When you have trouble sleeping

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- When you have trouble sleeping，文章讲述随着社会的发展，人民生活水平不断提高。结果，他们开始更加关注健康主题。其中，睡眠是一个有趣的话题。长期困扰现代人的问题。尤其是在今天，随着生活节奏的加快，它越来越受到各行各业的关注。睡眠很重要。对声音和充足睡眠的需求在全球范围内都很重要。

When you have trouble sleeping
With the society developing, people’s living standard is getting better. As a result, they begin paying more attention to the health topics. Among them, sleep is an intriguing topic. It is a problem bothering modern people for long. Especially today, with the pace of life accelerating, it is capturing more and more attention from all walks of life. Sleep does matter. The need for sound and sufficient sleep has worldwide importance.
I. The History of Sleep Problem Study
Sleep is not a new health topic. Scholars have been studying this area for long, in terms of psychology, medicine and so on. They tried to discover the mystery of sleep for the public.
Early in 1913, Henri Pieron published the first book to study sleep from the perspective of psychology, which is called Le probleme physiologique du sommeil. His studies are widely considered as the beginning of modern approach to sleep research. Later in the 1920s, Nathaniel Kleitman began to study the regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms, including studies of sleep characteristics in different populations and effects of sleep deprivation. In 1953 he and Eugene Aserinsky, made the landmark discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) during sleep. (Stanford, 1999)
Dr. William C. Dement came up with the “cyclical” nature of nocturnal sleep in 1955. Then in 1957 and 1958 he discovered the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming. Meanwhile, he published a paper on the existence of a cyclic organization of sleep in cats. His finding of sleep cycles in species other than humans has created an explosion of fundamental research and attracted researchers from other fields such as pharmacology, biochemistry, leading to Michel Jouvet’s identification of REM sleep as an independent state of alertness called “paradoxical sleep.” (Stanford, 1999)
Since 1965, discoveries by European researchers on the presence of apnea during sleep among “Pickwickian” patients brought out a flurry of investigations of the control exercised by the “sleeping brain” on the body’s vital functions. This type of work also led to the new discipline of “sleep medicine.” (Sleep Disorder Info, 2014)
Today sleep study has developed into a branch of study which is related to areas like narcolepsy research, sleep and cardio-respiratory research, and studies of pain and sleep, circadian rhythms, shift work and its effects on sleep, sleep deprivation, and infant sleep. It is gaining more and more value of study.
II. The Impact of Sleep Problem on the Individual and Society
As for the sleep problem, there is an interesting description in the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude. “....The entire town of Macondo was stricken by a sleep problem---the insomnia. Interestingly, the insomnia was infectious. Therefore, both the old and the young were suffering from this disease. At first, insomnia brought energy to the town, because people worked more and sleep less. As a result, the town took on a new look of prosperity and its economy boosted. However, problems came sooner. Under the influence of insomnia, the inhabitants started to forget things and some even died from it. The town became lifeless again. Insomnia was not cured until Melquíades returned....” (García, 1978) Although the novel exaggerated the problem, yet from the descriptions, the influence of sleep problem on the individual and society can be seen. It could post great threats to daily life and the order of society.
To individuals, first of all, sleep problem is companied by other health problems. Sleep problem may put individuals at the risks of many diseases, like high blood pressure, heart attack, and hypertension. As Stuart (2009) pointed out, there is substantial evidence linking sleep problems with cardiovascular disease, etc.. Regarding the Obstructive Sleep Apnea, one of the sleep problems, this condition may be the fatally risky factor for the development of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and other illness. Conditions like insomnia are strongly associated, but it is verified that they are primary risk factors determined only in longitudinal cohort studies. Whether or not they are primary risk factors for cardiovascular disease, it is likely that disturbances caused by sleep problems occur more commonly in people with some types of cardiovascular disease. Sleep problems can be an important signal of other health problems, which can’t be overlooked.
Besides health problems, sleep problem can affect individual’s efficiency at work, resulting in more absences and lower productivity. According to Rahkonen and Lallukka (2012), 21% of women and 17% of men reported frequent sleep problems are linked to frequent sickness absence in their research. They concluded that sleep problem should be addressed to prevent sickness absence. Resulted from illness caused by sleep problem, their working ability would also be impaired. For example, the loss of sleep can affect individual’s interpretation of events, which hurts our ability to make sound judgments, because they may not assess situations accurately and act on them wisely. Because of the impaired ability, working efficiency lowered.
Sleep problem can affect individual’s performance, safety and quality of life. At the same time, it affects the society. It seems that Sleep problem has developed into a public epidemic, torturing the whole society. Social problems caused by it vary from economic loss to frequent car accidents. Harvey and Bruce in their book (2006) said, “The high estimated costs to society of leaving the most prevalent sleep disorders untreated are far more than the costs that would be incurred by delivering adequate treatment. Hundreds of billions of dollars a year are spent on direct medical costs associated with doctor visits, hospital services, prescriptions, and over-the-counter drugs.” Whether the society determines to fight sleep problem or not, it would cause great economic cost. Those suffered individuals need health care, which would lead to increased health care utilization. Furthermore, it will bring a long-term burden to the health care system. The sleep problem sufferers’ keeping visiting doctors and getting medical treatment would consequently place greater burden on the society and thus cause higher costs. The direct cost of sleep problem could be the money that patients spent on treatments and medical care, and the indirect cost would be the associated loss of productivity, industrial and motor vehicle accidents, hospitalization, and increased alcohol consumption. All these are products of the sleep problem.
Actually, the impact of sleep problem can be far more serious than it is mentioned above. Both the individual and society should pay attention to it.
III. Recommendations on Reducing the Impact of Sleep Problem
Both individuals and the society are faced with challenges from sleep problem. Therefore, to reduce the impacts of sleep problem requires individual’s efforts as well as supports from all walks of life in the society.
“Frequent insufficient sleep is strongly associated with poor quality of life, including smoking, physical inactivity and drinking ect..” (Herrick, 2010) Individuals should improve awareness of sleep problem and form good habits. First, take more exercise. Research has shown that people who are physically fit and active will have a better quality of sleep. However, avoiding strenuous exercise in the evening and certainly just before bedtime is important as well. Second, eat a balance diet. Eating habits are closely related to health. People eat a lot would easily suffer from sleep apnoea, while those who are often on diet would be waken up by hunger during night. Consequently, a balance diet matters when it comes to solving sleep problem. Third, pay attention to alcohol, tobacco and caffeine intake. All these are so-called stimulant affecting our sleeping quality. Individuals should reduce the intake of such substance. Finally, individuals should improve their awareness of sleep problem and sleep itself. Once encountered such problem, take appropriate measures to cope with it. To conclude, individuals can form good habits to reduce the impacts from sleep problem.
The society should provide supports to reduce the impacts of sleep problem. More academic health centers studying sleep problem should be built to study sleep problem. On one hand, through studying sleep problem, there will be more solutions to reduce its damage to people and society. On the other hand, centers can provide the public with more professional advice to get rid of sleep problem and form good habits. Improvements in the health care system should be made as well. Government should put more money and human resources into this field, including founding hospitals or clinics specialized in curing diseases related to sleep problem and providing more professional training to the nurses. In the end, enough propaganda can arouse public awareness of this problem.
Through the efforts of individuals and the society, the negative impact of sleep problem would be minimized. However, individuals are the key to solving sleep problem. Reflecting the modern life, people want to beat sleep problem? There is still a long way to go.
IV. How Sleep Problem Relates to My Current Profession
Actually, as a student, sleep problem is not a health topic that far away from me. However, I didn’t take it so serious before. It was turned out to be wrong.
I got used to drinking a lot of coffee at night and sleep irregularly. Soon these bad habits made me feel uncomfortable. I often felt sleepy during the day while couldn’t fall asleep at night. I was inefficient when working or studying and got tired easily, so I had to rely more and more on coffee to keep me awake during the day. But it only worsened my situation. I tired to get rid of sleep disorder by changing the bad habits. Until now, though things get better, I am still under the influence of the sleep problem. I can tell that sleep problem is everywhere and hard to get rid of. If I want to live a high-quality life, I should do more to reduce impact from sleep problem.

Reference
Sleep Research Center, Stanford University. (1999). A Brief History of Sleep Research. Retrieved July 8, 2014, from http://web.stanford.edu/~dement/history.html
Cite in text: (Stanford, 1999)
Sleep Disorder Info. (2014). Sleep Disorder Research: The History of Sleep Medicine. Retrieved July 8, 2014, from http://www.sleepdisordersinfo.org/sleep-disorders-research-and-discovery/
Cite in text: (Sleep Disorder Info, 2014)
The Guardian. (2014). How to Improve Your Sleep. The Good Sleep Handbook.Retrieved July 8, 2014, from http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/201 1/jan/29/how-to-improve-your-sleep
García, M. G. (1978). One hundred years of solitude. London: Pan Books.
Stuart, F. Quan. (2009). Sleep Disturbances and Their Relationship to Cardiovascular Disease. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 3, 55-59.
Rahkonen, O., & Lallukka, T. (2012). Sleep problems and sickness absence among middle-aged employees. Scand J Work Environ Health, 38(1), 47-55.
Harvey, R.C., & Bruce, M.A. (Eds.). (2006). Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem. Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research.
Herrick, H. (2010). The Association of Insufficient Sleep with Smoking, Obesity, Physical Inactivity, and Poor Quality of Life: Results from the 2008 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Survey. State Center for Health Statics.

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Three aspects that interfere with children's learning

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Three aspects that interfere with children's learning，文章讲述我被迫在妈妈的干扰下学习，在妈妈的“指导”下不愿做功课，还被限制参加聚会，甚至结交任何朋友。这真是一次糟糕的经历，给我留下了深刻的印象。因此，它使我思考中文教育的方式或教育本身。我开始认识许多像我这样的孩子，他们受到父母的严重干扰。他们感到困惑和抱怨压力，但无力摆脱困境。根据我的经验，提出了我的主张，这表明父母不能过多地干扰孩子的学习，因为这会使学生失去做出决定的机会，甚至感到无聊并失去对学习的兴趣，放弃社交能力。就我个人而言，我同意提出的主张，因为我是这种教育的受害者。此外，我实际上认识很多与我同龄的孩子，他们不开心，受苦很多，不喜欢应该充满幸福的童年。另一方面，许多教育者和父母已经意识到他们的干扰的严重性，这使孩子对学习失去兴趣，甚至放弃了社交能力，例如与他人交朋友或外出与他人交流。
Three aspects that interfere with children's learning
In my last essay, I told my story of my dark childhood which has extremely impact on my life. I was forced to study under the interference of my mom, doing homework unwillingly under the “guidance” of my mom and also was restrained to be out for parties, and even to make any friends. It is really a bad experience which impresses me. Thus it makes me to ponder on the ways of Chinese education or the education itself. I begin to know many kids like me, who are under severe interference of parents. They are confused and complaint about pressure, but have no ability to get rid of the situation. Based on my own experience, my claim is proposed, which suggest that it is not acceptable for parents to interference their children’s study too much because it will make students lose the chance to make decisions themselves, even be bored and lose interest to their study and abandon social ability. Personally, I am with the proposed claims because I am a victim of the kind of education. Besides, I actually know lots of children who are in the same age as me, they are unhappy and suffer a lot, do not enjoy the childhood which are supposed to be full of happiness. On the other hand, many educators and parents have realized the severity of their interference, which make children lose interest of their studies and even abandon social ability like making friends with others or going out to communicate with others.
In the parenting process, parents are anxious about children’s studies because of the stressful society which puts emphasis on the competence, thus they make decisions like taking after-school class or making friends. According to an investigation in 2011, there are more than 10,000 after-class institutions including Chinese, English, Math, Art classes which all claim to give children a good future. About 87% students from 3 grade to 6 grade take after-school classes in Beijing. According to the facts above, we know that there are more and more after-school classes, the kind of competition make parents more worried about their children’s studies, thus making more decisions for their children. However, there are some opposition, which suggests that not every students are forced to taking classes, there are students who do like taking extra classes and want to fulfill their lives. In my opinion, we do not exclude this situation, but what we focus on is the majority of the students whose decisions are made by their parents, leading to the interest losing of studies.
Secondly, because of too much interference of the parent with a series of requirements, students will get bored and even hate study, finally losing interests to keep studies. In order to make the point clearly, I interview 3 of my friends who has the similar experience like me, although we are now in different countries and major different professions, but we all hate the interference of the parents and kind of transform the emotions to loaded studies. Of course, the simple is not representative to answer the claims. I also have a telephone interview with one of my relatives who was a famous psychologist. He helps me to analyze the current situations of the students, if we add too much pressure to people, they will have a sense of boredom to the areas even the area itself is very interesting. However, some people argue that interference can make students do better decisions because parents are experienced. We do acknowledge the good effect of the appropriate interference. But it is obvious that parents impose too much interference to their child, leading to interest losing of studies.
Thirdly, some parents take care of almost everything concerned with their children, which lets teenagers lose their own independence that indispensable for everyone, step by step, it leads to students abandon social abilities like communicating with others, arranging their own things properly. Because students spend more time on their studies, they have no time or are not allowed to take part in activities that they love. As you can see, the teenager are becoming the machine of the study, they are forced to pay all the attentions to all kinds of after-school classes. Once I experienced an ironic stories of my friends. When it comes to death of her father, her mother insisted on not telling her daughter because of the coming college entrance exams. In order to enter a better middle school, a better high school and excellent college, the teenager miss many opportunities to communicate with people and abandon their social relationship with others.
In a word, too much parenting or parents’ interference is harmful to students’ growth, they lose the chance to make the decisions, feel bored to the studies and even give up the social abilities to communicate with others. Aiming to the problems, some experts are arguing the according solutions. Maybe communication is the best way to solve the problem, the parents should acting like a friend of their children, communicate with them and listen to their children’s ture opinions. Moreover, we should realize that parent involvement and parent interference in education is different, they also have a fear of crossing the line, which means that many parents have realized the problems. It is difficult for parents measure their interference. However, instead of following the trend of taking the children to the extra class, but asking children’s opinions before is an effect way. Last but not the least, we all want to give the child a happy childhood rather than a misery and difficult experience.



Reference
National PTA: Overcoming obstacles to Parents Involvement. n.d. Web. July 7, 2014.
Parenting-Helping Your Anxious Child or teen.anxietybc.com. n.d. Web. July 7, 2014.
Quincy Bulin: Why Do Parents Always Tell You What to Do? How Can You Get Your Parents To Relax Let You Make Your Own Choices. teenadvice.about.com. n.d. Web. July 7, 2014.
The crazy after-school class. sohu.com. May 6,2014.web. 2014.
Valdosta State University: Education and Parent involvement in Secondary Schools; Jeri Labahn;1995. Print. July 7, 2014


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The Weber Model

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The Weber Model，文章讲述在韦伯模型理论下，存在三种类型的组织：基于传统权威的组织（如古代的贵族家庭），基于魅力主义权威的组织（如大多数宗教组织）和基于法律权威的组织（大多数情况下使用）当今企业。
这种模式也可以是组织变革的理论，因为具有传统权威和魅力组织的组织主要基于传统习俗和领导者的个人魅力。在第一个职能中，领导者只有一个目的：维护传统的东西，将不可避免地导致工作效率低下；而在第二个职能中，领导者的权威是基于知觉而不是理性，因此不会产生积极的影响。对现代组织的影响。

The Weber Model

Under Weberian Model theory, there are three types of organizations: those based on Traditional Authority, such as Aristocratic family in ancient times, those based on Charisma Authority, like most of Religious organizations, and those based on Legal Authority, which is used in most enterprises nowadays.
This model can also be a theory of organizational change, for the organizations with Traditional Authority and Charisma Authority largely based on the traditional customs and leaders’ personal magnetism charisma. In the first function, the leaders have only one purpose: to maintenance whatever is traditional, it will inevitably cause low working efficiency, while in the second function, the leaders authority oriented from perception, not from ration, so it will not have a positive effect on a modern organization.
After the promotion of Weberian Model, the organization become more and more orderly and rational. First of all, the continuity of management working requires operating the management activities more orderly. Moreover, selecting people turns to be more depend on his or her own competence. Finally, the power of the leaders is more limited by laws or legislations than before. Consequently, it introduce a more scientific and efficient management function, and change the organizations become more and more orderly, rational and efficient.

Leadership is defined as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals.
But not all leaders are managers, not all managers are leaders.
Managers are provided with certain formal rights, but they are not sure that they will lead effectively. Managers need to formulate detailed plans, create efficient organizational structures, and oversee day-to-day operations.
Leaders can emerge from within a group or by formal appointment. They need to need to challenge the status quo, create visions of the future, and inspire organizational members to want to achieve the visions.
George Patton----leader
He was a United States Army general, best known for his command of the Seventh United States Army, and later the Third United States Army, in the European Theater of World War II. At the war time, he not only focused on daily routines, he also considered the future of the US army and inspire the US army to want to achieve the victory of World War II.
Jack Dorsey----manager
He is an American web developer and businessman widely known as a co-founder and co-creator of Twitter, and as the founder and CEO of Square, a mobile payments company. His work focuses on formulating the company’s developing detailed plans, creates efficient company’s management structures, and oversees day-to-day operations.
Steve Jobs----leader
He was an American entrepreneur, marketer, and inventor, who was the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he is widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields, transforming “one industry after another, from computers and smartphones to music and movies.” He is not only a CEO, but also a leader who develop his own management philosophy and creates the miracle of Apple Products.
Jack Welch----leader
He is an American business executive, author and chemical engineer. He was chairman and CEO of General Electric between 1981 and 2001. During his tenure at GE, the company's value rose 4000%. At his days, GE was transferred from a manufacturing giant to service industry and commerce oriented enterprise giants and became the leader enterprise in the field.
Mark Zuckerberg----manager
He is best known as one of five co-founders of the social networking website Facebook. As of April 2013, Zuckerberg is the chairman and chief executive of Facebook, Inc. He receives a one-dollar salary as CEO of Facebook. His work is focused on Facebook Company’s development. His working objective is only about Facebook research and development.

Innovation includes change, but change is not absolute innovation.
Change means that something is transferred from one situation to another situation. For example, a company laid off some employees in order to cut off the operating cost.
Innovation means that not only involve situation transformation, but also put something new into practice. For example, a company applies a brand new method to affect customers and provides new service to customer.

Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity.
It has a big influence on the development of computerized business systems (CBS’s). Scientific management needs a series of scientific methods to select workers, train workers or perform other management activities, and the workers need to cooperate in order to work in the developed scientific format.
With the development of knowledge economy, the burden of monitoring and control due to the principles of Scientific Management is much greater in the white-collar economy than that of the blue-collar, because moving to the white-collar line, the disciplines of manufacturing disappeared, and the human all have dimension, so it will have the potential for error and indiscipline, so we need a pervasive monitoring regime to correct humans’ errors without delay.
In order to make the management work more scientific, we introduce computerized business systems (CBS’s) to our management. Computers are more standardize and more objective than humans, CBS’s can do the job like monitoring or supervising, in order to agree to Scientific Management.

Elton Mayo was an industrial researcher and organizational theorist. He did researches including business management, industrial sociology, philosophy, and social psychology. His research in industry has a significant impact on industrial and organizational psychology and has an extraordinary influence on the development of the Human Relations School of Management.
Classic scientific management theory always centered on “the right management approach”, which ignored the factor of employees’ motivation. Elton Mayo had performed Hawthorne experiments which indicated that a new approach to employee motivation and employee care in 1960s. This Hawthorne experiments suggested that human factor is very important, which introduced humans’ motivation research and promote the development of Human Relations School of Management.

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The current situation, problems and development of China's social security system

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The current situation, problems and development of China's social security system，文章讲述自1949年新中国成立以来，即将建立社会保障体系。1951年2月26日，政府行政理事会颁布了《中华人民共和国劳动保险条例》（以下简称《保险条例》）。该法令标志着我国职工社会保险制度的初步建立，包括失业保险除外的养老，遗属，疾病，生育等，该规定适用于国有企业和部分集体企业。国家办公室工作人员也已经以颁布特别条例的形式逐步建立，三十多年来，我国颁布了许多有关法律法规，建立了适合计划经济时代的社会保障体系。

The current situation, problems and development of China's social security system

First, The establishment and development of China's social security system
The social security system was about to be established since New China was founded in 1949. On February 26, 1951, the government administration council promulgated “The People's Republic of China labor insurance regulations" (hereinafter referred to as”Insurance Regulations”). This promulgation marks preliminary establishment of employee social insurance system in our country, including pension, survivors, illness and maternity, except unemployment insurance. Such regulations are applicable to state-owned enterprises and some collective enterprises. At the same time, the social insurance system of the national office working personnel has also been gradually established in the form of special regulations promulgated. After more than 30 years, our country has issued many relevant laws and regulations and set up the social security system suitable for the planned economy era.
Since the reform and opening, our country started the reconstruction of the social security system. This process was synchronized with the country's economic system reform. Since the 1980s, the pilot reform of the social insurance system was carried out in some cities, and then across the country. After 20 years of efforts, China has established the social security system suitable for the market economy order. At present, the basic social security system includes two parts: one is the project fully supported by national finance. It includes the rescue of social vulnerable groups, the special care and placement of military personnel and their families, the helpless old young residue, disabled persons and the public, for a community service, social welfare and the completely belong to the category of national income redistribution, fully embodies the social justice; Two is the tripartite co-financing projects by employing unit, worker individual pay cost and properly supported by national assistance, including pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance and birth insurance. At present according to the social insurance law, pension insurance, medical insurance and unemployment insurance are for the tripartite joint payment by employing units, worker individuals and country. The employing units mainly pay for maternity insurance and employment injury insurance and country gives appropriate subsidies.)
Second, The main problems facing the current social security system
The establishment of social security system has played a positive role to protect the basic rights of citizens, maintain social stability and development of the socialist market economy and realize the social justice and fairness. At present, our country social security system is still facing many problems, mainly include:
1st, the covering area of social security
The coverage of social security directly affects the scope of the social security system. It directly relates to the social members that how many people will enjoy the rights of social security, and that how much the social security system can play. At present our country social security coverage is still relatively low. For example, in the five social insurances, the pension insurance is the largest number of people, but only 165.54 million people, and our country urban and rural employment for 737.4 million people [3], of which the first industry practitioners is equal to the sum of the second and the third industry practitioners (the first industry employs 368.7 million people, accounting for 50.0%; the second industry, 157.8 million (21.4%); the third industry of 210.9 million people, accounting for 28.6%. Source: http: //www.molss.gov.cn.).From the above number of social insurance and employers, social security coverage is still very low in our country. At present, the town enterprise worker, migrant workers, urban employment personnel, as well as many private enterprise personnel of flexible obtain employment most did not attend social insurance. However, the proportion of this employment parts is increasing year by year. Therefore, our country social security coverage is still relatively low if compared with the international, which can be only at the level of low-income countries.
2nd, Employment and unemployment insurance
Employment is vital to people's livelihood. Expanding employment relates to the overall situation of reform, development and stability. Over the next several years, the employment will become the biggest difficulty to influence the social development of our country. At present our country is mainly faced with dual pressure from urban and rural employment. It is estimated that now more than 9 millions of jobs can be created every year in our country, but more than 20 millions of jobseekers will compete for the position. By the end of March 2005, the national total of 8.32 million urban registered unemployed personnel, registered urban unemployment rate is 4.2% [1]. But if combined with practical personnel of unregistered unemployment, the rate may exceed 10%. In the next 10 years, there will also have more than 150 million - 200 million rural labor forces to shift to the non-agricultural industry and town. In addition, the re-employment problem of laid-off workers has become the focus of the current employment contradiction.
3rd, urban poverty population
Since China's reform and opening up while people's living standards improve, the social gap between rich and poor is widening. At present, China's per capita GDP has been over $1000 [2], but income gaps are rapidly expanding rather than being shortened. The Gink coefficient used for measuring income inequality has reached about 045 and remains high yet. 20% well-off families living in cities and towns owns more than 67% of the total financial assets. The differences of actual income and welfare between urban and rural areas are nearly 6 by 1, with an average of 20 years of revenue growth. At present, our country has established a security system of minimum livelihood for city dwellers.
The establishment of security system of minimum livelihood for city dwellers plays an important role to solve the urban poor life. But the minimum living security system still has some problems, such as capital source shortage and low security standards. The annual expenditure for basic living allowances is about 15 billion. The minimum living allowance per capita in each city vary from the highest 300 to the lowest less than 40, while the national per capita is 55. Scope of implementation is limited to urban low-income people, which were not including the vast rural poor.
4th, rural old-age security issues
Rural old-age security problem is also a difficulty in the current social security system construction. The problems of how to solve the rural pension will be a widespread issue. More than 800 million [4] farmers in our country, if the farmers' pension problem is not solved, it will be difficult to achieve the purpose of establishing social security and constitute a huge unsafe hidden danger to society. Before the 1980s rural economic system reform, the rural collective organizations took most of main responsibilities for peasants’ pensions. Then along with the land and income distribution after the disintegration of the old system, the responsibilities of supporting the elderly were again transferred to individual family. But as a result of system changes, the traditional family function of supporting the elderly is gradually weakened. It will be inevitable to establish old-age security system suitable for the current rural characteristics.
5th, social security management system
At present, the social security management system still exist many problems of scattered management, conflicting policies from different departments and failing to form a unified management system. Such as old-age security problems, employees of state-owned companies go to labor and social security department, civil servants go to the personnel department, and poverty groups go to civil administration department, which will be so serious for multiple management. Since many agencies perform the function of social insurance, it will be easily cause multiple management and the fragmented situations. Neither macro coordination nor overall balance is well enough, while it increases the management cost and hinders the social security reform process.
Conclusion
In conclusion from above, the social security system of our country is in constant development and progress, but the problems inside also cannot be underestimated. But the construction of the social security system is a process of long-term unremitting reform and cannot be accomplished shortly. The improvement of the social security system demands no delay, but it is yet not enough for just going faster. We should have a correct understanding of China's national conditions step by step and seek truth from facts to resolve our real problems by careful and comprehensive researches of reform routes. Only by establishing an improved social security system, a harmonious socialist society can be built; the problem of the establishment of the social security system can be truly solved. Thus it can play its role for development of our country's social security undertaking and for building social security system of socialism with Chinese characteristics in our country.

References:
[1] Feldstein M. Social security pension reform in China [J]. China Economic Review, 1999, 10(2): 99-107.
[2]Feldstein M, Liebman J. realizing the potential of China’s social security pension system [J]. China Economic Review, 2006, 17: 1-16.
[3]Leung J C B. Social security reforms in China: Issues and prospects [J]. International Journal of Social Welfare, 2003, 12(2): 73-85.
[4]Wang D. China's urban and rural old age security system: Challenges and options [J]. China & World Economy, 2006, 14(1): 102-116.

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The advantages and disadvantages of free speech

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The advantages and disadvantages of free speech，文章讲述如今，随着社会和文化的飞速发展，美国人越来越多地发出自己的声音，因为自911恐怖袭击以来，言论自由权已受到很大程度的限制，尤其是媒体的言论自由。另外，近年来，言论自由的讨论成为大学校园中大学多元化政策最热门的问题之一。例如，伯克利烘烤义卖活动是言论自由抗议活动以及学生和教师政治观点的所有表达的重要结果之一。作为大学社区成员，他们是行使言论自由权的经典例子。一些学生的确同意这种行为以及学生和教师的行为，认为言论自由是分享思想并促进社会进步的重要途径，而另一些人则认为校园演讲应有一定的限制并保持适当的行为。级别或限制，因为他们认为言论自由可能更容易导致暴力。例如，在2007年4月，一名韩国学生在弗吉尼亚理工大学杀死了32人，并炸伤了几名学生，这是美国最严重的校园暴力事件之一。重要原因之一是，有些学生说的话冒犯了韩国学生。然而，正如我们可以在上面自由言论的成功抗议中看到的那样，言论自由是分享思想观念，从而促进社会进步的有益而重要的方式和工具。因此，人们不禁要问：校园应该有言论自由，从而保持校园的多样性吗？

The advantages and disadvantages of free speech
Nowadays with the fast development of society and culture, Americans are pursuing more to pronounce their sounds, because the right of free speech has been limited to a large extent since the 911 terrorist attack , especially the media’s. Also, in recent years, discussion of free speech become one of the most heated issues of college diversity policies on college campuses. For example, the Berkeley Bake Sale, an act of free speech was one of the significant results from the free speech protests and all expressions of political points of view of both students and instructors. They are the classic examples, as college community members, to exercise their rights of free speech. Some students do agree this act and those students’ and instructors’ behaviors, holding the idea that the free speech is an important way to share ideas and thus promote social progress, while others believe speech on campus should have some limited regulations and maintain a proper level or limitation, as they think free speech may lead to violence more easily. For example, in April of 2007, a Korean student killed 32 people and hurt a few students in Virginia Tech University, which led to one of the heaviest campus violence in America. One of the important reasons was that some student said something that offended the Korean student. Yet as the successful protests for free speech we can see above, free speech is a helpful and important way and tool to share ideas and thus make society progress. Therefore, people could not help but ask: should campus have the free speech and thus maintain the diversity on campus?
Indeed, free speech may cause some problems in the actual society: it may be a tool to deliver rumors or may be abused without any limitations at all.
Free speech is easy to deliver rumors or false knowledge and delude students to do bad things around the campus, because students are too young to distinguish the reality and falseness. Ten years ago, much false science knowledge was expressed secretly and largely around the campus in China. The Crazed Falun Gong was one of classic examples and did large harm to students, which had given rise to large-scale bad social reflections. At that time, this pseudoscience knowledge bewitched students that it is very beneficial to study Falun Gong, as it can bring you to the western paradise to have happy immortality. Falun Gong told them that it could cure their illness, realize their dreams and make them wealthy or even get a happy immortal life, if they burned themselves at the right time and in the right place. Many students as well as their parents believed these rumors and pseudoscience, which resulted in huge and destructive losses. They got to the Tianan Square in Beijing to burn themselves for the Western Paradise. Many people including students absolutely died from the pseudoscience. This tragedy is resulted from the unlimited free speech. If there were no free speech, maybe the tragedy would not happen.
Also, free speech is easy to make people deliver insulted words without any limitations. There is an example of free speech, which caused people to think about deeply. Richard Berthold, a professor of University of New Mexico, played a joke about the “911” in his historical class, saying: “The person, who can explode the Pentagon, can win my vote in the end.” The joke, however, gave rise to a great disturbance later. In the next several weeks, the professor had been attacked by the local broadcast and the conferences of New Mexico, and he himself got suspension for one semester. Ironically, the professor is a conservative. He confessed later that his joke was so stupid that he deserved being attacked. People said that the professor did not have any limitations to speak and used some insulted words in the public occasion. Today, many people always hold the weapon of free speech and abuse words at random. They always use some words to attack their surrounding people, and thus make more and more conflicts. When people criticize those who abuse the right of free speech, they contradict that they have the right of free speech.
In spite of these problems, free speech is very beneficial and necessary for the development of society as well. Free speech can be an important way and tool to share ideas. As an old saying goes, “one has two apples at the same time if he or she exchanges with each other.” The saying stresses the importance of sharing things with others, which cannot leave out of the free speech. As is known to us, Microsoft company turns into one of the biggest company in the world from a small office in a short time. The company’s success cannot leave without a good atmosphere of free speech. In this company, every one is free to speak ans tell their own thoughts without any limitations. What is more, the employees can speak directly to their boss, play joke with them, or even quarrel with their bosses for the discussions of problems. They have no limitations in the company and enjoy relaxed work environment. In such free and enjoyable environment, many new ideas come out from the company every day, and the company grows day by day.
Meanwhile, free speech is a significant way to pursue and acquire truth at the campus. Truth that is given free wings can be expressed and delivered and thus given the life. The college is the Utopia of knowledge, and we cannot imagine what it will be if no free speech is permitted. In September of 2010, one lecturer in the University of California Los Angeles discussed one issue about racial segregation with her colleague by email. However, the email was exposed with the title of “America: Good Neighbour” to the public with no reasons, and many critiques on this issue have been diversified immediately. She was suspended to teach for two weeks, because she was said that her speech made some threats to race, religion and the relevant colleagues mentioned in the email. However, her email did not mention anyone’s name. Luckily, she was cleared in the end and her two-week salary was returned as well. Seeing this example, I felt very surprised and a little bit frightened, because such the limitations for the free speech largely did harm to the communications and development of academy.
Generally speaking, to diversify campus life, it is necessary and beneficial to promote free speech on campus, though the free speech may lead to some bad results to some extent. Just as mentioned above, the promotion for free speech can be an effective and important way and tool to share ideas to make social progress. Free speech make people share ideas more easily and effectively, which benefits the development and growth of both academy and enterprise. In addition, the pursuit and acquisition of truth cannot leave out of free speech. If the free speech of the college Utopia is limited largely, the development of academy would stop and never go out of the end, as we can see the example mentioned above. However, there are negative results of free speech as well. Free speech would become a tool of bad people to deliver rumors and bewitch the innocent students. Meanwhile, the pseudoscience or antiscience would utilize the free speech to linger around the pure campus.
However, free speech cannot be banned just because of the disadvantages above, as free speech have more advantages than disadvantages and is more beneficial for people compared with its negative influences. Free speech deserves being promoted under the condition of good guide. For example, the relevant authorities should make specific laws and regulations to distinguish the boundary line of free speech. Meanwhile, colleges should make some announcement around the campus about the free speech. As for the students, students themselves should try to learn some relevant knowledge and master the skills of distinguishing what are good or bad.

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