英文论文的大纲详解

不知道大家在写作英文论文的时候，有没有先写大纲的习惯。其实按道理来说，无论是什么样的英文论文，都需要先把大纲写好，然后再开始正文的写作，这样的写作效果是最好的，毕竟大纲可以帮助我们梳理英文论文的思路和想法，下面就给大家详细讲解一下英文论文的大纲。

什么是大纲呢？

大纲是一个用来思考和组织你的文章的一个比较正式的系统。例如你可以通过大纲来检查你的各个想法是否相关，以什么顺序效果最好，或者你是否有足够的证据来支持你的每一个观点。大纲对于任何类型的文章都有一定的帮助，可以帮您总揽全局。

大纲有以下两种类型：主题型大纲和句子型大纲

主题型大纲由短语组成。当你在处理一系列以不同方式组织文章的不同问题时是非常有用的。

句子型大纲是以完整的句子组成。通常情况下，当你的文章着重描写一些比较复杂的细节时使用。句子型大纲对于此类文章十分有用，因为句子本身可能就有很多细节性的因素。句子型的大纲还可以将这些细节涵盖在句子中，而不是非要创造一个很多页的由许多短语组成的大纲。

主题型大纲和句子型大纲都会遵循严格的格式、使用罗马和阿拉伯数字以及开头使用大小写字母等。这些有助于你以及任何读你大纲的人容易理解你的组织结构。这种类型的大纲常用于课堂论文和演讲。没有规定哪种类型的大纲是最好的，只要选择一个最适合你文章的大纲就行。

准备写大纲

1.确定主题。英文论文的主题是非常重要的。试着用一句话或是短语来总结你论文的重点。这将有助于保证你论文关注的重点。

2.识别主目录（主要章节论点）。你的文章将涵盖哪些重点？介绍的部分通常会介绍你全部的要点，然后剩下的文章可以用来发展这些要点。

3.创建第一个章节（或者叫第一个论点）。你的第一点想涵盖什么？如果文章是围绕着一个很复杂的术语，定义通常是一个很好地起点。比如关于一个特定理论的文章，给出理论的大概背景知识也可能是一个很好的起点。

4.创建子论点。在你确定所有章节重点内容（主要论点）之后，你需要创建一些观点来为你的重点内容提供支撑。你使用的点取决于你将要涵盖的信息量，使用多少数量都是可以的。

按照惯例，每个章节至少包括两个条目。如果你的第一类是罗马数字I，那么你的大纲接下来必须还要有一个类别标记罗马数字II；如果你的类别是大写字母A，那接下来必须要有大写字母B。至于之后是否需要大写字母C/D/E等，这些取决于你自己，取决于你将要描写的材料的数量。你只需要有两个数字或是字母类的类别就行。

完成后的大纲可以参考以下格式：

Television and Children’s Violence

I. Introduction

A. Does television cause violence?

1. Brief mention of previous areas of research

2. Identify causation dilemma

B. Present studies on both sides

1. Some studies are “for”

2. Some studies are “against”

C. After weighing evidence it appears that TV does not cause violence

II. Research “For”

A. First study “for”

1. Method

2. Results

3. Analysis of their conclusions

a. insufficient sample size

b. but representative sample

B. Second study “for”

1. Method

2. Results

3. Analysis of their conclusions

a. faulty instructions

b. poor control group

III. Research “Against”

A. Study “against”

1. Method

2. Results

3. Analysis of their conclusions

a. Perfect controls

b. No unwarranted generalizations

B. Second study “against”

1. Method

2. Results

3. Analysis of their conclusions

a. Large sample size

b. Real world setting

c. But typical problems with external validity

IV. Conclusion

A. Studies “for” all have poor methodology

B. Studies “against” all have good methodology

C. Research doesn’t support that TV causes violence

D. More research needed

保持你的大纲灵活

尽管大纲的格式是固定的，但关于你如何写英文论文这方面应该是保持灵活的。通常情况下当你开始写作的时候，尤其是对于你不知道的话题时，文章会朝向不同的方向发展。如果你的论文方向发生变化或是你加入了新的部分，你可以随意改变大纲—就像当你变得更加熟悉你探索的地形的时候，你可以改正之前较为粗糙的地图。大幅度的调整并不少见。你的大纲将帮助你更好的组织文章，使重点更加明确。

然而，当你的英文论文脱离大纲，这也就意味着你已经失去了重点和论文的结构。你知道如何改变论文来符合大纲或是改变大纲来去符合论文吗？有一个好方法就是通过论文重建大纲。这对于检查你论文的组织结构十分有利。如果最后呈现的大纲正是你想按照顺序表达的观点，那么你的论文组织结构就是成功的。如果你发现很难从你写出来的东西去创建一个大纲的话，那你就需要修改一下文章了。你的大纲可以帮助你解决这些问题，因为大纲中的一些问题会帮助你发现论文中混乱的部分。

技巧汇总

1.大纲要尽量简洁明了。这并不是要求必须很完美的写作，只是更加清晰地传达自己的观点。

2.不要害怕删除一些无关的信息，因为当你更多的研究你的主题的时候，你想要关注的写作重点也会随时缩小。

3.把大纲当作记忆的工具，选择简洁的词语来记忆一个概念。

4.你可以使用专门的软件或是文本编辑器来自动生成大纲。例如，你可以使用Microsoft Word 来创建一个大纲或是以你自己的方式编辑格式。

5.根据之前的大纲水平，每次缩进0.5到1英寸（大概1.3~2.5厘米）。

6.如果你找到了一些证据去反驳你的观点，千万不要忽略它。把它写进你的大纲，并使用一些步骤来总结你的反驳观点。

警告

7.你的大纲不应该是你论文的另一种表达形式。大纲只需要写出关键点，要注意每一个细节。

8.通常情况下，你应该避免只写一个点或是只有一个大纲级别的子类。如果有A点，你必须要写B点或是把A的观点整合进入下一个层次。

以上就是关于英文论文的大纲写作讲解，如果同学们在写英文论文时不知道如何下手，也可以通过大纲来确定论文的方向和思路。

51due留学教育引领海外留学的风向标，打造最好的教育品牌，提供专业的代写服务，我们为自己的品牌代言，不负留学生的期待。提供全方位的服务，包括assignment代写、essay代写、paper代写服务。

更多关于代写的内容，点开主页栏目，即可快速获取代写相关资讯，如果各位有美国作业代写需求，可以咨询24小时客服QQ：800020041，为您详细解答。

Paper代写：Network public domain

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Network public domain，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了网络公共领域。公共领域，是一个国家和社会之间的公共空间，公民们认为他们可以在这个空间中自由发言，没有国家控制，公民个体聚集在一起共同讨论与他们自身利益相关的公共事务，对抗公共权力形式。网络中是否存在公共领域，不同学者有不同观点，但网络的重要功能是引导公共舆论，网民通过网络政治表达可以促进网络公共领域的形成，通过网络参与政治，提出意见和建议，与政府之间形成互动，网络政治表达自由权的行使要求存在一个具有理性和共识性特征的网络公共领域。

In the context of liberalism, there is little difference between the meaning of the public sphere and that of public opinion. This concept comes into being because of the inherent interaction between the state and society. Referred to the public domain, habermas thinks "it is a private collection and into the category of the public, is a public space between state and society, citizens believe that they can free speech in this space, there is no state control and individual citizens gathered to discuss public affairs related to their own interests, against public authority form." The existence of the public sphere is necessary, because the public nature of state power determines that it must be limited and monitored, only in this way can the interests of the people be better served and the will of the people be safeguarded. Whether there is a public domain network, different scholars have different views, but the most important function of network is to guide public opinion, netizens political expression through the network can promote the formation of the network public sphere, through the network to participate in the political, put forward opinions and Suggestions, and the formation of interaction between the government, network political expression freedom to exercise the request there is a rational and characteristics of network public sphere of consensus.

Cyberspace is a good place for users to form public opinions. Citizens on the Internet for public issues to discuss, view, the formation of public opinion, compared with our previous cognitive public sphere, the rise of the public sector is based on the technology of new media to traditional the reshaping of the public domain, the traditional construction of the public domain by the mass media dissemination carrier, such as TV, newspaper, etc., then the formation of the public sphere restricted by the condition such as time, space, and public opinion in conveying process easy distortion, and impossible to realize real-time interaction and communication, network under the new media technology in the field of public building is broke through the constraints of these problems, enables citizens to speak freely, Dare to express the true self, different opinions collide with each other to form public opinion, which reflects the public character and is closer to the public sphere elaborated by habermas in a sense.

Network political expression is the process of network public sphere formation, the process of personal politics to a public political opinions, sublimation to public opinion, the formation of the public domain, "public areas open to all citizens in principle, private collections and to become a public conversation, when public increased, the mass media is required to communicate" whether there is such a kind of public sphere in cyberspace, comprehensive consideration, in fact, there are difficulties in the process of construction. First of all, Internet users' online political expression is irrational, impulsive and blind, which may lead to Internet tyranny and mob. Due to the unequal social status of citizens and their unequal discourse power, some topics discussed on the Internet are only partial to some individuals and groups, while others are excluded from the discussion. Class this group such as farmers, because of the lack of media literacy, in the network political expression for the participation of public affairs, far behind the upper-middle-class group, it is difficult to speak for themselves, through the network to public the characteristics of the lack of representativeness and universality and at the same time, young people like entertainment information received, and for public affairs information is not too much attention, some serious public issues cannot be relayed to them through the network, so these groups may be excluded from the issue. The knowledge structure and quality of Internet users vary greatly, and Internet users cannot really participate in the discussion of some public issues, which also restricts the formation of the public sphere to some extent. In addition, compared with ordinary netizens, Internet opinion leaders have more resource advantages and can guide the direction of online public opinions. "Freedom of expression is an important constitutional right, a civil right, and a fundamental human right." However, the freedom of Internet political expression lacks democracy. Secondly, public opinion requires citizens to have a rational critical consciousness. Netizens often express their opinions on public issues irrationally, and some just express their emotions. They do not think deeply and distinguish the deeper things behind the issues. Therefore, there is a long way to go to construct the network public domain in practice. Although new media technology develops continuously and provides convenient means for citizens to participate in network politics, the network discussion space formed is not necessarily the public domain.

In recent years, Internet communication carriers, including weibo, WeChat and BBS, have made them more multi-dimensional and real-time than traditional media. Internet users can freely participate in the discussion of public events and have more free space to speak. With this platform, Internet users can freely exchange opinions and form public opinions. There is a constant debate about the public domain of the Internet, but we cannot simply equate the political expression of the Internet with the public domain of the Internet. There are essential differences between the two. The concept of network political expression is relatively broad, and the content expressed by netizens is not restricted, which may have the characteristics of non-political and irrational, or it may only be personal views but cannot form public opinions. In the public domain of the Internet, the contents expressed by netizens are related to public affairs, and their opinions and opinions are necessarily political and rational, which eventually rise to public opinions and form public opinions. Therefore, the two cannot be simply drawn equal, or it may ignore the existence of the network public domain necessary and value.

Although there are many barriers to building a network public sphere, but in today's globalization and increasingly diversified, we can't deny the network public sphere on huge role in the development of democratic politics, on how to build better network public sphere I put forward several Suggestions: first of all, of the citizen's self-awareness and political participation. The improvement of citizen consciousness can start from establishing citizen subject consciousness, enhancing right and obligation consciousness and strengthening social responsibility. In the process of political democratization, citizens' awareness of self consciousness and political participation, citizens to correctly locate themselves, actively through the network platform, to engage in public topic, consciously cultivate consciousness of political participation, to realize that the publicness of the public domain and equality, regardless of their status to actively participate in discussion of public issues, objective, rational, within the limits of the law to allow for political expression. Second, citizens to improve the ability of information to identify and media literacy, the information given by the complicated network, how to identify, analyze, from the huge amounts of information and communication needs certain skills and abilities, citizens need to keep rational mind and self responsibility consciousness, avoid blind to participate in discussions and irrational emotional catharsis, and avoid a network mob and tyranny. Finally, the government should manage and guide the network reasonably, and it is necessary for the government to supervise the public domain of the network, so as to solve various problems in its development process and develop in a more positive direction. But in the process of management and to follow the principle of "moderate", giving citizens a free space, not too much network political expression of the citizen rights, safeguard citizens have certain autonomy and equality, can guarantee the network public sphere autonomous organization, development and activity, equality, rational communication and dialogue, otherwise may cause resistance due to the excessive control and make the citizens, not conducive to the construction of network public sphere order and social stability.

The establishment and perfection of the network public sphere is not achieved overnight, often face all kinds of difficulties in the process of practice, after all it has to do with social reality of the public sphere is different, more complexity, so we need to form a good interactive relationship between government and citizens, citizens should not only strengthen the subject consciousness and right consciousness, more objective, rational, independent thinking, of public affairs and public issues have independent judgment. For managers, while respecting citizens' right of political expression, they should also do a good job in supervision, balance the relationship between the two, and better construct the network public domain.

51due留学教育原创版权郑重声明：原创paper代写范文源自编辑创作，未经官方许可，网站谢绝转载。对于侵权行为，未经同意的情况下，51Due有权追究法律责任。主要业务有essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写服务。

51due为留学生提供最好的paper代写服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多paper代写范文 提供作业代写服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

英文论文写作格式规范

对于一篇英文论文来说，最基础的东西就是格式规范了，虽然这些东西看起来非常简单，但是决不能出错，不然扣分是非常严重的。所以留学新生在刚开始学习英文论文写作的时候，一定要把格式规范记牢，写好之后也要检查，防止出错。下面就给大家讲解一下英文论文的写作格式规范。

一、英文论文的标题

一篇较长的英文论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英文论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。

就学生而言,如果英文论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。

二、英文论文提纲

英文论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上Thesis一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、英文论文正文

有标题页和提纲页的英文论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

四、英文论文的文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英文论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英文论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。

1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:

The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).

这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:

Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”

is an admirable and characteristic

diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it

Whitman is unable to conceive the

extreme crises of society, one is certain

that no society would be tolerable whoses

citizens could not find refreshment in its

buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)

这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英文论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。

3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:

Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).

值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。

4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号)；点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:

Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).

5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:

Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).

圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线；规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字；其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。

6.如果英文论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:

Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).

Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15).

这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。

7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。

When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).

这里,被引用的诗句以斜线号隔开,斜线号与前后字母及标点符号间均需空一格；圆括弧中小写的1是line的缩写；21不必写成1621。如果引用的诗句超过三行,仍需将引用的诗句与论文文字分开(参见第四项第2点内容)。

五、英文论文的文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:

1.目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

2.目录页应视为英文论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm,不必留出更多空白。

3.各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。

4.各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

现将部分较为特殊的条目分列如下,并略加说明,供读者参考。

Two or More Books by the Same Author

Brooks, Cleanth. Fundamentals of Good Writing: A

Handbook of Modern Rhetoric. NewYork: Harcourt, 1950.

---The Hidden God: Studies in Hemingway, Faulkner, Yeats,

Eliot, and Warren. New Haven: Yale UP,1963.

引用同一作者的多部著作,只需在第一条目中注明该作者姓名,余下各条目则以三条连字符及一句点代替该作者姓名；各条目须按书名的第一个词(冠词除外)的字母顺序排列。

An Author with an Editor

Shake speare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B.

Wright. New York: Washington Square, 1959.

本条目将作者 Shakespeare 的姓名排在前面,而将编者姓名(不颠倒)放在后面,表明引文出自 The Tragedy of Macbeth；如果引文出自编者写的序言、导言等,则需将编者姓名置前,如:

Blackmur, Richard P.Introduction. The Art of the Novel:

Critical Prefaces. By Henry James. New York: Scribner's,

1962.vii-xxxix.

如果引言与著作为同一人所写,则其格式如下例所示(By后只需注明作者姓即可):

Emery, Donald. Preface. English Fundamentals. By Emery.

London: Macmillan, 1972.v-vi.

A Multivolume Work

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. 4 vols. London: Faber, 1928.

Browne, Thomas. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Ed.

Geoffrey Keynes. Vol.2. London: Faber, 1928. 4 vols.

第一条目表明该著作共4卷,而论文作者使用了各卷内容；第二条目则表明论文作者只使用了第2卷中的内容。

A Selection from an Anthology

Abram, M. H.“English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age.”

Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New

York: Columbia UP,1963.63-88.

被引用的英文论文名须用引号标出,并注意将英文论文名后的句点置于引号内。条目末尾必须注明该文在选集中的起止页码。

Articles in Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers

Otto, Mary L.“Child Abuse: Group Treatment for Parents.”

Personnel and Guidance Journal 62(1984): 336-48.

报刊杂志名需划线,但其后不需任何标点符号。62为卷号或期号,如既有卷号,又有期号,则要将二者以句号分开。如:(3.3)；1984为出版年份,应置于圆括弧中。

Arnold, Marilgn.“Willa Cather's Nostalgia: A Study in

Ambivalance.”Research Studies Mar.1981:23-24,28.

月刊或双月刊须同时注明出版年月；23-24,28表示该文的前一部分刊于第23和24两页,后一部分则转至第28页。

Gorney, Cynthia.“When the Gorilla Speaks.”Washington Post

31 July,1985:B1.

引用日报上的英文论文必须同时注明报纸出版的年、月、日。B1为该文在报纸中的版面及页码。

以上就是关于英文论文格式规范的讲解，大家在写作英文论文的时候都要注意这些细节。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：Wireless network optimization

本篇paper代写- Wireless network optimization讨论了无线网络优化。在通信网络的改善过程中。无线网络优化概念为对无线网络进行测量与检验，并收集数据，并根据使用后实际情况解析无线网络隐患与出现问题，寻找影响无线网络服务质量原因，并针对以上问题针对性制定解决方案，从而使无线网络运行更加顺畅，为人们提供更优质服务，进一步提高网络利用率。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

In the overall work of telecom, wireless network optimization is an important part, which indicates the improvement process of mobile communication network. The optimization of wireless network covers a large area, and the number of users is increasing, so people objectively form the internal needs of mobile wireless network optimization. Wireless network optimization concept of wireless network signal for the measurement and test, and collect the data, and according to the actual situation after using analytic wireless network hidden danger and problems, influencing the wireless network service quality, and targeted to develop solutions to solve above problems, so that the wireless network run more smoothly and provide better service for people, to further improve the network utilization. At present, our country at the development stage, the rapid economic and social development, the network changes in several aspects, such as, the traditional wireless network coverage and work intensity, network structure, and function gradually increased, and that means unlimited network optimization work, and deserves more in-depth thinking and research scholars.

Mobile wireless network work is to constantly improve the mobile wireless network as the main purpose, that is, to constantly improve the existing shortcomings and drawbacks, make the wireless network more reasonable, key measures more scientific, so as to meet the needs of telecommunications development, or improve the quality and function of wireless network only way. From the perspective of the three major systems of telecommunication work, namely, technical system, management system and organizational system, the work of wireless network can be divided into three categories: maintenance and improvement of wireless network in peacetime, optimization of wireless network in short and medium term, and optimization of wireless network in the long term.

Wireless network optimization was conducted according to the usage by the customer feedback, operators based on user feedback information for site test of regular, or adopt a variety of ways such as check parts, use with network drops, crowded key standards, such as the reasons of influencing the wireless network normal operation to rectify and improve the wireless network, ensure the steady running speed of the network, so as to obtain more benefits. At present, the wireless network signals, flow continuously extend, affects the network storage and network complexity, increasing both, at the same time, network equipment, diversified, and the higher demands to the network and gradually perfect the traditional network method can't meet the demand of network told operation, become the network optimization one enormous problem, thus should be constantly looking for new way of thinking, not only can reduce the costs in the process of network to optimize, still can make the efficiency is greatly increased.

The current mobile communication network is a standard joint network made up of multiple technologies, including CDMA, WCDMA, CDMA, GSM, LTE, etc., which contains a large number of network elements and a large number of users. The optimization of wireless network is very tedious, and in the optimization process, we need to seriously consider network coverage, network structure and other factors.

At present, the network data service is increasing, which makes the network transmission capacity has higher requirements. The number of network users in China is increasing gradually, which has an impact on the data flow. The function between the two is the biggest characteristic of business data. At present, people have a variety of data requirements when applying wireless network, which is a challenge of new adaptability and endurance ability, constantly exerting pressure on network optimization.

Network construction is a long process, and cannot be wishful thinking to this phenomenon exists in every area of our country, in terms of investment and construction planning makes network infinite progress performance as part of the difference, and this difference also belong to a network structure characteristics, changes in the network optimization and planning must be enough space left to taste buds network development, so that the difference of regional network can adapt.

The optimization process of wireless network is combined with the transmission system of wireless base station to jointly form wireless network. For wireless network, wireless base station is an operation organization department, which is relatively important and an important factor affecting quality, and has a direct impact on the optimization effect and quality of wireless network. Infinite base station for the purpose of constantly from parameter as the foundation for data collection and analysis, the network changes constantly updated summary, Sue to feed back the information for the analysis, found the problem, and take measures to solve the problem, eventually making network to good maintenance, at the same time increasing the utilization of network resources.

In optimization of wireless network, wireless network in the process to achieve the optimal proportion for the matters needing attention, in the project to the market to meet the development demand of money, should also do market research, according to the result of the network signal in the wireless network operation and existing problems cause analysis, comprehensive evaluation integration of external and internal factors, not the optimization of wireless networks in each time all needs to the user's system of assessment mechanism optimization, makes the wireless network in terms of quality of operation and operation speed are improved, constantly get better process optimization, to meet the market development Su Xu, play to the brand effect, and the trend of present not only improve.

In recent years, continuously improve our wireless network technology, has realized the 2 g, 3 g, 4 g between the development of spinning fiber intelligent development, all 4 g technology combined with wireless network and IP network, realizes the wireless network optimization to improve continuously, eventually making artificial put network maintenance cost reduction, and technology development, meet the demands of market continued development, and gradually meet the users demand. In addition, in the process of wireless network technology construction, the system comprehensive analysis needs to be combined with automatic kinetic energy.

In terms of the optimization of the management structure of wireless network, the optimization process is an important part of the development of the most professional and correct structure management. Only perfect management mode can guarantee the maintenance and quality management of wireless network. Complex state at present, along with the wireless network not only increased, users and equipment demand growth, this makes the speed of network management and network maintenance, are facing huge difficulty, in the face of such a complex network environment, the only perfect operating system management, and establish and improve the network equipment maintenance team, to achieve the wireless network running smoothly.

The main content of wireless network optimization is to meet the market demand. In this process, the network speed and network operation should be studied to make the network quality and network technology develop rapidly, which is conducive to the continuous improvement of network speed in normal use, so as to save time as the goal. Different from the maintenance of network equipment, network optimization takes the maintenance of user interface and the maintenance of market as the direction of optimization, so as to satisfy the market demand and promote the utilization rate of network in people's life and work. As is known to all, the wireless network characteristic of dynamic change, the network load part of the time change, constantly changed, which makes the network business network resources required to also need to real-time change, both the above factors can be operator anywhere at any time to modify the wireless network, so as to realize the optimization of resource distribution, make wireless network parameters are more reasonable, to ensure the best operation of the wireless network. In the operation of the wireless network, the problems include poor signal, the line is busy, poor coverage, etc., the above problems are operators have received customer's reflect, operators also aimed at the problem of network quality inspection, found the problem to solve the problem, so as to realize the maximum of network quality optimization and improvement, eventually offer customers high quality services. In addition, operators increase capital investment, continue to research and develop new technologies, improve technical title ability, in essence, the network operation problems to solve.

The optimization of wireless network should always have a clear goal, mainly because the wireless network has a fast development speed, which causes doubts in the network optimization process, resulting in unclear and easy to judge the development and dynamics of the market. Wireless network system maintenance and management belongs to the dynamic system, network infrastructure and network load in the network service plan update, this is required in the wireless network optimization process, the operator should be constantly optimized wireless networks as the development direction, strategy optimization as a milestone, is ultimately wireless networks in the whole process of optimization for the best.

The development of information society cannot be separated from the network support, and the network operation needs long-term optimization. At present, the social optimization technology is constantly updated, and the quality and efficiency of network optimization are constantly improved. At the same time, the management level and technical level of relevant personnel should be improved to better serve the information society.

要想成绩好，英国论文得写好，51due代写平台为你提供英国留学资讯，专业辅导，还为你提供专业英国essay代写，paper代写，report代写，需要找论文代写的话快来联系我们51due工作客服QQ：800020041或者Wechat：Abby0900吧。

Essay代写：Urban public art

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Urban public art，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了城市公共艺术。公共艺术是一座城市的文化体现和标志，是艺术的共同表现，带有人文气息的。城市公共艺术不仅是艺术家们创造的公共艺术作品，同时也是表现人们生活文化水平的公共艺术作品，它是一座城市的标志性建筑，是一座城市的风向标，是一座城市的形象建筑。城市公共艺术展现的是城市魅力，是一个增强城市身份认同的公共艺术建筑作品。

Public art is the culture of a city reflect and logo, I think of the art of public art should be for joint performance, can be done by people to participate in, is a cultural atmosphere, this is not only the artists to create public works of art, is also a performance culture people's life level of public art, it is the symbol of the city, is an indicator of a city, is a city's image construction. It is an architectural work of public art that shows the charm of the city, enhances the confidence of the citizens and enhances the identity of the city.

In China, some public art construction in cities is too elusive to be integrated into public life and understood and felt by the public. Unable to give the public a more realistic feeling and difficult to produce urban identity. Some of the public art in the city is used for commercial purposes, which is not surprising. However, if excessive pursuit of economic interests destroys the unique features of the city, it will undoubtedly be another kind of harm to the city, and I think it is not friendly to the development of the city. The lack of effective ways and methods for people to participate makes public art seem inappropriate to people's life. Moreover, the public art forms in China are relatively simple, mostly sculpture. Many of them are similar but lack the unique regional characteristics and the unique cultural atmosphere of the city. We should have more innovations and more creative ideas that are more appropriate to people's lives, so that people can feel the artistic and cultural atmosphere around them more intuitively. Public art is still in the early stage of development in China, and there are still some problems in the construction of public art, which need to be further improved.

First of all, the development of public art is inseparable from the support of the relevant government, which is a necessary condition for the development of public art in every city. We can compare the development of public art at home and abroad. Just like our national culture, funding plays an important role in the development of urban public art, and there are favorable policies. In addition to actively promoting public art talents, we should also strengthen the national identity of public art in China, the innovative forms of public art, and the breath of life. Make people feel the different feeling brought by public art in reality and life, and make people get the sense of identity and sense of belonging in this city. Therefore, I will actively participate in the construction of urban public art in China. These are my Suggestions and insights on how to develop public art in China.

In China, there are differences in the history, culture, national characteristics and development experience of various cities and regions. Public art is produced in its unique environment and trend of The Times, and it has its own characteristics. It cannot be transformed or appropriated at will, and public art works that are overtransformed will lose their color. That's not what we want. We should pay more attention to the regional characteristics of public art so as to carry forward our regional and national characteristics. So that the public art culture in various regions shows a charm, which is exactly the public art needed in this era. The public art will reflect the local culture through the materials, construction techniques and forms. What we really pursue is something that can give people the deep soul and trigger people's heart. As an excellent public art work, it is an art work with the flavor of hometown and worth proud of.

Undoubtedly, urban public art construction needs some economic input, and the development of urban public art is also driven by economic development to some extent. Therefore, it is beyond reproach to increase the economic investment in public art construction. However, while increasing economic input, we should also pay attention to the harmonious development of the environment. We should not arbitrarily destroy the local natural environment in order to develop public art, which is not worth the loss. It's irrevocable. The destruction of public art is also common. We need to formulate more reasonable and perfect management methods to ensure that public art is not destroyed. For example, it is particularly important to add some warning slogans, promote civic morality, improve the quality of the people, and maintain the public art in the later stage and clean up the site. In general, it means to improve the management of public art.

In an excellent public art work, certain public participation is essential, and it has its significance to strengthen public participation, which can guide people's national cohesion, enhance people's sense of national identity, and enhance people's national confidence. So that people pay more attention to and care about the development of China's cities, enhance people's enthusiasm to participate in China's public art construction. Promote the development of public art in China, and then show the steady and continuous rising state. Our healthy development of public art in the city at the same time, also reflect the regional geographical features and custom features, combining with the characteristics of regional geographical features and customs for the construction of public art and creation, strengthen local people for the manufacturing of the identity of the public art, public art into the local culture, increase the identification of local public art.

Modern public art has a variety of style features and significance, some have commemorative significance, cultural carrier significance, and some have folk art heritage significance and entertainment significance. At the present stage, most of China's urban public art appears in a single form, most of which are sculptures. But the lack of innovation, we need to explore more. Now public art is the display of some cultural phenomena in life, as well as the implication of social phenomena. Therefore, the innovation of public art, social aesthetic level and cultural phenomenon in social life are of great significance. Paying attention to innovation is an important way to develop and inherit local culture. Without innovation, cities will lose their life. Only innovation can sustain development and better inherit local culture. Public art is a cultural carrier. We have to explore more public art forms, to develop it, to improve it, this is the city with a good public art system essential factors.

The development of public art in China is still in its infancy, so it is very important to strengthen the new generation's cognition of public art, which is related to the future development path and prospect of public art in China. Strengthen the education of a new generation for public art from the personal interest and the class began, and strengthen the propaganda, let people know more about the field of cognition, making public art no longer strange for people, make people more understand the public art, so that more public art in people's lives, it is no longer distant. We need more such talents. When you want to develop a certain kind of education, you can only strengthen it, publicize it, integrate it into people's lives, so as to be more conducive to its development. Yes, we need to strengthen the publicity and education of public art and lead more people into the road of public art construction. Make our country's public art more healthy sustained rapid development. We can also learn from the experience of foreign countries, take its essence, go to its bad situation, learn from the experience of foreign education, reference to the actual situation of our country, integration of teaching use. I think this is very useful for strengthening the cognitive education of the new generation of public art in China.

The construction and healthy and sustainable development of urban public art depend on relevant policies, laws and regulations, and are inseparable from cultural characteristics and economic development. It is of equal importance to enhance the public's participation enthusiasm and public art cognition. As an important cultural landmark in urban space, public art plays a special role in beautifying urban environment, displaying urban features, inheriting regional culture and disseminating commercial information. How to express the cultural characteristics of a city and highlight its character through public art while meeting the aesthetic needs of the public? I think this is undoubtedly a process that needs to be explored in a certain period of time.

想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有essay代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。