下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Political factors influencing the reform of British parliament，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了影响英国议会改革的政治因素。不同的阶级所处的阶级地位不同，有不同的利益和要求，一个阶级要想在与其他阶级的斗争中取胜，就必须争取阶级利益，提升阶级地位。英国同样不例外，无论是贵族阶级、中产阶级，还是工人阶级，都组成政党，参加竞选议员，进入到议会中去争取利益和权力。阶级利益的不同，议会中阶级斗争的存在，是影响英国议会制度改革的一个重要因素。另外，在传统的议会制度中，政党制度是其重要组成部分之一，也是资产阶级政治民主的一个必不可少的因素。
From the beginning of the 13th century to the first half of the 20th century, the British parliament has undergone several major reforms. Any reform is an effective adjustment of the parliamentary system under special historical conditions. The influencing factors of reform include politics, economy, culture and education, among which politics is the key factor.
"Class is the foundation of British party politics," says Peter purser. "all the rest is a sideshow." "Class is a social group formed by people with different status in a certain social and economic structure, different relations with means of production, and different amounts of social wealth distributed. It's a historical category. In different countries in different historical periods, the class composition is not the same.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the British social class was mainly composed of the upper class, the middle class and the working class. The upper class is the ruling class. It was specifically used in the early 19th century to refer to the aristocracy, and later the industrial capitalists were integrated and considered part of the upper class. Nobles owned land and held titles. Each noble was a member of the house of lords and played a decisive role in national legislation and administration. In addition to the aristocracy, after the middle of the 19th century, the emerging capitalist class became more and more powerful economically. They were united with the nobles, who set up factories and mined minerals on their land, while the nobles invested in the capitalist enterprises. Through various means of circulation and interaction, the boundary between the aristocracy and the emerging capitalists became increasingly blurred. By the 1930s, the aristocracy and the emerging industrial and financial capitalists merged together, namely, the upper class. Economically, this class controls most of the wealth of British society; politically, it is conservative.
The most dramatic change in social class structure has been the growth of the middle class. The boundary between the middle class and the working class lies in: first, the middle class has higher income and material advantages over the working class. Second, the middle class has a high level of education and training and enjoys cultural advantages. As a new class, its members come from a variety of backgrounds. Although most of them are from the working class, they feel the continuous progress of the working class and the threat of class strength in class consciousness and political tendency. Therefore, the middle class and the working class are opposed to each other.
"Working class" refers to the fifties and sixties of the 20th century is characterized by industrial workers and manual labor before the working class, the British working class is the product of the 19th century modern big industry, as the opposite of the bourgeoisie, with the development of great industry, strengthen consciousness of the working class, workers union organization, the trade union, on behalf of the working-class Labour 1906 formally established, has been clear about the efforts in the direction of the working class, the British working class, although there is a strong class identity, but to pursue a completely different from the value concept of marxism, has never been a revolution.
Different classes are in different positions and have different interests and requirements. If a class wants to win in the struggle with other classes, strive for class interests and improve class status, "politics and economy must take the first place... If a class does not deal with problems politically correctly, it cannot maintain its domination and therefore cannot solve its productive tasks. Big economic development can not meet the requirements of a class to participate in country management, "from the economic interest principle and decisive, never shall make a economic struggle first meaningful conclusion, therefore, generally speaking, the most important, have the decisive role of class interests can only to meet with fundamental political reform." Any class that grows and develops to a certain stage will join the political struggle. Britain is no exception. Whether it is the aristocracy, the middle class or the working class, they all form political parties, run for parliament and enter the parliament to fight for interests and power. The existence of class struggle in parliament is an important factor affecting the reform of the British parliamentary system.
In the traditional parliamentary system, the political party system is one of the important components, and is also an essential factor of bourgeois political democracy. The political party system does not belong to the state organs or the state organization system, but the relationship between the ruling class political party and the state organs is very close, and it is "one of the main levers of all the activities in the bourgeois state organs".
British political parties play an intermediary role between the government and the people. Whether selecting members of the legislative body, selecting executive officials, or proposing candidates for parliament, political parties all play the role of an organizer. Through party organized activities found scattered in the corner of society and complex individual together, form a "general will", the "general will" the party's rise for the national will, by other state agencies cannot effectively, so, people instinctively feel "party is almost the only barrier to prevent anarchy, is the only means to make progress".
"Parties are now the dominant factor in British politics." In the British constitutional system, not all political parties have the status, and only the parties participating in the political party system, namely the two parties taking turns as the ruling party and the opposition party, have the status. In the early 20th century there were conservatives and liberals, and later conservatives and Labour. In Britain, both the conservative party and the liberal party tried to prevent the growth of the labor party, but with the increasing political consciousness and political participation consciousness of the working class, the labor party kept growing. In fact, the leader of the labor party ostensibly plays the role of safeguarding the interests of the working class, but actually performs the task of ruling the class party. They played the two-party game, aiming for a majority in the lower house of parliament, to confuse the workers and ultimately to form a class partnership.
Although the two-party system in Britain is not a component part of national institutions, it guides all activities of national institutions. The ruling class directly participates in national management with political parties, and political parties constitute the main part of parliamentary activities. First, parliament is the central venue for political parties. The British parliament has the legislative power, the right to question, the right to vote without confidence, the exclusive right to introduce financial bills, etc. The cabinet formed by the majority party in the house of Commons is the highest administrative organ in Britain. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party in the house of Commons, and the parties compete fiercely for the majority of seats in the house of Commons. In order to win more support from the voters, the parties put forward programs and policies in line with the interests of the voters. And the achievement of these policy programs depends on the parliament as a venue. At the same time, in order to strengthen the core status of the house of Commons in both houses, political parties will also carry out activities in the parliament, and the reform of the parliament is a powerful way. Second, political parties are at the heart of parliamentary activity. The realization of the basic functions of parliament is inseparable from the activities of political parties. Political parties can help people realize their desire to run the country. In order to realize the representative function of parliament, it is necessary to realize the election of lawmakers with broad representation through political parties. Election activities become the focus of the work of political parties. In order to win in the election, the use of parliament to change the electoral system is also a method available to political parties.
Because of the close ties between political parties and parliament, the influence of political parties on parliamentary reform should not be underestimated.
After a long period of development, the British political system has gone through many reforms. In particular, there were several famous parliamentary reforms in the first half of the 20th century. Although some silent events have caused qualitative changes to the British political structure and its operation mode, any reform was carried out in a peaceful way. The reason for this phenomenon is partly due to the gradual nature of the continuation of British history and partly because there is no written constitution in Britain.
The term "constitution" refers to a document which prescribes the composition of the principal organs of government, the rules governing the powers and methods of operation, and the general principles governing the relations between the organs of government and the citizens. The constitution is a framework and an outline which concerns mainly the principal organs and functions of government and the rights and duties of citizens. In most countries, at some stage of development, there is a need to determine the composition and functions of the principal organs of government and, for various reasons, to designate someone or someone to draft a constitution as deemed necessary.
In England, this need was also present under the dictatorship of oliver Cromwell. A covenant of government was enacted in 1653, but when the old regime was restored in 1660, everything went back to the way it had before the revolution, as if there had never been a republic. In addition, Britain has never had a written constitution. The institutions necessary for the exercise of the multiple functions of the modern state are established whenever necessary.
The British constitution is based on precedent and custom, and some principles established through conventions are confirmed by the court and become constitutional principles. However, the important principle of the constitution -- parliament first is not passed by judicial decisions, but by armed conflicts, the bill of rights and the law of succession to the throne. What the judges have done in the past is to acquiesce in the fact that political authority exists. Many important constitutional principles, especially the principle of adjusting the relations between the king, the prime minister, the cabinet and the parliament, have not been recognized by the court at all. Britain's "constitutional monarchy" is mainly based on the conventional convention stipulated by tradition, and it does not seem to need a written "constitution". British constitutionalism, based on tradition, is stronger than the "written" constitution. There is no need to go through complicated procedures to amend the British constitution. Changes in the majority of the house of Commons and customs will lead to changes in the British "constitution".
It is also because Britain does not have a unified written constitution, and it does not need to be modified, so it is much easier to amend and supplement the constitutionalism than countries with a written constitution. A piece of legislation related to the national political system, even if related to the fundamental political system of the country, in practice, it only needs a simple majority of the house of Commons to be effective, which makes it possible for Britain to carry out many parliamentary reforms smoothly and achieve good results. Britain's unwritten constitution has become an important aspect of parliamentary reform.
Class is the foundation of British politics, and political parties are the core of British political activities. The unwritten constitution provides a relaxed environment for British political reform, which are indispensable conditions and impetus for the smooth and effective reform of British parliamentary system since modern times. While studying the reform of the British parliamentary system, we should pay more attention to the more detailed discussion of these factors that affect the reform.
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From the beginning of the 13th century to the first half of the 20th century, the British parliament has undergone several major reforms. Any reform is an effective adjustment of the parliamentary system under special historical conditions. The influencing factors of reform include politics, economy, culture and education, among which politics is the key factor.
"Class is the foundation of British party politics," says Peter purser. "all the rest is a sideshow." "Class is a social group formed by people with different status in a certain social and economic structure, different relations with means of production, and different amounts of social wealth distributed. It's a historical category. In different countries in different historical periods, the class composition is not the same.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the British social class was mainly composed of the upper class, the middle class and the working class. The upper class is the ruling class. It was specifically used in the early 19th century to refer to the aristocracy, and later the industrial capitalists were integrated and considered part of the upper class. Nobles owned land and held titles. Each noble was a member of the house of lords and played a decisive role in national legislation and administration. In addition to the aristocracy, after the middle of the 19th century, the emerging capitalist class became more and more powerful economically. They were united with the nobles, who set up factories and mined minerals on their land, while the nobles invested in the capitalist enterprises. Through various means of circulation and interaction, the boundary between the aristocracy and the emerging capitalists became increasingly blurred. By the 1930s, the aristocracy and the emerging industrial and financial capitalists merged together, namely, the upper class. Economically, this class controls most of the wealth of British society; politically, it is conservative.
The most dramatic change in social class structure has been the growth of the middle class. The boundary between the middle class and the working class lies in: first, the middle class has higher income and material advantages over the working class. Second, the middle class has a high level of education and training and enjoys cultural advantages. As a new class, its members come from a variety of backgrounds. Although most of them are from the working class, they feel the continuous progress of the working class and the threat of class strength in class consciousness and political tendency. Therefore, the middle class and the working class are opposed to each other.
"Working class" refers to the fifties and sixties of the 20th century is characterized by industrial workers and manual labor before the working class, the British working class is the product of the 19th century modern big industry, as the opposite of the bourgeoisie, with the development of great industry, strengthen consciousness of the working class, workers union organization, the trade union, on behalf of the working-class Labour 1906 formally established, has been clear about the efforts in the direction of the working class, the British working class, although there is a strong class identity, but to pursue a completely different from the value concept of marxism, has never been a revolution.
Different classes are in different positions and have different interests and requirements. If a class wants to win in the struggle with other classes, strive for class interests and improve class status, "politics and economy must take the first place... If a class does not deal with problems politically correctly, it cannot maintain its domination and therefore cannot solve its productive tasks. Big economic development can not meet the requirements of a class to participate in country management, "from the economic interest principle and decisive, never shall make a economic struggle first meaningful conclusion, therefore, generally speaking, the most important, have the decisive role of class interests can only to meet with fundamental political reform." Any class that grows and develops to a certain stage will join the political struggle. Britain is no exception. Whether it is the aristocracy, the middle class or the working class, they all form political parties, run for parliament and enter the parliament to fight for interests and power. The existence of class struggle in parliament is an important factor affecting the reform of the British parliamentary system.
In the traditional parliamentary system, the political party system is one of the important components, and is also an essential factor of bourgeois political democracy. The political party system does not belong to the state organs or the state organization system, but the relationship between the ruling class political party and the state organs is very close, and it is "one of the main levers of all the activities in the bourgeois state organs".
British political parties play an intermediary role between the government and the people. Whether selecting members of the legislative body, selecting executive officials, or proposing candidates for parliament, political parties all play the role of an organizer. Through party organized activities found scattered in the corner of society and complex individual together, form a "general will", the "general will" the party's rise for the national will, by other state agencies cannot effectively, so, people instinctively feel "party is almost the only barrier to prevent anarchy, is the only means to make progress".
"Parties are now the dominant factor in British politics." In the British constitutional system, not all political parties have the status, and only the parties participating in the political party system, namely the two parties taking turns as the ruling party and the opposition party, have the status. In the early 20th century there were conservatives and liberals, and later conservatives and Labour. In Britain, both the conservative party and the liberal party tried to prevent the growth of the labor party, but with the increasing political consciousness and political participation consciousness of the working class, the labor party kept growing. In fact, the leader of the labor party ostensibly plays the role of safeguarding the interests of the working class, but actually performs the task of ruling the class party. They played the two-party game, aiming for a majority in the lower house of parliament, to confuse the workers and ultimately to form a class partnership.
Although the two-party system in Britain is not a component part of national institutions, it guides all activities of national institutions. The ruling class directly participates in national management with political parties, and political parties constitute the main part of parliamentary activities. First, parliament is the central venue for political parties. The British parliament has the legislative power, the right to question, the right to vote without confidence, the exclusive right to introduce financial bills, etc. The cabinet formed by the majority party in the house of Commons is the highest administrative organ in Britain. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party in the house of Commons, and the parties compete fiercely for the majority of seats in the house of Commons. In order to win more support from the voters, the parties put forward programs and policies in line with the interests of the voters. And the achievement of these policy programs depends on the parliament as a venue. At the same time, in order to strengthen the core status of the house of Commons in both houses, political parties will also carry out activities in the parliament, and the reform of the parliament is a powerful way. Second, political parties are at the heart of parliamentary activity. The realization of the basic functions of parliament is inseparable from the activities of political parties. Political parties can help people realize their desire to run the country. In order to realize the representative function of parliament, it is necessary to realize the election of lawmakers with broad representation through political parties. Election activities become the focus of the work of political parties. In order to win in the election, the use of parliament to change the electoral system is also a method available to political parties.
Because of the close ties between political parties and parliament, the influence of political parties on parliamentary reform should not be underestimated.
After a long period of development, the British political system has gone through many reforms. In particular, there were several famous parliamentary reforms in the first half of the 20th century. Although some silent events have caused qualitative changes to the British political structure and its operation mode, any reform was carried out in a peaceful way. The reason for this phenomenon is partly due to the gradual nature of the continuation of British history and partly because there is no written constitution in Britain.
The term "constitution" refers to a document which prescribes the composition of the principal organs of government, the rules governing the powers and methods of operation, and the general principles governing the relations between the organs of government and the citizens. The constitution is a framework and an outline which concerns mainly the principal organs and functions of government and the rights and duties of citizens. In most countries, at some stage of development, there is a need to determine the composition and functions of the principal organs of government and, for various reasons, to designate someone or someone to draft a constitution as deemed necessary.
In England, this need was also present under the dictatorship of oliver Cromwell. A covenant of government was enacted in 1653, but when the old regime was restored in 1660, everything went back to the way it had before the revolution, as if there had never been a republic. In addition, Britain has never had a written constitution. The institutions necessary for the exercise of the multiple functions of the modern state are established whenever necessary.
The British constitution is based on precedent and custom, and some principles established through conventions are confirmed by the court and become constitutional principles. However, the important principle of the constitution -- parliament first is not passed by judicial decisions, but by armed conflicts, the bill of rights and the law of succession to the throne. What the judges have done in the past is to acquiesce in the fact that political authority exists. Many important constitutional principles, especially the principle of adjusting the relations between the king, the prime minister, the cabinet and the parliament, have not been recognized by the court at all. Britain's "constitutional monarchy" is mainly based on the conventional convention stipulated by tradition, and it does not seem to need a written "constitution". British constitutionalism, based on tradition, is stronger than the "written" constitution. There is no need to go through complicated procedures to amend the British constitution. Changes in the majority of the house of Commons and customs will lead to changes in the British "constitution".
It is also because Britain does not have a unified written constitution, and it does not need to be modified, so it is much easier to amend and supplement the constitutionalism than countries with a written constitution. A piece of legislation related to the national political system, even if related to the fundamental political system of the country, in practice, it only needs a simple majority of the house of Commons to be effective, which makes it possible for Britain to carry out many parliamentary reforms smoothly and achieve good results. Britain's unwritten constitution has become an important aspect of parliamentary reform.
Class is the foundation of British politics, and political parties are the core of British political activities. The unwritten constitution provides a relaxed environment for British political reform, which are indispensable conditions and impetus for the smooth and effective reform of British parliamentary system since modern times. While studying the reform of the British parliamentary system, we should pay more attention to the more detailed discussion of these factors that affect the reform.
想要了解更多英国留学资讯或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有essay代写、paper代写、assignment代写。在这里，51Due致力于为留学生朋友提供高效优质的留学教育辅导服务，为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有essay代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。
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