Permian killer

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Permian killer，文章讲述二叠纪是一个拥有2.5亿年前生物多样性的黄金时代，经历了一场灾难性事件，大约消灭了地球上95％的物种。与恐龙灭绝相比，这一事件发生得更早可能是世界上最大的一次灭绝。为了探究导致这一特别灾难性灭绝的实际原因，一些地质学家和科学家为此做出了自己的努力。尽管研究人员对该事件了解的细节很少，但是为了证明其理论是否可行，已将许多方法和实践应用于这种情况。
Permian killer
The Permian, a golden age with biodiversity 250 million years ago, suffered a catastrophic event that approximately wiped out 95% of species on the planet. Compared with the demise of dinosaurs, this one happened earlier could be the biggest mass extinction in the world. To explore the actual reasons leading to this particularly disastrous extinction, several geologists and scientists contributed their efforts to it. Although researchers knew few details about that event, many methodologies and practices were applied to this situation in order to prove that whether their theories are practical or not.

In the first place, attentions were paid to a sub-Arctic wilderness, a region of Siberian known as the Traps, in the early 1990s. Dated back to 250 million years ago, this place was a blazing torrent of lava, the flood of lava lasted for millions of years. Vincent Courtillon had his theory that there was a possibility that the disruption of cooling followed by massive lava eruption which potentially had the ability to cause a temperature rise of 5 degrees could result in such a large-scale mass extinction like this. Whereas the geologist Peter Ward in the US disagrees with that theory, he claimed that an increase of 10 degrees in temperature could probably trigger a mass extinction like this scale through analyzing the data collected in the Siberian Traps, but a mere rise of 5 degrees could hardly wipe out 95% of all life forms, which means that the “flood basalt eruption” was not extremely deadly. Therefore, Vincent’s previous theory seems not to be that convincing.

Until 1998, Michael Rampine in the US decided to evaluate the timescale of the Permian mass extinction to speculate if it was an “instantaneous killer” or something slower. He went to the Alps, which is one of the only places where there are Permian fossils. By analyzing rock sedimentation rates in Alps, the conclusion that the Permian mass extinction merely stalked the earth for less than 10000 years was made. From a geological perspective, this could be allocated into “instantaneous killer”. One thing occurred to him that a meteorite could possibly cause this. Just like the end of dinosaurs, one 50% bigger meteorite would be capable of triggering such a severe environmental change overnight. However, the lack of evidence could not prove that there was a meteorite strike because they could not find crater, the trace of meteorite. Fortunately, the London scientist, Adrian Jones, used his experiment to demonstrate that if the meteorite was massive enough, it not only caused a wider, shallower crater, but also melted the Earth’s crust. Eventually, the lava would be released. As a result, lava would fill the crater and flow beyond the edges of the crater as well as the original crater structure. However, this seemed to be too simple to be believed.

Later, one researcher, Greg Rettaleck headed into the Antarctic to do research on Permian rock beds. According to the internal structure of some quartz grains, they might be formed by a very energetic process. However, a meteorite, this choice was ruled out in the situation where there was no sign of fragments of minerals and, most importantly, iridium - characteristic of space materials.

Finally, the British geologist, Paul Wignall, found the best samples of Permian rock beds in Greenland. Based on the analysis of these valuable samples, another different version of the Permian mass extinction was revealed. There were three distinctive phases during that period of time. Firstly, some life forms on the land disappeared over 4000 years, then as the temperature of the ocean rose, in just 5000 years, sea creatures gave up struggling , and for another 3500 years, the misfortune went back to the land to kill most typical creatures. During his process of analyzing, one problem hindered him, because he found a dramatic increase in carbon-12 over time but no reason had been found. Thanks to geologist Gerry Dickens, who understands how to generate large amount of carbon-12 within a short time, through frozen methane hydrate, which exactly addressed this puzzle. In addition, the theory promoted by Gerry Dickens motivated Paul Wignall to link the Siberian Traps with first phase.

Above all, there were two “Permian Killer” at different time period. The flood of lava caused an increase of 5 degrees, which killed many sea creatures and species on land. Then intensive frozen methane hydrate began to produce methane, which led to another temperature rise of 5 degrees. At that time, 95% of species could not tolerate it. .

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Overweight indicator

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Overweight indicator，文章讲述Metabical的减肥理论与当前的减肥方法不同。 Meridia，Orlistat和Alli是市场上最常见和最知名的减肥药。前者通过增加体内5-羟色胺和儿茶酚胺的水平来抑制食欲。后者可以阻止人体吸收脂肪。 Alli的工作方式与Orlistat相同，但强度有所降低。但是，新陈代谢将当前的减肥理论结合为一体。它抑制食欲，同时阻止人体吸收。

Overweight indicator

1. In this case, over-weight situations are divided into three catalogues according to the National Institutes of Health on Body Mass Index. Adults with BMIs over 25 are considered “overweight”; adults with BMIs over 30 are categorized as “obese”; and those adults with BMIs over 40 are considered as “severely (or morbidly) obese. With this kind of categorization, CSP analyzes the current weight-loss products with different weight-loss theories, different levels of side effects, different target customers and different ways to reach the products.

Firstly, Metabical is different from the current weight-loss options with its weight-loss theories. For the most common and well-known weight-loss drugs available in the markets are Meridia, Orlistat and Alli. The former one works to suppress appetite through increasing levels of serotonin and catecholamine in the body. The latter one works to block the body’s absorption of fat. Alli works as the same way as Orlistat, but with a reduced-strength version. However, Metabical combines the current weight-loss theories into one. It suppresses the appetite and at the same time, blocks the body’s absorption.

Secondly, Metabical has less side effects comparing with the current products. Unlike Meridia, Orlistat and Alli, which share a lot of potential side effects while taking the drugs, hypertension, tachycardia, severe stomach pain, kidney stones, and liver failure for example, Metabical only has side effects when users consume high levels of fat and calories.

Thirdly, Metabical targets its customers on the scale of “overweight”, which means that adults with BMIs ranging from 25 to 30. Also, Metabical targets the well-educated women aging from 35 to 65. However, for most of the weight-loss products, they are especially for people who suffer from “obese” and “severely obese”, with no preferences for education levels.

Fourthly, Metabical belongs to a prescription medication. It can only be reached through the approval of doctors, while other current weight-loss drugs are available over the counters. It potentially secures the safety of usage of Metabical.

3. As a new product in the market, with unstable customers in the markets, I will suggest Printup to explore several pricing strategy approaches, including cost-based pricing, value-based pricing and competition-based pricing. For the first one, cost-based pricing, the prices based on fixed costs and variable costs. Printup needs to figure out the target profit before pricing and calculated the break-even volume. The advantage of it is easy to set the price and it is commonly used by retailers and wholesalers. But it is difficult to determine an effective markup percentage and it separates pricing from other business functions. For value-based pricing, the prices are set primarily on the value perceived or estimated to the customers. The advantage of this method is that it can bring more profit to the company. However, the value perceived or estimated to the customers is difficult to be understood by the sellers and it is not helpful for the companies in the long run. For competition-based pricing, prices are determined by considering what competitors charge for the same product. This pricing method allows company to set prices quickly with relatively little effort, since it does not require accurate market data. Also, it makes distributors more receptive to the products because they are priced within the range the distributor already handled. However, company may lose potential profit if they have outstanding products that customers are willing to pay more for.

For the three pricing options for a 4-week supply, I will recommend Printup the option 2. The reasons are as followings.
First, Printup targets its customers on the well-educated females aging from 35 to 65. For this group of people, they already have a stable and relatively-high income that can afford them to but the products. Compared with Option 1, Option 2 charges $50 more each month, which is, less than $2 more per day. Especially, in 2001, according to the survey, there is 26.8% of obesity who receive income for over $60,000. The 26.8% of people is likely to be the target customers of Printup given the positive relationship between income and education level. With a stable and relatively-high income, which is probably $60,000, the target group will not turn to other products because of $2 more for each day.

Secondly, for many who suffer from the overweight, the determined adults among them will always combine and try several weight-loss methods at the same time. They are likely to take the drugs, but keep on a diet and go to gym at the same time to achieve the goal and reduce side effects brought by the drugs. For this kind of people, their spending on losing weight is more than the cost of drugs only which is about $190 for three months and $65 for four weeks. The cost may be double or triple according to the methods tried at the same time. Now the Metabical is tested and will be approved by the FDA to ensure the outcome and secure the safety. The target group may only use one method only to lose their weights. Also, the cost is less than the spending in Option 3, which is the value brought to the customers once they lose their weights.

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Marvel Global

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Marvel Global，文章讲述说到漫威，漫威漫画将立即出现在人们的脑海中。但是其历史鲜为人知。它的创始人马丁·古德曼（Martin Goodman）于1939年以Timely Publications的名义成立了该公司。其第一本出版物《漫威漫画》（Marvel Comics）于1939年10月发行，并得到了年轻人的掌声。在第一本漫画书中，卡尔·布尔戈斯（Carl Burgos）的机器人超级英雄《人类火炬》（Human Torch），比尔·埃弗里特（Bill Everett）的反英雄Namor Sub-Mariner首次登台，并在当时大受欢迎。后来，公司的业务战略发展成各种杂志和漫画书。

Marvel Global

Introduction of Marvel Worldwide Company
Speaking about Marvel, Marvel Comics would appear in people`s mind immediately. But its history is seldom known by the public. Its founder, Martin Goodman established the company under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Its first publication, Marvel Comics was published in October, 1939, with applause of youngsters. In the first comic book, Carl Burgos`s android superhero, Human Torch, Bill Everett`s anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner first went on stage and was a big hit at that time. Later, the company`s business strategy developed into various magazines and comic books.
Later, the company saw abundant of success and failures. It created many characters that were adored by audiences all over the world, like fantastic four, the Amazing Spider Man Four, Hulk, Iron Man, X Men and Average Alliance and etc. Many of them were not just comic book heroes but also were put on television and also movies. If someone said Marvel was growing up with American youngster, it was definitely true.
New millennium was a relief for Marvel Comics as it emerged from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. New era came and changes happened in Marvel. Marvel developed Marvel Rating System for comics and created new imprints, such as MAX and Marvel Adventure. And now Walt Disney Company announced to acquire Marvel Comic`s parent corporation. People believed that it definitely provided Marvel a good platform to develop and also good opportunity to create good character to audience. All in all, Marvel built on a proven library of over 8,000 characters featured in a variety of media over seventy years. Marvel utilizes its character franchises in entertainment, licensing and publishing.


Success and Challenge

All in all, Marvel`s great success were all the popular and adorable character it created. They accompanied the youngster and also adults all over the world. The picture below shows the main characters of Marvel.


Cold winter of comic book market
Since the superheroes theme became less popular, Goodman`s comic book developed many different themes, like horror, men`s adventure, crime, romance title, bible stories and so on. At this time, the globe logo of the Atlas News Company was used in 1951. This globe branding united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications. 1950s is a freezing cold winter for comic market as the saying of comic harmful theory became popular. The senate convened a hearing specifically for the comics published. At that time, most of the publishers were closed and the comic book sales dropped 75%. Thus, the 1950s saw little surprise and innovation of Atlas, but routine of following popular trends in TV and movies. Mediocre performance wouldn`t generate any breakthrough due to its quick, cheap and so-so products.

Success—New type of hero
Two decades` exploring of company`s strategy finally put the company into a golden age, age belong to Marvel only. Along with the great success of Marvel`s first superhero team, The Fantastic Four, the company gained a good reputation. The majority of this superhero titles were written by editor-in-chief, Stan Lee. He successfully attracted adults` attention back to comics market. The theme of Superhero still was the most popular one in youngster`s mind and the trend continued. Marvel began publishing further superheroes featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Spider-Man, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Daredevil, and the Silver Surfer, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, Loki, the Green Goblin, and Doctor Octopus.
These character won the hearts of many American teenagers and thus inspired Stan Lee to create a new character, which turned out to be the most successfully one. Before, teenager in Marvel`s comic was usually acted as an assistant, but not the main character. As the Marvel`s comic was popular among more and more American teenagers, Stan Lee began to create a hero whose image was a ordinary student look. There came the Amazing Spider Man, Peter Parker. Spider man was not like other perfect and handsome heroes Marvel previously created. Peter was an ordinary student and often self-doubt and mundane problems. It was a progress of comic history with the existence of flawed heroes, freaks, but not only perfect, handsome heroes. In 1964, Stan Lee and Jack Kirby established another milestone in the history of Marvel, but also the history of comic, they created the all-star lineup of Marvel, Avengers Alliance. Avengers Alliance included heroes like Hulk, Wasp, Giant-Man, Captain America, Iron Man, Thor and the Sub-Marine.

Diversified development
Ups and Downs were ordinary and must-go-through to a company. Once again, Marvel attempted to diversify, and with the updating of the Comics Code achieved moderate to strong success with titles themed to horror,, martial arts, sword-and-sorcery, satire and science fiction. At this time, Marvel began to provide product with lower price and higher distributor discount. Later, Jim Shooter became Marvel`s editor-in-chief. His controversial personality cured many procedural problems in Marvel. In his leadership, Marvel launched Uncanny X-Men, which was also a critical and commercial success.

Core artist left and Financial Crisis
Since 1990s, Marvel seemed to see a downhill as in 1992, its most prized artists, like Todd McFarlane, Jim Lee , Rob Liefeld , Marc Silvestri, Erik Larsen , Jim Valentino , and Whilce Portacio left the company and formed another company, Image Comics. This was a great loss to Marvel as they were all classical and famous stars of main characters of Marvel.
In 1991 Andrews Group had purchased Marvel Comic's Parent corporation, Marvel Entertainment Group (MEG) in 1989, took the company public. Following the rapid rise of this stock, Perelman issued a series of junk bonds that he used to acquire other entertainment companies, secured by MEG stock. Then, by the middle of the decade, the industry had slumped, the company was trapped in financial crisis and filed for bankruptcy protection. New millennium was a relief for Marvel Comics as it emerged from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings.

Conclusion
During the research of Marvel Company, I learned that a great leader was the great contributor to the great success of the company. In the example of Marvel, Stan Lee was fully deserved the name of the most important leader of Marvel, we could say, the soul of Marvel. His creativity and special observation helped him discover the amazing spider man, a flawed hero, which changed the conventional thought of hero. At that time, what audience thought of hero was handsome and perfect. But the existence of new flawed hero, Spider Man, with a ordinary student image but strong power, change the classic hero image forever. Its huge success was due to Stan Lee`s delicate observation and innovation. Not until that did I know the importance of creativity and good observation to a team or a company.
In terms of working in a team, I learn to observe and be creative in a team. Good observation will help me know the project better, the need of other partners, and also the process of the whole project. Creativity will make me think things in another way and thus will come up with new and different way to solve problem.

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Global Positioning System (GPS) project

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Global Positioning System (GPS) project，文章讲述从处理卫星的方法开始，编写了转换程序，以便将角度从度，分和秒转换为弧度，反之亦然。接下来，我们使用从练习4中得出的方程式。项目作业中的（19），（18），（17），（14）和（13）。这给出了一个将位置和一般时间t转换为笛卡尔坐标的公式，其中一般时间t由[tVΨdΨmΨsNSλdλmλsEW h（10）]给出。因为我们每个程序的主要目的都是接受标准输入，然后接受标准输出，所以我们使用练习6中获得的信息将笛卡尔坐标中的数据转换为格式（10）。为了完成此任务，我们使用了一些附加参数，并将其添加到了（20）。

Global Positioning System (GPS) project
Mathematical Approach-
Satellite
Beginning with the approach towards our satellite, conversion programs were written in order to convert angles from degrees, minutes, and seconds to radians, and vice versa. Next, we used the formula derived from exercise #4 from equations; (19), (18), (17), (14), and (13) in the project homework assignment. This gives us a formula from converting position and general time t as given in [ tV Ψd Ψm Ψs NS λd λm λs EW h (10)] into Cartesian coordinates. Since the main purpose for each of our programs is to take in standard input, and out standard output, we used the information gained in exercise 6 to convert the data from Cartesian coordinates into form (10). In order to complete this task we used and added some additional parameters to (20).
h = sqrt(x2 + y2 +z2) – R
{arctan (z/sqrt(x2 + y2))
Ψ = {π/2
{-π/2 For x2 + y2 ≠ 0
For x = y = 0, z > 0
For x = y = 0, z < 0
{π/2
{-π/2
λ = {arctan (y/x)
{π + arctan(y/x)
{2π + arctan(y/x) For x = 0, y > 0
For x = 0, y < 0
For x > 0, y > 0
For x < 0
For x > 0, y < 0

s above horizon xTs > xTx
We were then compelled to find a condition set to assure us the satellites used for our data were above the horizon. Given in Cartesian coordinates of the following equation (31), we figure x being a point on earth and s, in space, this tells us whether s viewed from x is in fact above the horizon.
t0 = tV - ǁxs(tV)-xVǁ2/c
Our final part in solving the satellite, is to compute our ts and xs, being time and position of the satellite respectively. We continued following the iteration from exercise 9 and solving t0 in the form (40).


Receiver
As mentioned in the project assignment, we have 4 unknowns with coordinates of location and time, which leaves us a range within c(tS – tV), where we do not know tV. For our mathematical approach in solving our system of 4 nonlinear equations, we chose to follow exercise 14, and solving thru Newton’s method, the nonlinear system obtained by the Least Squares approach. Due to the possibility of failure in solving this non-linear system, we chose our initial points as such: for the receiver, denote geo0 and geo1 be last two geographic coordinates of vehicle's solution. Let d_geo be the difference of geo1 and geo0 and geo = d_geo + geo1.  Then init_t = t_s[1]+.08 and init_x = geography2cartesian(init_t, geo). We used .08s for the addition to t_s[1], because it is experimentally the average time that the signal takes to go to the vehicle. Also, let it be known that the init_x is approximated by assuming the velocity of the vehicle, constant over a short period.

Directions/How to use-
Our programming language consisted of using C++.
1.Compile: g++ -o satellite satellite.cpp g++ -o receiver receiver.cpp
2. ./satellite , ./ receiver
Satellite takes geographic data from standard input [ tV Ψd Ψm Ψs NS λd λm λs EW h (10)] and generates data from satellites above the horizon in the form [iS tS xS] (26). The receiver takes data in form (26), and prints to standard output in (10). Both the satellite and receiver use data.dat parameters. These programs can be used by giving a command like:
cat bm.dat | java vehicle | ./satellite | ./receiver
Lesson Learned-
We noticed in derivatives that there could have been problems in diving the Ni = ǁxS - xǁ2, since Ni is large, we avoided dividing by zero. From this, we learned that we should divide by larger numbers, but if in another project Ni was small, we would know to modify the problem or equation to divide by a reasonably large number to avoid having to divide by zero.
Other worth mentioning-
The project required that the accuracy of the GPS be within .01m. But to make it safe, the receiver was programmed to have .0001m as the condition of convergence. Also, the accuracy of time is c times of length accuracy, thus making both items at a higher degree of accuracy.
Additionally, we have also tried to solve satellites by using Newton’s method (form 38) and solve receiver by taking first 4 satellites and applying Newton’s method (exercise 13). It turns out that least square method for receiver and Newton’s method for satellite requires more actual initial point.

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Discuss the process of African Americans fighting for equal voting rights

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Discuss the process of African Americans fighting for equal voting rights，文章讲述在美国，黑人和白人之间的关系在医疗和教育等许多方面可能仍然不平等。非洲人将遭受歧视。本文将重点讨论非洲裔美国人争取平等选举权的过程。

Discuss the process of African Americans fighting for equal voting rights

Nowadays, in America, the relationship between black people and white people may still be unequal in many aspects such as medical treatment and education. Africans would suffer from discrimination yet. This paper would focus on the process of African Americans’ fighting for equal suffrage.
As for American founding constitution, it doesn’t treat Africans as human beings at all. Thus the suffrage for them at that time was out of the question. During the American civil war, on January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation announcing that all of the slaves were free men (Soliman, et al., 2014). However, this order was just symbolic for the time. It was a kind of spreading and promoting so as to collapse enemies’ rear. Then after the end of American Civil War, in 1865, the parliament formulated the constitutional amendment Article 13 which is to abolish slavery. This means the true liberation of slaves in law. Then in 1868, the constitutional amendment Article 14 gives African Americans the identity of citizenship. But Article 14 doesn’t concern the racial discrimination in suffrage. As a result, in 1870, Article 15 expressly stipulates that the government of the United States or any state government can’t refuse to give or deprive the suffrage of citizens of the United States because of race, skin color or once servitude. So in theory, it is 1870 that African Americans obtain suffrage. But this was not the case. Under the federal system, state governments would be responsible for many functions of the government. Many specific provisions for voting were formulated by state governments and federal government couldn’t interfere. Thus each state, especially institutions of law system in the southern states, worked out laws to deprive African Americans’ suffrage. Those laws were mainly to set up prerequisites to voting. For example, people who must reach certain property requirements and rate payment and pass cultural tests then can conduct voters’ registration. As we know, most of black people are poor and have no culture so that those prerequisites to voting shut the door upon black people’s face. Later Grandfather Clauses further restricted those prerequisites to voting (Soliman, et al., 2014). Until 1965, Voting Rights Act passed by the parliament was the landmark. African Americans’ right to vote obtained the real implementation. Besides, on August 6, 1965, under the witness of civil right leaders like Martin Luther King who actively promotes blacks’ equal voting rights, President Lyndon Baines Johnson signed Voting Rights Act. This act abolishes those prerequisites to voting depriving black people’s suffrage. Meanwhile it puts forward that electoral laws formulated by states must receive the check of the federal government before implementation.
As a result, based on the above statement, it can be clearly seen that the movement that African Americans fight for the right to vote is a winding and endless process. Generally speaking, black people once played a very important role in American history. They made a huge contribution to American economy and civilization. But they were always regarded as people in the bottom of society so that their suffrage was deprived for a time. In 1619, the first batch of African slaves was transported to America. Then Emancipation Proclamation was published and constitutional amendment Article 14 and 15 were passed. Next Martin Luther King made a speech called ‘I have a dream’. Until the 50s and 60s, civil right movements flourish. According to all those essential steps, African Americans obtain their own suffrage after a long time. This period has lasted as many as 100 years. At present, although the status of African Americans obtains constant improvement and enhancement, there is still a gap compared with white people. Nevertheless, as long as African Americans constantly struggle, under the continuous development of American society, African Americans’ dream for total equality and power will finally come true.

References
Soliman, E. et al. (2014) ‘Prevalence and determinants of electrocardiographic abnormalities in African Americans with type 2 diabetes’, Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 38,3, 178-190.
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