Essay代写：Britain under the European debt crisis

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Britain under the European debt crisis，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了欧债危机下的英国。欧债危机下，欧元区危机已深度殃及英国经济。虽然英国未加入欧元区，但欧元区乃是英国最大的贸易伙伴，危机的深化使得英国经济增长风险显著增加。在英国对非欧元区出口也在下降的情况下，英国经济很可能因此陷入衰退，出现二次探底。

The UK government has vowed to abandon the pretence of national security or reciprocal openness, "not all, but where", and to enlist foreign sovereign funds in its infrastructure plans to drive growth. It has been two years since the outbreak of the European debt crisis, but it is still escalating. During the crisis, Britain has been a misfit, repeatedly saying it would not intervene on a large scale in the eurozone rescue operation. At an eu summit in December, Mr Cameron used his veto to block the treaty. At the annual meeting in davos in January, prime minister David Cameron went even further, publicly slamming euro zone leaders for being slow to act, leading to a deepening crisis and unmanageable situation. As for Britain's "hands-off" attitude, many friends are wondering: can the English channel really insulate the British Isles from the eurozone crisis?

Indeed, Mr Cameron's government seems to understand that the euro zone crisis has hit the British economy hard. Although Britain is not a member of the euro zone, the euro zone is Britain's largest trading partner, and 40% of Britain's exports go to the euro zone countries. The deepening of the crisis has significantly increased the risk of Britain's economic growth. Britain's economy shrank by 0.2% in the fourth quarter of 2011, according to figures released by the office for national statistics on January 25th. Britain's unemployment rate rose to 8.4%, with the number of unemployed rising by 118,000, the highest in 16 years. With Britain's exports to the rest of the euro zone also falling, the economy is likely to fall into recession and double dip.

It is well known that the UK has a long history of a parliamentary system and has long played an important role on the world stage. During this period, the political elites and the bureaucratic class have been thoroughly tempered for hundreds of years, and the distinct "conservative and pragmatic" British wisdom has been nurtured and inherited. In the face of the euro zone crisis, Cameron's government did not simply choose to participate in the rescue, which may seem callous to the world, but actually it is the consistent wisdom adopted by the British government after seeing through the unresolved nature of the euro zone's problems. At the turn of the century Britain had never seen a single currency coexist with independent finances, so it needed to see results. The UK therefore chose not to rush into the eurozone, but to keep separate monetary, fiscal and interest rate policies for the pound.

In a special speech at davos on January 26th, the prime minister repeated that the euro was not sustainable. The Cameron government believes that all successful single currencies require sound and mature institutions, including a strong central bank, sound financial institutions, highly integrated economies that are resilient to shocks, fiscal transfers that address internal imbalances and risks, and common bond issuance. The euro zone's problem is not that it lacks any of these institutions, but none at all. Moreover, there are big differences among the eurozone economies, which easily lead to fiscal and trade imbalances among the different economies in the region, and this debt crisis is the concentrated outbreak of such imbalances.

In contrast to its "conservative" approach to the eurozone crisis, the UK government has adopted a "pragmatic" approach to the crisis. Mr Cameron's government came to power with a defiant, aggressive approach to deficit reduction that kept Britain's credit rating intact from the worst of the storm now hitting the euro zone's debt. But instead of being a temporary safe haven, Britain is building its future with the kind of decisiveness that is rare in western politics, but extremely valuable.

At the eu level, prime minister David Cameron has advocated deregulation of the economy, particularly by streamlining red tape in areas such as employment to make eu economies more competitive. Mr Cameron said up to 4,700 jobs across the eu were subject to over-regulation and protectionism, placing a huge burden on the economy and squandering jobs. While improving its competitiveness, the eu should avoid the resurgence of trade protectionism and meet the challenge of globalization. The eu should speed up trade integration negotiations with Japan, India and Singapore to enjoy the economic growth opportunities brought by globalization.

At home, Mr Cameron's government wants to liberalise trade and economic co-operation with non-eu economies, especially emerging ones. Britain will embark on a massive programme of infrastructure renewal, upgrading and rebuilding. The UK government has vowed to abandon the pretence of national security or reciprocal openness, "not all, but where", and to enlist foreign sovereign funds in its infrastructure plans to drive growth.

Cic and other Chinese investors have been cordially invited to participate in large-scale infrastructure projects such as transport, energy, water and communications in the UK during chancellor George osborne's meeting with Chinese vice premier wang qishan in Beijing on January 17. China has also endorsed London as an offshore renminbi clearing and trading centre outside Hong Kong. On January 20th, cic formally invested in Thames water, which supplies drinking water to London, with a stake of 8.68%. Taking the opportunity of this year's London Olympics and the queen's diamond jubilee celebrations, the cultural exchanges and economic and trade cooperation between China and the UK are expected to reach a new level.

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Assignment代写：American psychological association

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- American psychological association，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国心理学会。美国心理学会是美国心理学领域的一个专业组织，对心理学的发展与发扬有着很大的贡献。美国心理学会将心理学定义为对思想和行为的研究。这一学科包括对人类的所有方面的经历与经验的学习，从大脑的功能到国家的行为，成长到变老的过程。美国心理学会认为心理学工作者应以理解人类行为为工作与研究的核心，并向这一方向努力。

In the history of modern psychology, American psychology has made great contribution to the development and development of world psychology. Since the mid-19th century, the United States has inherited the theories and studies of various schools of European psychology, and gradually evolved psychology into scientific, professional and applied in the United States. Now American psychology already had very perfect and complex system, its branch is much, wide, detail.

The American Psychological Association defines psychology as the study of thoughts and actions. It involves learning about all aspects of human experience and experience, from the functioning of the brain to the behavior of the state, from the birth and growth of babies to the aging process. Psychology exists in every environment and position we can imagine. The American psychological association believes that psychologists should make the understanding of human behavior the core of their work and research, and work in this direction.

The American psychological association was founded in July 1892 at clark university in Massachusetts, with Stanley Hall as its founder and first President. The American psychological association is an organization that represents the professional and scientific development of American psychology. Its mission is to promote the development of psychology as a science, as a profession, as a means to promote health, education and human prosperity. Comprehensive encourages all the American psychological association branch of psychology in the most extensive and the most free way to development, advocate psychology research and improvement of research methods and conditions, improve psychological workers, to develop and maintain the association to the highest standards of professional ethics and conduct, and through the meeting, discussion, report and release materials and other ways to increase and develop knowledge of psychology.

When the American psychological association was founded, Stanley hall did not make a long-term plan, but the social situation and psychological environment at that time needed an organization that could unite and unify the psychological circle. The history of the American psychological association is thin, and even the date of its founding can be divided over who was present. All we know now is that hall sent out 26 invitations to his colleagues and friends to join the group. From the 26 "members" who received hall's invitations at the time, apa has grown to more than 148,000 members, including international members.

Over the past one hundred and ten years, the American psychological association has undergone many reforms and changes. For example, it raises the bar for early members from "just doing whatever it takes to improve psychology" to today's requirement for a doctorate in psychology or related disciplines.

The apa has gone through several stages in its development:

In the first stage, we will constantly standardize the requirements for its membership. The standard of membership did not reach its present level until after 1920.

The second stage is to continuously improve the academic status of the society. In 1925, the American psychological association purchased some stable psychological journals, such as psychology express, psychology review, psychology index, etc., which confirmed the stable status of the society in the field of psychology.

In the third stage, it gradually evolved into an organization focusing on applied psychology and gradually standardized the standards of psychology at all levels.

Before the outbreak of the World War II, some applied clinical psychologists were dissatisfied with the American psychological association. They felt that the association despised applied psychology, so they formed the American association of applied psychology independently from the American psychological association.

After World War II, the American psychological association changed its focus and increased its recognition of the branch of clinical applied psychology in order to meet the great demand for clinical psychology talents in the United States. The American government has changed the focus of the American psychological association by providing large sums of money to universities to train people in clinical psychology to meet this demand. It is from the establishment of the organization focused on psychological theory and research, and gradually evolved into an organization focused on applied psychology. The chapter structure of the American psychological association was also formed after World War II. The American psychological association currently has 54 chapters, each of which is a carefully divided representative branch of psychology.

After the 1950s, some researchers in the American Psychological Association gradually felt that the Association no longer represented the interests of scientific and experimental psychology, and split from the American Psychological Association to form a separate Association for Psychological Science.

The American psychological association has formed the American council of professional psychological examiners, which sets professional licensing rules and administers its examinations. In addition, the society has become a registered organization for the doctoral programs of clinical psychology, school psychology and psychological counselors.

In the fourth stage, psychological knowledge and information are widely disseminated in the service of national policies. Since 1970, the American psychological association has gradually paid attention to various American public Policy issues related to psychological knowledge, so it established the Office of APA National Policy Studies in 1979 to participate in the research and formulation of public policies on psychology by various departments of the American government. After 1980, the American psychological association spent a lot of time and resources on the dissemination of psychological knowledge and information. During this period, PsycINFO was established. PsycINFO is the American psychological association's electronic abstracts database of magazine articles, books, book chapters, reports, and papers. The American psychological association is the world's largest publisher of psychology books and magazines. American Psychologist is its official publication.

In the history of American psychology, in addition to Stanley hall to promote the American psychological association played a pivotal role, there are a number of outstanding psychological contributors.

Lightner Witmer, a psychologist known as the father of school psychology in the late 19th century and early 20th century, founded the earliest psychological clinic in the United States in 1896 at the university of Pennsylvania. He provided counseling and treatment for students and children with learning and psychological problems, as well as psychological training for teachers.

James Cattell was the first professor of psychology in the United States. He represented the independence of American psychology from the branch of philosophy. In 1891, carter established the first psychology laboratory at the university of Pennsylvania.

Other representatives of American psychology are Gordon Allport, who did a lot of research on personality development from 1920s to 1960s and made great contributions to developmental psychology. Carl Rogers was a famous personality development psychologist from the 1920s to the 1960s, known as the father of visitor centered therapy. Abraham Maslow was a famous developmental psychologist from the 1930s to the 1960s. His most famous theory was the hierarchy of needs. Harry Harlow did many famous experiments on love and dependence with monkeys between the 1930s and 1970s. Erik Erikson's theory of the developmental stages of social psychology made great contributions to social psychology and developmental psychology from the 1950s to the 1970s. B.F. Skinner was a famous behavioral psychologist in the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia Satir was a famous family therapy psychologist from the 1940s to the 1980s.

The American psychological association has four kinds of members, namely, Associate Affiliate, Student Affiliate, Teacher Affiliate and International Affiliate. Cooperation membership requirement is must obtain a master's degree in psychology or related disciplines, any psychology undergraduate or master's doctoral students may apply for student members, any psychology teachers can apply for membership, other psychology workers do not live in the United States or Canada can apply for international members of the American psychological association. Leading the sprawling association is the President of the American psychological association, elected once a year.

The American psychological association awards various awards for contributions to psychology. The highest honor is the distinguished contribution award. Including eight awards "outstanding contribution award", or "psychology of excellence award", "psychology of public interest outstanding contribution award", "distinguished psychology science applications award", "psychology training and teaching excellence award", "applied research excellence award", "public clinic professional excellence award", "improve the psychology of international outstanding contribution award" and Theodore Blau early career professional clinical psychology outstanding contribution award ".

The annual meeting of the American psychological association is one of the major annual conferences in the field of psychology, with an average of 10,000-20,000 scholars, experts, researchers and students from all over the world attending. In order to narrate, discuss and study the development of psychology, it is pushed to a new climax.

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Essay Proofreading讲解

Essay Proofreading，就是Essay完成后的润色和校对，是Essay写作的最后一步。虽然Essay Proofreading对于Essay写作非常重要，但却被很多留学生所忽略，最后导致Essay里的错误没有改正过来，只能拿到很低的分数。那么Essay Proofreading该怎么去做呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

1.重视Essay写作基本规则

essay写作基本规则包括语法、单词拼写和标点符号等。很多同学有—个错误观念，那就是语法和拼写都是小问题，不值得重视。事实上，这些小错误非常影响教授评分时的阅读体验。一篇语法、单词拼写和标点符号都使用正确的文章，不仅可以让教授阅读起来更快速更轻松，还可以更好地传达你的观点。关于标点符号的写作规范，推荐阅读：Essay写作中的标点符号干货。而一篇一眼望去语法和拼写错误遍布的文章，必定会让教授失去耐心，最后给你一个不理想的分数。所以，即使你的论文思路清晰、观点明确在完成Essay Draf之后，都需要逐字逐句地修改，纠正每个基本错误，避免"阴沟里翻"。

2.内容表达和文章逻辑结构

检查完最基本的错误之外，第二步就是检查Essay写作内容和逻辑结构。首先“扪心自问”一下，老师给的论文题目是什么?你写的Essay是否回应了所有的题目要求?是否出现文不对题的情况，有没有需要除的内容?是不是所有的内容都是和你的thesis statement紧密联系的，并目是为你Argument服务的?如果不是，就需要考虑删除这部分英文写作和中文写作之间存在很大的差别。不同于中文写作喜欢运用各种伏笔和铺垫，英文写作看中开门见山，每个观点都需要有充分、准确的证据来支持。从总体上来说，一篇文章需要有清晰的 Introduction, main body和conclusion缺一不可。而通常在开头段的最后一句话就是概括全文中心思想的 thesis statement，每一段话也要有 topic sentence来清晰明白的告诉读者，你在这一段里面要说什么。

其次再从以下方面对论文结构进行检查：

1) A clear main idea/ thesis is established

主题清晰明了

2) The paper is well organized. It has an introduction, a body and a conclusion. The paragraphs flow logically and smoothly. I have included the transitions

文章结构合理，包含了introduction, bcy和conclusion。段落之间过渡自然，使用了 transition

3) The main idea is supported by a number of major points or arguments

中心思想由几个论点来文持。

4) The supporting points are backed up by evidence(from readings, outside sources, relevant experience.

每一个论文都有充分的证据来证明，证据可以来源于课堂阅读材料、外邰文献和相关经历。

5) Any evidence offered is analyzed to strengthen the main idea(s)in the paper.

提出证据的时候井不是平销直级，而是费对证据一个分析，说明该证据是如何巩固了你的中心思想。

6) A variety of relevant perspectives are considered and addressed

从多个角度思考和讨论你的中心思想

3.正确使用论文引用格式和排版

很多中国留学生在来到国外之前，都没有接触过reference。国外大学里面最常见的论文引用格式是Harvard哈佛引用格式。除了平时的essay，关于引用格式的要求也是毕业论文当中非常重要的一部分。如果不认真对待，就有可能被判定为论文抄袭，严重的甚至会被学校开除。

除了论文引用格式，论文排版也是留学生容易疏忽的地方。Essay格式必须严格遵守学校的规定，比如行间距、页边距、脚注和页码等等。如果你不重视这些细节，不仅论文得不到高分，更严重的是让教授怀疑你的求学态度是否端正。所以，我们提醒大家，论文完成之后，一定要仔细proofreading，不管是从引用格式还是论文排版上，都需要一一校对，不要在细节上丢分。

4.确保Essay原创，检查Essay重复率

国外大学对待论文抄袭的态度十分严肃，有的学校在学生提交论文之前还需要签署保证文件。所以在提交essay之前，需要对论文做一个论文重复率检测，做到心中有数。

国外大学最常见的论文抄袭检测软件就是Turnitin. Turnitin是一个很大的文献库，很多学校都要求文章上交到Turnitin系统，系统会进行收录，只要你的文章内容与文库相同就会被视为抄袭。每次提交论文之前，教授都会提前开放Turnitin系统，但是对于是否可以重复检测，每个学校有不同的规定。有的学校规定24小时之内论文不能重复提交，而有的学校规定Turnitin检测不能重复提交，提交一次就直接入库，如果再次提交，将出现高达99%的重复率。所以大家在使用Turnitin论文原创性检测之前，请务必弄清楚学校的规定。

以上就是关于Essay Proofreading的讲解，希望大家在以后写作Essay的时候都能抽一点时间去把Essay Proofreading做好，这样Essay才有机会拿高分。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：The project cost

本篇paper代写- The project cost讨论了工程造价。工程造价关乎投资方和施工单位的切身利益，如何提高工程造价管理的质量和水平，关乎双方利益。做好工程造价的管理方案有助于合理规划工程中的人力、物力消耗。但是如今的工程造价现状并不理想，存在着种种问题，包括计算方法和实际情况有差异、科学管理方案受阻碍以及工程造价意识不强等。要想解决这些问题，首先要明确工程造价中失控的因素，结合实际情况，及时进行工程项目的调整。并且还要对工程造价的不同阶段采取不同的管理措施，保证每一个阶段顺利进行，规范工程造价的方案。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

The project cost relates to the vital interests of the investors and the construction units, how to improve the quality and level of the project cost management, which is related to the interests of both parties. The management plan of the project cost can help the manpower and material consumption in the project. But the current situation is not ideal engineering cost, there are all sorts of problems, including the calculation method and there are differences between the actual situation, scientific management scheme was blocked, and the project cost consciousness is not strong, etc., these problems need to take relevant measures to solve.

Through the correct reasonable calculation method on the basis of the quota is a important part of the project cost management, but our country present stage of project management cost calculation method and actual situation has a certain difference. At present, China mainly applies two kinds of construction budget calculation method, one is the physical method and the other is the real amount method. The physical method is mainly based on the construction drawings obtained by the professional staff, combined with the actual construction quantity, the personnel and material resources used in the construction process are evaluated systematically, and the quantity of works is calculated. Physical amount is in physical method, on the basis of the precise calculation and analysis of the data again, the main method is recorded by the physical method of manpower and material resources consumption, combined with the economic situation of the construction area, construction area of material price, labor cost, the cost of manpower and material resources multiplied by the corresponding Labour cost, material price, it is concluded that the construction budget. Both of these methods have advantages and disadvantages, and the results are different from the actual situation. The budget is divided into the project cost budget and the construction price budget. Different calculation methods will get different budget results, and the control costs should be analyzed through the comparison between them.

Project cost is a series of work, different work stage needs to adopt different corresponding plan. However, due to the hindrance of traditional thought, many scientific management schemes can not be widely realized. Generally received the influence of the various stages of engineering cost, the influence of the decision-making phase of the project cost is one of the biggest, so scientific management scheme for decision-making phase is particularly important, need to determine the completeness of science of management. The main problem is before investing in our country at present stage can't be detailed and objective analysis, information collection is not comprehensive, easily affected by personal thoughts, staff personal work quality is not strong, there are very few staff carefully understand the characteristics of the global economy and our country's economy, the decision to the tail from wagging the dog. In addition to the construction stage, the main feature of the construction stage is that there are many influencing factors. Since the construction period is the longest, there will be various fluctuations in the economy during this long period, especially the price of materials, which fluctuates greatly. In traditional thinking, the management plan should not be changed greatly, but in fact, there are many management solutions that have strong timeliness and need to put forward untimely management plan.

Project cost concerns the vital interests of the investors and construction units, both investors and construction units often produce dispute on engineering cost, at the end of the day, or lack of engineering cost consciousness at the present stage in our country. There are four types of project cost awareness that require investors and construction workers to pay high attention to, namely, individual pricing awareness, competitive pricing awareness, legal pricing awareness, and pricing awareness in accordance with the law. In terms of individual consciousness is particularly important in the interests of both parties, but our country has always been the traditional engineering as a kind of mission is not a commodity, the influence of traditional ideas make settlement problems, construction units to different engineering settlement without complete sets, not objective effectively reflect different engineering properties accordingly. In terms of competition consciousness appeared earlier in our country, but the development of construction cost, the principle of our country is still in use quota competition, between the construction unit has on the table, at the same time also with the more under the mesa of black-box operation. The operation of the construction unit is the embodiment of the lack of competitive pricing consciousness, so that the bid of the super standard has lost its due meaning, and the factors that should exist in the competition cannot give the investors a comprehensive understanding.

There are many factors that can spin out of control of project cost, investors want to gain more benefits and construction unit, must be combined with the actual situation, clear the control factors of the project cost to adopt scientific solutions in a timely manner. The first is cost control, the time required for construction is very long. In this long construction period, the changes of international economy and domestic economy are in indefinite time direction. Every economic fluctuation causes a change in the cost of labor and material costs. Timely and accurate cost control plays an important role in this situation. The most direct and important two items of cost control are labor cost control and material cost control. The labor cost is affected by time and region, so it needs to control expenditure and adopt real-name system. The work tasks in the construction process must be carried out to everyone, and the influence of various uncontrollable factors in the construction process should be considered, and the appropriate remuneration of the staff shall be given to ensure the quality of work. Material costs are mainly affected by the acquisition process. In the process of obtaining the material, the source of the material is different, the quality price is different, the use of the operator is much, and the processing cost is severely regulated by the market. It is necessary to choose reasonable procurement methods, compare the quality of raw materials in different regions, and take into account the transportation costs of raw materials in different regions as well as the consumption loss in the transportation process, and rationally choose the source of procurement.

Every stage of the project cost should standardize management mechanism, from the decision-making stage, construction stage, bidding and tendering stage to the last stage of the completion of the management, should be to ensure that the audit is strictly forbidden, follow the process of system. The most important thing in the decision-making process is to ensure the correctness of the content. The decision-making content is the foundation of the project cost, which indirectly affects the construction, bidding and auditing of the construction cost, which must be paid attention to. To do this need to increase staff's work quality, ensure that every member of the team work can reasonable analysis, from the general situation in a timely manner to understand the international and domestic economic situation, has the ability to expand the objective investigation before decision, not by its own factors. Construction stage is the concentration stage of investment, it is the stage of product formation. This stage takes a long time and is obviously influenced by different factors. This requires the audit unit to carefully check the budget and make unreasonable plans in the budget. The management of the construction stage is actually the result of the decision of management once again, we will strictly control the cost of the material, control the quality of the materials, construction units and investors, for a reasonable price.

Reasonable and standard construction cost plan needs to be controlled effectively at all stages. The project cost shall be controlled throughout the whole project as long as the pre-project, the middle period of the project and the cost control of the later stage of the project. The preparation stage of the preliminary design needs the staff to give the corresponding attention. The preparatory phase of the design includes investment decision and construction design, which is related to the basic cost positioning of the whole project. To effective planning scheme of the early stage of the project cost, the enterprise can adopt voting, forecast investment department is divided into several groups, each group of expectations, with low investment cost and high quality standards, a reasonable balance for examination and assessment of the two factors, the choice of objective planning scheme, adopt the best configuration. In the construction stage, it is mainly to the manpower and the material resources strict control. The construction unit cannot pay the laborer due to the labor remuneration is the foundation of the smooth construction, in addition, the labor remuneration needs to match the work content and work quality of the workers. After the completion of the project, it is necessary to strictly examine and verify whether there is any need to rectify the project according to the completion plan and the actual market requirements.

At present, there are many problems in the construction cost of our country, how to solve these problems rationally, and improve the quality of project is an urgent concern. In the practice of constantly running, through past successes and teaching, Chinese enterprises generally summarizes some effective control of engineering cost, must first clear out of control factors in the project cost, combined with the actual situation, in a timely manner the adjustment of the project. Different management measures should be taken at different stages of the project cost to ensure the smooth progress of each stage and to standardize the project cost. The project cost problem is constantly exposed, and the solution also needs the joint efforts of the staff to optimize.

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Essay代写：Britain's second state pension scheme

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Britain's second state pension scheme，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国国家第二养老金计划。英国的国家第二养老金计划是布莱尔工党上台后提出的一项养老金改革计划，也被称为附加国家养老金，目的在于取代始于1978年的国家收入关联养老金计划，与国家基本养老金一起共同构成为英国养老金制度体系的第一支柱，它可称得上是现代英国养老金计划建设中的一大特色。

"The state second pension plan is proposed by Britain's Tony Blair Labour came to power after a pension reform plan, also known as the additional state pension, the purpose is to replace began in 1978" national income associated pension plan or SERPS, together with the national basic pension for the first pillar of the UK pension system. It is a feature of the modern British pension scheme.

Since Tony Blair came to power in 1997 has been more attention in the field of welfare reform, and systematically puts forward the idea of "the second generation of welfare" argues that the point is to encourage people to actively work, strengthen the enterprising consciousness and self-reliance spirit, not just rely on social relief, the government needs to reduce the excessive intervention in social security, advocates "country retreat", but at the same time also to the "no chance in life dilemma" is responsible for the poor. Taking this as the starting point, Blair successively launched the "new youth deal", "new single parent deal" and other measures, as well as the reform in the welfare, education and training of minors. As for the pension system, the proposal and implementation of S2P is one of its most important reform measures.

The main target population of S2P is low - and middle-income people and those working with long-term ill or physically disabled caregivers. As the first pillar of the pension system, it has a very low barriers to entry, the national basic pension insurance premiums while any paid no occupational pensions or employees of the private pension will automatically with enjoy S2P qualification, is the only thing now is excluded freelancers, reason is that they pay in basic pension insurance cost is lower than the ordinary employees, and encourage them to raise carries expends the specified amount and then get to enjoy law qualification has yet to come. As the direct care of vulnerable groups, S2P for its pay pay level is better than its predecessor SERPS: in under the same number of years of pay is basic annuities insurance cost, S2P according to different income levels different pensions paid to policy-holder, and it's annual income is less, the resulting replacement rate level is higher, although look from the absolute number, income of the most high income still inevitably more than the low income earners. Such a step by step decline in the way of hair, is undoubtedly a major tilt to low-income people, but also on the higher income of a suppression strategy. Moreover, S2P followed the effective practice of SERPS and attached great importance to the rights and interests of women or men who raised children or took care of the elderly at home, so that their care work could also be recognized by the society, reflecting the principle of labor equity.

In line with the steps-down method, the S2P scheme sets up the so-called "exit" mechanism, which provides relatively preferential alternatives for those with higher incomes, and guides them to give up S2P more often and participate in the second and third pillars, such as occupational pension or private pension, so as to make the basic guarantee function of the first pillar more prominent. The biggest characteristic of this system lies in the "discount", namely the employees choose to leave after S2P, he himself and his employer will enjoy the national basic pension insurance cost of pay discounts and preferential, the higher the employees' personal income, the more discount, just return these discount is not directly to individual employees, but by his own choice of a career, a pension plan or private pension plans have investment and value-added, and the government's value-added part of the rebate and tax breaks. On the whole, this discount system is obviously designed for employees with higher income and stronger ability to resist risks. For low-income employees, it is difficult for them to bear the risk of market investment, so the first consideration of the "exit" mechanism is the expected investment return. Opt out means that will face the market investment risk, should not only consider the value, must also take into account the certain value range, according to the English themselves, this kind of discount of gold investment yields should reach 7% before the treatment of matching S2P plan, of course, it also depends on execution of S2P changes, namely, as an integral part of the national planning S2P is also connected to some political risk, the government's transition and the reform of the daily will also affect it, which requires employees to own consideration and thinking; The second factor to be considered is the income level. The higher the personal income is, the larger the preferential amount of withdrawal will be, the stronger the investment profitability will be, and it will be easier to increase the investment income. On the contrary, it will be more difficult for low-income people. Another factor to consider is age. The younger the employee, the longer the discount investment period and the greater the potential growth benefit. S2P "exit mechanism", although is still follow the practice of the SERPS, but more complex and need to be considered more seriously, this is, of course, strengthen the responsibility of the individual spirit and risk awareness, individuals can master the basic state pension life in the future, this also with the Blair government policy objectives, consistent with the global development trend of the social security requirements, S2P this British unique system creation is also the cause of the country's social security reform has played a unique role.

As an important part of the first pillar of the UK pension system, S2P reflects the responsibility of the government in the modern social security system. Despite the current for the role of government in social security system problems the world is a lot of discussions and tests, the overall direction is toward the reflection and weakening and national role, but the country as the role of the social security system the policy bottom line can't be negative, this is a mature modern society must have a system of quality. Not only can not deny, how to reform and improve it should be more attention.

As the first pillar, its primary task is to maintain the lowest living standard of citizens and prevent them from falling into the abyss of poverty, which determines that its target group should be the low-end group of society, namely the poor or vulnerable groups. The attention and support to this group of people is not only an important aspect of the current global pension security system reform, but also a severe challenge faced by China. The S2P plan of the UK provides some reference for us on how the government should implement effective safeguard policies for the poor groups. For example, the government should consciously strengthen the construction of occupational pension and private pension, so as to provide a strong support for the government pension plan and give citizens more independent choices. Another example is the connection between the old and new policies. Of course, the most direct is the obvious slant of S2P on low-income groups. In May 2006, the British government as the first pillar of the national basic pension and S2P has issued a white paper, and put forward the major reform proposals, including restoring national basic pension contact link between personal income, the income of the individual must pay the basic pension insurance cost is higher, at the same time, gradually will S2P pay treatment unification, namely row neat S2P treatment from the absolute amount standard, and linked with the rate of inflation, annual review. These two proposals are clearly intended to enable low-income people to receive more government pension assistance at lower contribution costs, and this extra part is not from the government's fiscal subsidies, but from higher income people to pay more premiums to the state basic pension. As the national basic pension system is mandatory, these measures are generally considered as the "price" paid by high-income groups for social stability, as well as their "subsidy" to low-income people, which more clearly reflects the welfare principle of social mutual aid. Although the white paper to truly implement these reform measures are put forward also need depending on the specific situation, needs to about 2012 to 2015 is possible, but such a direction, a key support the social security of poor people bottom of the new structure is in the social security construction in our country should also be an important content of cannot be ignored.

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