する)
(224)means(手段)
(225)gain(得る)
(226)inconvenient(不便な)
(227)advantage(優位)
(228)wealth(富)
(229)replace(取って代わる)
(230)experiment(実験)
(231)basic(基本的な)
(232)missing(紛失した)
(233)function(機能)
(234)celebrate(祝う)
(235)shortage(不足)
(236)ban(禁止する)
(237)register(登録する)
(238)install(設置する)
(239)issue(発行する)
(240)close(近い)
(241)transportation(輸送)
(242)efficient(効率的な)
(243)behave(振る舞う)
(244)notice(気づく)
(245)market(市場)
(246)blame(非難する)
(247)anniversary(記念日)
(248)polite(礼儀正しい)
(249)previous(以前の)
(250)promise(約束する)
(251)contact(連絡する)
(252)facility(施設)
(253)agriculture(農業)
(254)urge(促す)
(255)product(製品)
(256)objective(目標)
(257)diverse(多様な)
(258)communication(意思疎通)
(259)select(選ぶ)
(260)measurement(寸法)
(261)plumber(配管工)
(262)brief(簡略に説明する)
(263)common(よくある)
(264)attention(注意)
(265)expect(予想する)
(266)investigate(調査する)
(267)ingredient(材料)
(268)practical(実用的な)
(269)receipt(領収証)
(270)typical(典型的な)
(271)release(公表する)
(272)detail(詳細)
(273)progress(進歩)
(274)audience(聴衆、観衆)
(275)comfortable(快適な)
(276)collect(集める)
(277)reliable(信頼できる)
(278)attitude(態度)
(279)board(搭乗する)
(280)express(表現する)
(281)depend(依拠する)
(282)compete(競争する)
(283)conclusion(結論)
(284)expire(期限が切れる)
(285)possibility(可能性)
(286)host(主催する)
(287)support(支援する)
(288)diversity(多様性)
(289)option(選択肢)
(290)survive(生き残る)
(291)break(休憩)
(292)located(位置して)
(293)general(一般的な)
(294)hire(雇う)
(295)limited(限られた)
(296)disappointing(がっかりさせる)
(297)author(著者)
(298)identify(特定する)
(299)concern(懸念)
(300)study(研究)
(301)economical(経済的な)
(302)railing(手すり)
(303)gather(集まる)
(304)temporary(臨時の)
(305)force(強いる)
(306)tight(余裕がない)
(307)adapt(適応する)
(308)represent(代表する)
(309)reward(報いる)
(310)affordable(購入しやすい)
(311)impressive(感動的な)
(312)deserve(値する)
(313)ideal(理想的な)
(314)struggle(奮闘する)
(315)charge(請求する)
(316)employ(雇用する)
(317)conference(会議)
(318)trend(動向)
(319)guarantee(保証する)
(320)commute(通勤する)
(321)prohibit(禁止する)
(322)patience(忍耐力)
(323)apologize(謝る)
(324)confident(確信している)
(325)remarkable(素晴らしい)
(326)performance(成績)
(327)luggage(荷物)
(328)enter(入る)
(329)mail(郵送する)
(330)resign(辞職する)
(331)contribute(貢献する)
(332)eventually(最終的に)
(333)aspect(面)
(334)cooperate(協力する)
(335)enable(可能にする)
(336)contract(契約)
(337)apparent(明らかな)
(338)estimate(見積もり)
(339)remote(僻地の)
(340)implement(実施する)
(341)proof(証明)
(342)claim(主張する)
(343)plant(工場)
(344)resolve(解決する)
(345)attempt(試み)
(346)prior(事前の)
(347)relatively(比較的に)
(348)domestic(国内の)
(349)instrument(楽器)
(350)handle(扱う)
(351)persistent(粘り強い)
(352)strategy(戦略)
(353)memorable(記憶に残る)
(354)serious(深刻な)
(355)agenda(議案書)
(356)cost(費用がかかる)
(357)illustrate(説明する)
(358)warranty(保証)
(359) proportion(割合)
(360)flight(フライト)
(361)guideline(指針)
(362)generous(気前のいい)
(363)ship(発送する)
(364)convinced(確信して)
(365)content(内容)
(366)guess(推測する)
(367)slightly(少し)
(368)belongings(持ち物)
(369)enhance(高める)
(370)retire(引退する)
(371)assure(断言する)
(372)share(共用する)
(373)organization(組織)
(374)detect(検知する)
(375)individual(個人)
(376)branch(支社)
(377)conclude(締めくくる)
(378)award(授与する)
(379)assume(思い込む)
(380)extend(延長する)
(381)inevitably(必然的に)
(382)assign(割り当てる)
(383)protective(保護用の)
(384)essential(不可欠な)
(385)upcoming(来たるべき)
(386)statistics(統計)
(387)transform(一変させる)
(388)anticipate(予測する)
(389)donation(寄附)
(390)durable(耐久性がある)
(391)update(更新する)
(392)artificial(人工的な)
(393)copyright(著作権)
(394)review(見直す)
(395)possess(持つ)
(396)supplier(納入業者)
(397)applicant(志願者)
(398)summarize(要約する)
(399)suggest(提案する)
(400)alternative(代替の)

※確認テスト
上記を読んだ後で下記のTOEIC頻出単語の語義を答えてください。

(201)environment(         )
(202)material(         )
(203)assistance(         )
(204)absen(         )t
(205)suburb(         )
(206)permission(         )
(207)recommend(         )
(208)discuss(         )
(209)capacity(         )
(210)prefer(         )
(211)produce(         )
(212)mention(         )
(213)evidence(         )
(214)note(         )
(215)reasonable(         )
(216)receptionist(         )
(217)crowded(         )
(218)solve(         )
(219)forecast(         )
(220)adjust(         )
(221)schedule(         )
(222)allow(         )
(223)praise(         )
(224)means(         )
(225)gain(         )
(226)inconvenient(         )
(227)advantage(         )
(228)wealth(         )
(229)replace(         )
(230)experiment(         )
(231)basic(         )
(232)missing(         )
(233)functio(         )
(234)celebrate(         )
(235)shortage(         )
(236)ban(         )
(237)register(         )
(238)install(         )
(239)issue(         )
(240)close(         )
(241)transportation(         )
(242)efficient(         )
(243)behave(         )
(244)notice(         )
(245)market(         )
(246)blame(         )
(247)anniversary(         )
(248)polite(         )
(249)previous(         )
(250)promise(         )
(251)contact(         )
(252)facility(         )
(253)agriculture(         )
(254)urge(         )
(255)product(         )
(256)objective(         )
(257)diverse(         )
(258)communication(         )
(259)select(         )
(260)measurement(         )
(261)plumber(         )
(262)brief(         )
(263)common(         )
(264)attention(         )
(265)expect(         )
(266)investigate(         )
(267)ingredient(         )
(268)practical(         )
(269)receipt(         )
(270)typical(         )
(271)release(         )
(272)detail(         )
(273)progress(         )
(274)audience(         )
(275)comfortable(         )
(276)collect(         )
(277)reliable(         )
(278)attitude(         )
(279)board(         )
(280)express(         )
(281)depend(         )
(282)compete(         )
(283)conclusion(         )
(284)expire(         )
(285)possibility(         )
(286)host(         )
(287)support(         )
(288)diversity(         )
(289)option(         )
(290)survive(         )
(291)break(         )
(292)located(         )
(293)general(         )
(294)hire(         )
(295)limited(         )
(296)disappointing(         )
(297)author(         )
(298)identify(         )
(299)concern(         )
(300)study(         )
(301)economical(         )
(302)railing(         )
(303)gather(         )
(304)temporary(         )
(305)force(         )
(306)tight(         )
(307)adapt(         )
(308)represent(         )
(309)reward(         )
(310)affordable(         )
(311)impressive(         )
(312)deserve(         )
(313)ideal(         )
(314)struggle(         )
(315)charge(         )
(316)employ(         )
(317)conference(         )
(318)trend(         )
(319)guarantee(         )
(320)commute(         )
(321)prohibit(         )
(322)patience(         )
(323)apologize(         )
(324)confident(         )
(325)remarkable(         )
(326)performance(         )
(327)luggage(         )
(328)enter(         )
(329)mail(         )
(330)resign(         )
(331)contribute(         )
(332)eventually(         )
(333)aspect(         )
(334)cooperate(         )
(335)enable(         )
(336)contract(         )
(337)apparent(         )
(338)estimate(         )
(339)remote(         )
(340)implement(         )
(341)proof(         )
(342)claim(         )
(343)plant(         )
(344)resolve(         )
(345)attempt(         )
(346)prior(         )
(347)relatively(         )
(348)domestic(         )
(349)instrument(         )
(350)handle(         )
(351)persistent(         )
(352)strategy(         )
(353)memorable(         )
(354)serious(         )
(355)agenda(         )
(356)cost(         )
(357)illustrate(         )
(358)warranty(         )
(359) proportion(         )
(360)flight(         )
(361)guideline(         )
(362)generous(         )
(363)ship(         )
(364)convinced(         )
(365)content(         )
(366)guess(         )
(367)slightly(         )
(368)belongings(         )
(369)enhance(         )
(370)retire(         )
(371)assure(         )
(372)share(         )
(373)organization(         )
(374)detect(         )
(375)individual(         )
(376)branch(         )
(377)conclude(         )
(378)award(         )
(379)assume(         )
(380)extend(         )
(381)inevitably(         )
(382)assign(         )
(383)protective(         )
(384)essential(         )
(385)upcoming(         )
(386)statistics(         )
(387)transform(         )
(388)anticipate(         )
(389)donation(         )
(390)durable(         )
(391)update(         )
(392)artificial(         )
(393)copyright(         )
(394)review(         )
(395)possess(         )
(396)supplier(         )
(397)applicant(         )
(398)summarize(         )
(399)suggest(         )
(400)alternative(         )



コメント
  • X
  • Facebookでシェアする
  • はてなブックマークに追加する
  • LINEでシェアする

TOEIC改訂のねらいと対策(8)

2016年05月10日 | TOEIC
 書店に氾濫するTOEIC対策本はいわば栄養補助食品のようなもので、対策本のみでTOEICハイスコア達成は可能でも、対策本のみでの英語力向上は難しいでしょう。
 多少TOEICの頻出パターンから離れた英語にも親しんでおくと、目先を変えられても対応しやすくなります。

 以下のVOAニュースに登場するTOEIC頻出単語に英英辞典方式の語注をつけてみます。

Facebook Scores Rare Legal Win in China

Facebook has won a rare trademark lawsuit in China over the use of a version of its name by a Chinese ①beverage maker.

The Beijing Higher People's Court ruled that Pearl River Drinks should not be allowed to ②register the trademark "face book" and that using it on labels of foods and beverages was an ③obvious act of copying that hurt market competition.

Neither Facebook nor Pear River Drinks were available for comment.

Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and other executives have made efforts to woo Chinese officials. Zuckerberg had a rare meeting with China's propaganda czar Liu Yunshan, suggesting a warming of relations between the social media giant and China.

​​Despite the court victory, Facebook and other foreign websites continue to be blocked in China by what has become known as the "Great Firewall."

Zuckerberg has become a celebrity in China by making speeches in Mandarin and running through noxious smog in Beijing's Tiananmen Square.

The Facebook decision comes weeks after a court ruled against technology giant Apple in a ④similar suit over its iPhone brand. Apple has said it will take its case to China's Supreme People's Court.


①beverage : something you can drink except water

②register : to record information about someone or something on an official list

③obvious : easy to recognize or understand

④similar : almost the same but not exactly the same
コメント
  • X
  • Facebookでシェアする
  • はてなブックマークに追加する
  • LINEでシェアする

TOEIC改訂のねらいと対策(7)

2016年05月09日 | TOEIC
 「リスニングテスト中にリーディングセクションの問題文を見る行為、またはリーディングテスト中にリスニングセクションの問題文を見る行為」がTOEICで禁止されたのは2012年のことです。裏技を使えないようにしようとする動きは以前から起きていました。
 2016年5月の改訂は見ようによっては「マイナーチェンジ」かもしれません。しかし、発表された以外にも変化があるはずです。「TOEICは英語力が不足してもテクニック次第でスコアを上げられる」という評判が広がるようなことになれば、TOEICの存在意義が揺らいでしまいます。
 ただ、ビジネスで使える英語試験という評価をTOEICが放棄することは考えられませんから、頻出語彙の変化はほとんどないでしょう。したがって、以下のような従来からのTOEIC頻出単語をたっぷり含んだビジネスや経済系のニュース記事を毎日英英辞典片手に読むようにすると、英語力を高めてTOEICスコアを上げるという正攻法のTOEIC攻略が可能です。

 以下のVOAニュースに登場するTOEIC頻出単語に英英辞典方式の語注をつけてみます。

Proposal Would Give US Consumers' Right to Sue Financial Companies

The top U.S. consumer financial regulator proposed a rule Thursday that would make it easier for ordinary consumers to file class-action lawsuits against their banks, rather than seek a resolution through mandatory arbitration.

Most U.S. bank customers relinquished their right to sue when they signed credit card agreements, bank accounts and ①insurance policies without reading the fine print.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, wanting to to put a stop to that, proposed a rule that would ban arbitration clauses. The ban would only apply, though, when consumers want to join or create a class-action lawsuit.

If adopted, the rule could cost the financial industry hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars.

"Many banks and financial companies avoid accountability by putting arbitration clauses in their ②contacts that block groups of their customers from suing them," CFPB Director Richard Cordray said. Such clauses effectively deny groups of consumers "the right to seek justice and relief for wrongdoing."

Consumer ③advocates say arbitrators routinely rule against consumers, but the financial industry argues arbitration is a more efficient way for customers to resolve disputes with banks.

A CFPB study confirmed that arbitration is more ④efficient but found customers rarely filed lawsuits to settle small claims. The study also showed that when large numbers of customers were adversely affected by the same issue, arbitration hindered their ability to seek relief.

The study found that 15 of the largest 20 credit card companies had arbitration clauses in their agreements, and disputes involving about half of all large bank accounts and nearly all prepaid credit cards and payday loans required arbitration.

Once the CFPB rule is published, the public will have 90 days to comment. The rule will go into effect next year if it is adopted.


①insurance : an agreement in which you pay a company money and they pay your costs if something bad happens

②contacts : a legal agreement between two or more people

③advocates : someone who publicly supports someone or something

④efficient : doing something well without wasting materials, time, or energy

コメント
  • X
  • Facebookでシェアする
  • はてなブックマークに追加する
  • LINEでシェアする

TOEIC改訂のねらいと対策(6)

2016年05月08日 | TOEIC
 どう見ても難化! 新形式TOEICは2016年5月にどこがどう変わるかまとめてみたという興味深い記事がネット上にあったため、一部紹介します。

(引用開始)
おそらく「現実の英語の使われ方に合わせて出題形式を変える」というのは建前で、「テクニックだけで点数が取れてしまう要素を減らしたい」というのが正直なところでしょう。僕自身、今の自分のTOEICの点数が、自分の真の英語力を表しているようには思いません。高めに出ていると思います。

「テストvs解法テクニック」というのは、終わらないイタチごっこです。しかし、さすがに今回の変更はテクニックだけで乗り切れるものではないと思います。あぁ、もうこれは英語を勉強するしか!
(引用終了)

 小手先のテクニックではない本物の英語力を身につけるにあたって英英辞典に親しむことはきわめて有効です。
 どんな言語を習得するのであれ、
辞書も満足に使えないようでは上達はまず無理でしょう。
 以下のVOAニュースに登場するTOEIC頻出単語に英英辞典方式の語注をつけてみます。

India's Tobacco Industry, Farmers Resist Warnings on Cigarettes

India's tobacco industry and tobacco growers are resisting new government rules requiring cigarette manufacturers to print huge pictorial warnings on cigarette packages, saying the stringent ①measures will impact the livelihood of more than 45 million farmers and lead to an increase in the sale of illegal cigarettes.

In a country where about 1 million deaths every year are ②blamed on tobacco consumption, the government has ordered that 85 percent of both the front and the back of a cigarette pack be covered with graphic images, such as diseased lungs, to discourage smoking.

Current law requires 40 percent of only the front of the package carry such warnings.​​

India's Supreme Court earlier this week turned down a plea to halt implementation of the new rules, which were introduced April 1. The court ordered tobacco companies to ③comply with the new government rule, which would put India among the countries where cigarette packs carry the most graphic warnings.

The court also directed a lower court to hear more than 25 petitions filed by big tobacco companies in different courts challenging the new ④guidelines.

①measures : an action that is intended to achieve a particular aim

②blamed : to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad

③comply : to obey a rule or law, or to do what you are asked to do

④guidelines : information intended to advise people on how to do something


Industry, farmers

That has given a ray of hope to the industry and to farmers fighting the new guidelines.

A day after the Supreme Court order, the Tobacco Institute of India, which ⑤represents large companies such as ITC and Godfrey Philips, put massive advertisements in newspapers saying pictorial warnings have been struck down in the U.S. and that current warnings, such as the words "Smoking Kills," are adequate.

They said the stricter warnings will lead to an increase in the sale of illegal cigarettes, smuggled in from countries that do not mandate such strict warnings.

Tens of thousands of retailers and farmers are also protesting the new rules, worried about the ⑥impact of more stringent warnings on sales of tobacco products.

The latest effort to curb tobacco consumption comes on top of other measures in the past year such as an increase in taxes on tobacco products.

Last month the Indian capital also banned the sale of chewable tobacco, which contributes to oral cancer.

Options for farmers

Chengal Reddy, head of the Federation of Farmers Association, told VOA that farmers were not opposed to reducing tobacco cultivation but need help with options.

"As a farmer, I am not in a position to do research and go into policy issues. It is the responsibility of the government. When they say a ⑦crop is bad, they should show me alternatives," Reddy said.

India is among the world's top tobacco producers with the sturdy crop being grown widely in several states, including Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

Farmers are threatening to escalate their protests.

"We will not accept this judgement," Reddy said.

However, health activists, who have long pushed for the stricter warnings, said they are happy with the ruling.
​​

Discourage consumption

In a country where half the population is under 25, and where a substantial number is illiterate, the new rules will deter many from getting addicted to smoking, health activists said.

"Evidence shows that graphic warnings are much more effective than nongraphic, especially if you talk about the youth. These warnings are really for the initiates, the new people who are trying it out, that is where they are the most effective," said Sanjay Seth, a consultant at Healis-Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health.

In efforts to discourage tobacco consumption, India has ⑧banned advertisements of tobacco products and outlawed smoking in public – although that is seldom heeded.

Tobacco-related diseases cost India about $22 billion in 2011, according to a World Health Organization study.

⑤represents : to speak or act officially for someone or something

⑥imact : the powerful effect that something has on someone or something

⑦crop : a plant grown for food by farmers

⑧banned : to say officially that something must not be done


※英英辞典の定義文はTOEIC頻出単語の宝庫と言っても過言ではなく、英英辞典片手に公式問題集を解くのはきわめて有効なTOEIC対策になります。TOEICに英英辞典を持ち込めないとはいえ英英辞典を使いこなす英英思考力はフリーパスで、英英辞典を自在に使いこなせるようならTOEICで時間が足りない悩みを大幅に解消できます。英英辞典が使いにくければenglish x englishをお試しください。
コメント
  • X
  • Facebookでシェアする
  • はてなブックマークに追加する
  • LINEでシェアする

TOEIC改訂のねらいと対策(5)

2016年05月07日 | TOEIC
 「日本人は英語の読み書きはできるが英会話ができない」という迷信ほどタチの悪いものはありません。文科省の英語教育改革が失敗続きなのは、日本人は英語の読み書きができるという誤った前提に基づき「会話重視」のような的外れな方針を打ち出してきたからです。
 下記VOA記事のようなやさしい英文を楽に読めないようでは、到底「英語が読める」とは言えないでしょう。ただ、やさしい英文でも音読を超えるスピードで読める英語頭があれば、リスニングも英会話も多少の訓練でできるようになります。

US Aims to Curb Tax Evasion in Aftermath of Panama Papers

U.S. President Barack Obama has proposed new regulations that would require U.S. companies to ①disclose more information about their owners.

The administration announced the ②regulations Thursday in response to the leak of the "Panama Papers," millions of documents detailing international tax evasion through secret offshore accounts.

Speaking to reporters at the White House on Friday, Obama said the proposals “would make sure families and small businesses who don’t have fancy lawyers and fancy accountants are being treated the same as big ③corporations who do.”

The regulations would require companies to disclose their owners to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and allow law enforcement agencies to access that information. A second rule would close a loophole allowing a narrow class of foreign-owned companies to avoid reporting to the IRS.

Obama said the ④mission cannot be completed without the help of Congress, which he said should approve legislation that requires greater disclosure.

"Only Congress can fully close the loopholes that wealthy individuals and powerful corporations all too often take advantage of, often at the expense of middle-class families. If they're getting out of paying their fair share of taxes, that means the rest of us have to shoulder that burden. I've put forward plans repeatedly to do exactly that.”

The administration also wants the U.S. Senate to ratify eight tax treaties that have languished there.

The administration’s proposals come as the U.S. has ⑤emerged as a top haven for tax evaders, rivaling Switzerland and the Cayman Islands.



英英辞典方式による注釈をつけてみます。

①disclose : to make something known publicly, especially something that was previously secret

②regulation : an official rule or order that controls how something is done

③corporation : a big company or business organization

④mission : an important job that a person or group of people has to do

⑤emerge : to begin to be recognized
コメント
  • X
  • Facebookでシェアする
  • はてなブックマークに追加する
  • LINEでシェアする

TOEIC改訂のねらいと対策(4)

2016年05月06日 | TOEIC
 大学入試でかなり英語を勉強したはずの日本の大学生がTOEICを受験すると結果はおおむね芳しくありません。TOEICハイスコアが必ずしも高い英語力の証明にならないとはいえTOEICロースコアは低い英語力の証明です。
 難関大入試問題のような難しい英文を苦吟しながら読んでもあまり英語力は伸びません。以下のVOA記事のようなやさしい英文を英英辞典片手にたくさん読むと無理なく英語力を伸ばせます。
 改訂によりTOEICがテクニックの通用しない方向に変わるというのは衆目の一致するところで、いま最強のTOEIC対策は地道な英語力増強にあると言ってよいでしょう。

US Weekly Jobless Claims Rise, Labor Market Remains Stable

More Americans than expected filed for unemployment benefits for the first time last week, although the underlying ①trend still points to declining jobless claims and a strengthening labor market.

The U.S. Labor Department reported Thursday that ②initial claims for unemployment jumped by 17,000 during the week ending April 30 to a seasonally-adjusted 274,000. This represents the biggest gain in initial weekly jobless claims since February of last year.

Despite the increase, weekly jobless claims ③remain below 300,000, a threshold linked to a healthy labor market.

The jobless claims report is unlikely to ④affect what some economists expect to be a strong monthly unemployment report on Friday.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor statistics is expected to report a net gain of more than 200,000 jobs in April, nudging the jobless rate down to 4.9 percent, a slight improvement from the rate of 5 percent the previous month.

If the April jobs numbers fall in line with the first quarter monthly average of 209,000 jobs, it will be welcome news for new college graduates. They will enter the "best job market since the Great Recession," said Bankrate.com senior economic analyst Mark Hamrick.

Although it will be easier for new college graduates to find a job, they will still confront "inconsistent" and "underwhelming" ⑤wage growth, he said.



英英辞典方式による注釈をつけてみます。

①trend : a general tendency in which a situation is changing or developing

②initial : happening at the beginning of something

③remain : to stay in the same state or condition

④affect : to have an influence on someone or something

⑤wage : an amount of money that you earn for working
コメント
  • X
  • Facebookでシェアする
  • はてなブックマークに追加する
  • LINEでシェアする

TOEIC改訂のねらいと対策(3)

2016年05月05日 | TOEIC
 英語圏の小学高学年生が受験すると900点位取れるTOEICは決して知的レベルの高い英語試験ではありません。TOEICの英文が難しく感じられるようならTOEICよりやさしいレベルの英文を多読すると、リーディングで時間が足りなくなって最後は塗り絵になるという悩みを大幅に解消できます。
 だいぶ昔に私が英語の童話を多読した後に準備なしでTOEICを受験したところ、初めて800点を超えることができ、リーディングとリスニングはほぼ同じスコアでした。音読を超えるスピードで童話やTIMEFORKIDSのような子ども向け読み物を読める程度の英語頭があればTOEICのリスニングはさほど難しくはないと思います。しかし和訳しないと気が済まないようなことでは苦戦必至です。
 以下は、著作権の切れた童話「オズの魔法使い」の冒頭部分で、TOEIC頻出語彙には英英辞典の訳注をつけてみます。

THE WONDERFUL WIZARD OF OZ

1. The Cyclone

Dorothy lived in the midst of the great Kansas prairies, with Uncle
Henry, who was a farmer, and Aunt Em, who was the farmer's wife. Their
house was small, for the lumber to build it had to be carried by wagon
many miles. There were four walls, a floor and a roof, which made one
room; and this room ①contained a rusty looking cookstove, a cupboard for
the dishes, a table, three or four chairs, and the beds. Uncle Henry
and Aunt Em had a big bed in one corner, and Dorothy a little bed in
another corner. There was no garret at all, and no cellar--except a
small hole dug in the ground, called a cyclone cellar, where the family
could go in case one of those great whirlwinds arose, mighty enough to
crush any building in its path. It was reached by a trap door in the
middle of the floor, from which a ②ladder led down into the small, dark
hole.

When Dorothy stood in the doorway and looked around, she could see
nothing but the great gray prairie on every side. Not a tree nor a
house broke the broad sweep of flat country that reached to the edge of
the sky in all ③directions. The sun had baked the plowed land into a
gray mass, with little cracks running through it. Even the grass was
not green, for the sun had burned the tops of the long blades until
they were the same gray color to be seen everywhere. Once the house
had been painted, but the sun blistered the paint and the rains washed
it away, and now the house was as dull and gray as everything else.



①contain : if something such as a bag, box, or place contains something, that thing is inside it

②ladder : a piece of equipment used for climbing up to or down from high places

③direction : the way something or someone moves, faces, or is aimed

※語義の出典はロングマンオンラインです。英英辞典の定義文はTOEIC頻出単語の宝庫で、英英辞典片手に公式問題集を解くと着実に力を伸ばせます。英英辞典が使いにくければenglish x englishをお試しください。
コメント
  • X
  • Facebookでシェアする
  • はてなブックマークに追加する
  • LINEでシェアする

TOEIC改訂のねらいと対策(2)

2016年05月04日 | TOEIC
 スタートして30年以上が経過したTOEICは日本人の英語学習を大きく変えました。近年の英検の良問化はライバルであるTOEICを意識してのことでしょう。ただ、TOEICに関してスコア至上主義が横行しスコアを取るだけのテクニックが蔓延ってきたのも事実で、五月の改訂によりTOEICはテクニックが通用しない方向に変わることが確実視されています。
 改訂されるTOEICへの対策は、テクニックに走らず地道に英語力をつけることに尽きます。
 具体的にはTIMEORKIDSVOAのようなやさしい英語ニュースをロングマンのような英英辞典を片手に毎日読むと着実に英語力を伸ばせます。
 以下、Can Artificial Mountain Change Microclimate? というVOA記事に英英辞典による語注をつけてみました。

Can ①Artificial Mountain Change Microclimate?


Most scientists believe than our planet is getting hotter and drier and that the ②trend will be hard to reverse, especially in flat regions such as the Arabian Peninsula.

Among other reasons these regions do not have much rainfall is a ③lack of so-called updraft — vertical movement of the moist air that occurs when horizontal winds hit a mountainside.

So one Persian Gulf nation, the United Arab Emirates, is seriously considering building a mountain to try to change its climate.

While it does not have experience in mountain-building, the UAE has successfully built an artificial lake — Lake Zakher, in the desert near the border with Oman.

Scientists from the U.S.-based University Corporation for Atmospheric Research say they are now studying local climatology to determine the best location for and ④dimensions of the proposed mountain.

If the project ⑤materializes, moist air from the Gulf could climb up the mountainside and cool, while seeding the clouds from aircraft with eco-friendly chemicals would help create much needed rain, changing the local climate.


※訳注を読む前に語彙を文脈から推測する習慣をつけると未知語への対応能力がつきます。



①artificial : not real or not made of natural things but made to be like something that is real or natural

②trend : a general tendency in the way a situation is changing or developing

③lack : when there is not enough of something, or none of it [= shortage]

④dimension : the length, height, width, depth, or diameter of something:

⑤materialize : to happen or appear in the way that you expected


※語義の出典はロングマンオンラインです。英英辞典の定義文はTOEIC頻出単語の宝庫です。英英辞典が使いにくければenglish x englishをお試しください。
コメント
  • X
  • Facebookでシェアする
  • はてなブックマークに追加する
  • LINEでシェアする

TOEIC改訂のねらいと対策(1)

2016年05月03日 | TOEIC
 10年振りに改訂する「新TOEIC」攻略のツボ 今までのテクニックではもう解けないという興味深い記事がネット上にあったため、一部紹介します。

(引用開始)
もうすぐTOEICテストの出題形式が変更されることをご存じだろうか。TOEICプログラムの開発機関、ETS(Educational Testing Service)が11月5日に発表し、2016年5月29日(日)のテストから新形式が導入される。

TOEICが変わるのはじつに10年ぶり。1979年にTOEICがスタートしてから2006年の1度目の改定を経て、今回2度目の改定となる。「英語業界へのインパクトは大きい。これまでの対策では解けない問題も多く出るので、指導法を見直す必要がある。業界は大慌てだ」。英会話教師からはそうした焦りの声も出ている。

では、新TOEICは何がどう変わるのか――。オンラインTOEICスクール「EigoBuffet(英語ビュッフェ)」を運営するSapiens Sapiensの山内勇樹代表に、新TOEICの想定問題を作成してもらい、傾向と対策を解説してもらった。

小手先のテクニックが通じなくなる

そもそもTOEICは日本でビジネス英語の実力を測るテストとして、幅広く採用されている。しかし従来の出題形式では、特有の解き方さえ身に付ければ、ある程度の点数アップが可能だった。「TOEICの点数と実際の英語力とは異なる」と言われるゆえんである。

「実際、説明文の全体を読んだり聞かなくても解けるため、かなりの数のTOEICスクールが解答に関わる部分だけ読み解くようなテクニックを教えていた」(山内氏)。

新TOEICでは、そうした小手先のテクニックは通じにくくなる。
(引用終了)

 小手先のテクニックではない本物の英語力を身につけるにあたって英英辞典に親しむことはきわめて有効です。どんな言語を習得するのであれ、辞書も満足に使えないようでは上達はまず無理でしょう。
 以下のVOAニュースに登場するTOEIC頻出単語を英英辞典で調べてみます。

Political Cartoons Thrive in Heated US Presidential Campaign

Political cartoons have been around for hundreds of years. Matt Wuerker, a cartoonist for the multimedia news organization Politico, said they can be very ①effective, helping to point out hypocrisies and stupidities.

"If you can combine a funny image with maybe an insightful commentary about the political process, it's something people seem to enjoy," he said.

Art Soiree, an art exhibition organization, held its sixth ②annual political cartoon exhibit in Washington on February 19-20. Art Soiree's founder, Sandro Kereselidze, said Washington is a city of politics.

"Combine politics and art, that's what you get," Kereselidze said of the cartoons.

More than 100 cartoons were on display at the ③exhibit, which drew a large crowd. Republican businessman Donald Trump was the subject of more illustrations than any other presidential candidate.

"Trump is actually possibly going to be the Republican nominee," said Washington Post cartoonist Tom Toles. "That makes him the primary focus of ④attention."

Toles, who won a Pulitzer Prize for his work, said that in political cartoons, irony and criticism go hand-in-hand.

"So if there is a political figure that you don't like, that's a very good subject for a political cartoon," he said.

Keep it simple

Toles said a good political cartoon should be simple — "simplicity of image, simplicity of message. ... It's the idea in a cartoon to take a lot of ⑤complicated ideas and boil them down, make it fast, make it clear, make it funny, if possible."

Visitor Matthew Clifford said he found the exhibit entertaining and useful.

"Having the opportunity to come together, get all sorts of people in the same room, and to be able to look at things that make us laugh together, things that will allow us to understand the humor inherent to the process, it's always going to be healthy," he said. "Hopefully, that can help us come to greater consensus on a number of issues."

In some countries, targeting political leaders in cartoons can land an artist in jail. Politico's Wuerker said the best thing about democracy and freedom of speech is being able to freely make fun of politicians who understand that it's part of the process.

"It's healthy when you can laugh at the leaders and leaders hopefully can laugh along, too," he said. "I can draw anything I want about the president of the United States, and he can’t throw me in jail. I can draw anything I want about Donald Trump, and all he can do is send some mean twitters about it.”

Wuerker said people should care about politics.

"People should also be a little lighthearted about it," he said. "It’s not Sunnis versus Shiites. We can all have a political argument, and at the end of the day we go forward as a country."


①effective : successful, and working in the way that was intended

②annual : happening once a year

③exhibit : an exhibition

④attention : when you carefully listen to, look at, or think about someone or something

⑤complicated : difficult to understand or deal with, because many parts or details are involved [= complex]:

※語義の出典はロングマンオンラインで、intend, deal with, involveといったTOEIC頻出の重要単語が出てくるため効率良く語彙力を増強できます。

※英英辞典片手に公式問題集を解くのはきわめて有効なTOEIC対策になります。TOEICに英英辞典を持ち込めないとはいえ、英英辞典を使いこなす英英思考力はフリーパスです。英英辞典が使いにくければenglish x englishをお試しください。
コメント
  • X
  • Facebookでシェアする
  • はてなブックマークに追加する
  • LINEでシェアする

TOEIC頻出単語(1)入門編200語

2016年05月02日 | TOEIC
 英語試験の出題傾向が変わっても、出てくる語彙が激変するということはないです。
 5月29日に改訂されるTOEICにおいても、従来の頻出単語が登場しなくなるということはまず考えられません。
 そこで、当ブログでは入門編、初級編、中級編、上級編としてそれぞれ200語、計800語を紹介します。今回は入門編200語を紹介します。このレベルですとほとんど大学入試単語と共通しています。例文なしで英単語の意味を日本語で憶えていく学習法はおすすめできませんが、復習用には有効です。

(1)available(利用、使用できる)
(2)display(陳列する)
(3)attend(出席する)
(4)appointment(予約)
(5)exchange(交換する)
(6)delay(遅らせる)
(7)borrow(借りる)
(8)responsible(責任がある)
(9)advice(助言)
(10)prepare(準備する)
(11)research(研究)
(12)labor(労働)
(13)arrival(到着)
(14)document(文書)
(15)achieve(到達する)
(16)receive(受け取る)
(17)indicate(示す)
(18)necessary(必要な)
(19)arrangement(手配)
(20)equipment(器具)
(21)company(会社)
(22)response(返答)
(23)contain(含む)
(24)press(押す)
(25)publish(出版する)
(26)valuable(貴重な)
(27)approve(承認する)
(28)crew(スタッフ)
(29)shelf(棚)
(30)certain(確かな)
(31)community(共同体)
(32)frequent(頻繁な)
(33)accomplish(達成する)
(34)proposal(提案)
(35)budget(予算)
(36)busy(混んでいる)
(37)entrance(入り口)
(38)capable(できる)
(39)sweep(掃く)
(40)sample(見本)
(41)departure(出発)
(42)purchase(購入)
(43)repeat(繰り返す)
(44)graduate(卒業する)
(45)accept(受け入れる)
(46)excellent(素晴らしい)
(47)position(地位)
(48)broadcast(放送する)
(49)lean(もたれる)
(50)delighted(とても嬉しい)
(51)eager(熱望する)
(52)explain(説明する)
(53)equal(平等な)
(54)distribute(配る)
(55)cancel(中止する)
(56)welcome(歓迎する)
(57)confirm(確認する)
(58)approach(近づく)
(59)prevent(防止する)
(60)announce(発表する)
(61)recover(回復する)
(62)message(伝言)
(63)fuel(燃料)
(64)vacant(空きの)
(65)exhibition(展示会)
(66)reservation(予約)
(67)familiar(詳しい)
(68)fasten(締める)
(69)opportunity(機会)
(70)refund(払い戻し)
(71)preserve(保護する)
(72)order(注文)
(73)arrange(並べる)
(76)popularity(人気)
(77)affect(影響する)
(78)article(記事)
(79)encourage(奨励する)
(80)import(輸入する)
(81)inspect(検査する)
(82)consultant(コンサルタント)
(83)compare(比較する)
(84)successful(成功した)
(85)income(収入)
(86)improve(改善する)
(87)career(職歴)
(88)expert(専門家)
(89)persuade(説得する)
(90)influence(影響)
(91)effective(効果的な)
(92)impact(影響)
(93)lack(欠乏)
(94)advertise(広告する)
(95)vehicle(車両)
(96)entire(すべての)
(97)policy(方針)
(98)operate(運営する)
(99)benefit(利点)
(100)convince(納得させる)
(101)export(輸出する)
(102)factor(要因)
(103)population(人口)
(104)report(報告)
(105)production(生産)
(106)satisfied(満足した)
(107)search(探す)
(108)practice(習慣)
(109)transfer(異動させる)
(110)object(反対する)
(111)acquire(獲得する)
(112)describe(説明する)
(113)complaint(苦情)
(114)suitable(ふさわしい)
(115)unique(類のない)
(116)pour(注ぐ)
(117)suggestion(提案)
(118)organize(準備する)
(119)negotiate(交渉する)
(120)book(予約する)
(121)establish(設立する)
(122)determine(決定する)
(123)background(経歴)
(124)president(社長)
(125)postpone(延期する)
(126)aisle(通路)
(127)supply(供給)
(128)prove(判明する)
(129)experience(経験する)
(130)wage(賃金)
(131)participate(参加する)
(132)expense(出費)
(133)obvious(明らかな)
(134)combine(結びつける)
(135)address(取り組む)
(136)invent(発明する)
(137)current(現在の)
(138)process(処理する)
(139)appreciate(感謝する)
(140)inform(知らせる)
(141)introduce(紹介する)
(142)submit(提出する)
(143)invitation(招待)
(144)seek(求める)
(145)remain(とどまる)
(146)method(方法)
(147)form(用紙)
(148)duty(義務)
(149)examine(検証する)
(150)profit(利益)
(151)separate(別々の)
(152)solution(解決法)
(153)survey(調査)
(154)develop(開発する)
(155)accompany(同伴する)
(156)distinguish(区別する)
(157)conduct(実施する)
(158)serve(提供する)
(159)recognize(認める)
(160)load(積み込む)
(161)border(国境)
(162)worth(価値がある)
(163)degree(学位)
(164)rent(賃借する)
(165)medicine(薬品)
(166)raise(金を集める)
(167)maintain(維持する)
(168)surround(囲む)
(169)destination(目的地)
(170)measure(対策)
(171)generate(生み出す)
(172)payment(支払い)
(173)construction(建築)
(174)found(設立する)
(175)view(見解)
(176)opinion(意見)
(177)remove(取り除く)
(178)maximize(最大にする)
(179)repair(修理する)
(180)interview(面接)
(181)check(チェックする)
(182)consider(考慮する)
(183accurate(正確な))
(184)modern(近代の)
(185)financial(財政の)
(186)reflect(映す)
(187)regular(定期的な)
(188)strict(厳格な)
(189)judge(判断する)
(190)forward(転送する)
(191)regard(見なす)
(192)manage(どうにかやり遂げる)
(193)region(地域)
(194)present(提示する)
(195)reduce(減らす)
(196)predict(予測する)
(197)engineer(技術者)
(198)obtain(取得する)
(199)similar(類似の)
(200)appoint(任命する)

※確認テスト
上記を読んだ後で下記のTOEIC頻出単語の語義を答えてください。

(1)available(         )
(2)display(        )
(3)attend(        )
(4)appointment(        )
(5)exchange(        )
(6)delay(        )
(7)borrow(        )
(8)responsible(        )
(9)advice(        )
(10)prepare(        )
(11)research(        )
(12)labor(        )
(13)arrival(        )
(14)document(        )
(15)achieve(        )
(16)receive(        )
(17)indicate(        )
(18)necessary(        )
(19)arrangement(        )
(20)equipment(        )
(21)company(        )
(22)response(        )
(23)contain(        )
(24)press(        )
(25)publish(        )
(26)valuable(        )
(27)approve(        )
(28)crew(       )
(29)shelf(       )
(30)certain(        )
(31)community(        )
(32)frequent(       )
(33)accomplish(       )
(34)proposal(        )
(35)budget(       )
(36)busy(        )
(37)entrance(       )
(38)capable(       )
(39)sweep(        )
(40)sample(        )
(41)departure(        )
(42)purchase(        )
(43)repeat(        )
(44)graduate(        )
(45)accept(        )
(46)excellent(        )
(47)position(        )
(48)broadcast(       )
(49)lean(        )
(50)delighted(       )
(51)eager(       )
(52)explain(        )
(53)equal(        )
(54)distribute(        )
(55)cancel(        )
(56)welcome(        )
(57)confirm(        )
(58)approach(        )
(59)prevent(        )
(60)announce(        )
(61)recover(        )
(62)message(        )
(63)fuel(        )
(64)vacant(        )
(65)exhibition(        )
(66)reservation(        )
(67)familiar(       )
(68)fasten(        )
(69)opportunity(        )
(70)refund(        )
(71)preserve(        )
(72)order(        )
(73)arrange(        )
(76)popularity(        )
(77)affect(        )
(78)article(        )
(79)encourage(        )
(80)import(        )
(81)inspect(       )
(82)consultant(        )
(83)compare(        )
(84)successful(       )
(85)income(        )
(86)improve(        )
(87)career(        )
(88)expert(        )
(89)persuade(       )
(90)influence(        )
(91)effective(        )
(92)impact(        )
(93)lack(        )
(94)advertise(        )
(95)vehicle(        )
(96)entire(        )
(97)policy(        )
(98)operate(        )
(99)benefit(        )
(100)convince(        )
(101)export(        )
(102)factor(        )
(103)population(        )
(104)report(       )
(105)production(        )
(106)satisfied(       )
(107)search(        )
(108)practice(        )
(109)transfer(       )
(110)object(        )
(111)acquire(        )
(112)describe(        )
(113)complaint(        )
(114)suitable(        )
(115)unique(        )
(116)pour(        )
(117)suggestion(        )
(118)organize(        )
(119)negotiate(        )
(120)book(        )
(121)establish(        )
(122)determine(        )
(123)background(        )
(124)president(        )
(125)postpone(       )
(126)aisle(        )
(127)supply(        )
(128)prove(        )
(129)experience(        )
(130)wage(        )
(131)participate(         )
(132)expense(        )
(133)obvious(        )
(134)combine(        )
(135)address(        )
(136)invent(        )
(137)current(        )
(138)process(        )
(139)appreciate(       )
(140)inform(        )
(141)introduce(       )
(142)submit(        )
(143)invitation(       )
(144)seek(        )
(145)remain(        )
(146)method(        )
(147)form(        )
(148)duty(        )
(149)examine(        )
(150)profit(        )
(151)separate(        )
(152)solution(        )
(153)survey(        )
(154)develop(        )
(155)accompany(        )
(156)distinguish(        )
(157)conduct(        )
(158)serve(        )
(159)recognize(        )
(160)load(        )
(161)border(        )
(162)worth(        )
(163)degree(        )
(164)rent(       )
(165)medicine(       )
(166)raise(        )
(167)maintain(        )
(168)surround(        )
(169)destination(       )
(170)measure(       )
(171)generate(        )
(172)payment(       )
(173)construction(       )
(174)found(        )
(175)view(        )
(176)opinion(        )
(177)remove(        )
(178)maximize(        )
(179)repair(        )
(180)interview(        )
(181)check(        )
(182)consider(        )
(183accurate(        )
(184)modern(        )
(185)financial(        )
(186)reflect(        )
(187)regular(        )
(188)strict(        )
(189)judge(        )
(190)forward(        )
(191)regard(        )
(192)manage(        )
(193)region(        )
(194)present(        )
(195)reduce(       )
(196)predict(        )
(197)engineer(        )
(198)obtain(       )
(199)similar(        )
(200)appoint(        )
コメント
  • X
  • Facebookでシェアする
  • はてなブックマークに追加する
  • LINEでシェアする