Today's commercial culture

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The solution to insomnia，文章讲述睡眠不是一个新的健康话题。学者们从心理学，医学等方面对该领域进行了长期的研究。他们试图为公众发现睡眠的奥秘。
1913年初，亨利·皮伦（Henri Pieron）出版了第一本从心理学的角度研究睡眠的书，名为《生理问题》。他的研究被广泛认为是现代睡眠研究方法的开端。在1920年代后期，纳撒尼尔·克莱特曼（Nathaniel Kleitman）开始研究睡眠和昼夜节律的调节，包括研究不同人群的睡眠特征和睡眠剥夺的影响。 1953年，他和尤金·阿瑟林斯基（Eugene Aserinsky）取得了具有里程碑意义的发现，即睡眠期间快速眼动（REM）。 （斯坦福，1999年）William C. Dement博士于1955年提出了夜间睡眠的“周期性”性质。然后在1957年和1958年，他发现了REM睡眠与梦境之间的关系。同时，他发表了一篇关于猫的周期性睡眠组织的论文。他在人类以外的物种中发现睡眠周期的知识引起了基础研究的爆炸式增长，并吸引了药理学，生物化学等其他领域的研究人员，从而使Michel Jouvet将REM睡眠鉴定为一种独立的机敏状态，称为“悖论性睡眠”。 （斯坦福，1999年）自1965年以来，欧洲研究人员对“匹克威克”患者在睡眠中存在呼吸暂停的发现，引起了对“睡眠大脑”对人体重要功能进行控制的一系列研究。这类工作还导致了“睡眠医学”的新学科。 （睡眠障碍信息，2014年）

The solution to insomnia
With the society developing, people’s living standard is getting better. As a result, they begin paying more attention to the health topics. Among them, sleep is an intriguing topic. It is a problem bothering modern people for long. Especially today, with the pace of life accelerating, it is capturing more and more attention from all walks of life. Sleep does matter. The need for sound and sufficient sleep has worldwide importance.
I. The History of Sleep Problem Study
Sleep is not a new health topic. Scholars have been studying this area for long, in terms of psychology, medicine and so on. They tried to discover the mystery of sleep for the public.
Early in 1913, Henri Pieron published the first book to study sleep from the perspective of psychology, which is called Le probleme physiologique du sommeil. His studies are widely considered as the beginning of modern approach to sleep research. Later in the 1920s, Nathaniel Kleitman began to study the regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms, including studies of sleep characteristics in different populations and effects of sleep deprivation. In 1953 he and Eugene Aserinsky, made the landmark discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) during sleep. (Stanford, 1999)
Dr. William C. Dement came up with the “cyclical” nature of nocturnal sleep in 1955. Then in 1957 and 1958 he discovered the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming. Meanwhile, he published a paper on the existence of a cyclic organization of sleep in cats. His finding of sleep cycles in species other than humans has created an explosion of fundamental research and attracted researchers from other fields such as pharmacology, biochemistry, leading to Michel Jouvet’s identification of REM sleep as an independent state of alertness called “paradoxical sleep.” (Stanford, 1999)
Since 1965, discoveries by European researchers on the presence of apnea during sleep among “Pickwickian” patients brought out a flurry of investigations of the control exercised by the “sleeping brain” on the body’s vital functions. This type of work also led to the new discipline of “sleep medicine.” (Sleep Disorder Info, 2014)
Today sleep study has developed into a branch of study which is related to areas like narcolepsy research, sleep and cardio-respiratory research, and studies of pain and sleep, circadian rhythms, shift work and its effects on sleep, sleep deprivation, and infant sleep. It is gaining more and more value of study.
II. The Impact of Sleep Problem on the Individual and Society
As for the sleep problem, there is an interesting description in the novel One Hundred Years of Solitude. “....The entire town of Macondo was stricken by a sleep problem---the insomnia. Interestingly, the insomnia was infectious. Therefore, both the old and the young were suffering from this disease. At first, insomnia brought energy to the town, because people worked more and sleep less. As a result, the town took on a new look of prosperity and its economy boosted. However, problems came sooner. Under the influence of insomnia, the inhabitants started to forget things and some even died from it. The town became lifeless again. Insomnia was not cured until Melquíades returned....” (García, 1978) Although the novel exaggerated the problem, yet from the descriptions, the influence of sleep problem on the individual and society can be seen. It could post great threats to daily life and the order of society.
To individuals, first of all, sleep problem is companied by other health problems. Sleep problem may put individuals at the risks of many diseases, like high blood pressure, heart attack, and hypertension. As Stuart (2009) pointed out, there is substantial evidence linking sleep problems with cardiovascular disease, etc.. Regarding the Obstructive Sleep Apnea, one of the sleep problems, this condition may be the fatally risky factor for the development of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and other illness. Conditions like insomnia are strongly associated, but it is verified that they are primary risk factors determined only in longitudinal cohort studies. Whether or not they are primary risk factors for cardiovascular disease, it is likely that disturbances caused by sleep problems occur more commonly in people with some types of cardiovascular disease. Sleep problems can be an important signal of other health problems, which can’t be overlooked.
Besides health problems, sleep problem can affect individual’s efficiency at work, resulting in more absences and lower productivity. According to Rahkonen and Lallukka (2012), 21% of women and 17% of men reported frequent sleep problems are linked to frequent sickness absence in their research. They concluded that sleep problem should be addressed to prevent sickness absence. Resulted from illness caused by sleep problem, their working ability would also be impaired. For example, the loss of sleep can affect individual’s interpretation of events, which hurts our ability to make sound judgments, because they may not assess situations accurately and act on them wisely. Because of the impaired ability, working efficiency lowered.
Sleep problem can affect individual’s performance, safety and quality of life. At the same time, it affects the society. It seems that Sleep problem has developed into a public epidemic, torturing the whole society. Social problems caused by it vary from economic loss to frequent car accidents. Harvey and Bruce in their book (2006) said, “The high estimated costs to society of leaving the most prevalent sleep disorders untreated are far more than the costs that would be incurred by delivering adequate treatment. Hundreds of billions of dollars a year are spent on direct medical costs associated with doctor visits, hospital services, prescriptions, and over-the-counter drugs.” Whether the society determines to fight sleep problem or not, it would cause great economic cost. Those suffered individuals need health care, which would lead to increased health care utilization. Furthermore, it will bring a long-term burden to the health care system. The sleep problem sufferers’ keeping visiting doctors and getting medical treatment would consequently place greater burden on the society and thus cause higher costs. The direct cost of sleep problem could be the money that patients spent on treatments and medical care, and the indirect cost would be the associated loss of productivity, industrial and motor vehicle accidents, hospitalization, and increased alcohol consumption. All these are products of the sleep problem.
Actually, the impact of sleep problem can be far more serious than it is mentioned above. Both the individual and society should pay attention to it.
III. Recommendations on Reducing the Impact of Sleep Problem
Both individuals and the society are faced with challenges from sleep problem. Therefore, to reduce the impacts of sleep problem requires individual’s efforts as well as supports from all walks of life in the society.
“Frequent insufficient sleep is strongly associated with poor quality of life, including smoking, physical inactivity and drinking ect..” (Herrick, 2010) Individuals should improve awareness of sleep problem and form good habits. First, take more exercise. Research has shown that people who are physically fit and active will have a better quality of sleep. However, avoiding strenuous exercise in the evening and certainly just before bedtime is important as well. Second, eat a balance diet. Eating habits are closely related to health. People eat a lot would easily suffer from sleep apnoea, while those who are often on diet would be waken up by hunger during night. Consequently, a balance diet matters when it comes to solving sleep problem. Third, pay attention to alcohol, tobacco and caffeine intake. All these are so-called stimulant affecting our sleeping quality. Individuals should reduce the intake of such substance. Finally, individuals should improve their awareness of sleep problem and sleep itself. Once encountered such problem, take appropriate measures to cope with it. To conclude, individuals can form good habits to reduce the impacts from sleep problem.
The society should provide supports to reduce the impacts of sleep problem. More academic health centers studying sleep problem should be built to study sleep problem. On one hand, through studying sleep problem, there will be more solutions to reduce its damage to people and society. On the other hand, centers can provide the public with more professional advice to get rid of sleep problem and form good habits. Improvements in the health care system should be made as well. Government should put more money and human resources into this field, including founding hospitals or clinics specialized in curing diseases related to sleep problem and providing more professional training to the nurses. In the end, enough propaganda can arouse public awareness of this problem.
Through the efforts of individuals and the society, the negative impact of sleep problem would be minimized. However, individuals are the key to solving sleep problem. Reflecting the modern life, people want to beat sleep problem? There is still a long way to go.
IV. How Sleep Problem Relates to My Current Profession
Actually, as a student, sleep problem is not a health topic that far away from me. However, I didn’t take it so serious before. It was turned out to be wrong.
I got used to drinking a lot of coffee at night and sleep irregularly. Soon these bad habits made me feel uncomfortable. I often felt sleepy during the day while couldn’t fall asleep at night. I was inefficient when working or studying and got tired easily, so I had to rely more and more on coffee to keep me awake during the day. But it only worsened my situation. I tired to get rid of sleep disorder by changing the bad habits. Until now, though things get better, I am still under the influence of the sleep problem. I can tell that sleep problem is everywhere and hard to get rid of. If I want to live a high-quality life, I should do more to reduce impact from sleep problem.

Reference
Sleep Research Center, Stanford University. (1999). A Brief History of Sleep Research. Retrieved July 8, 2014, from http://web.stanford.edu/~dement/history.html
Cite in text: (Stanford, 1999)
Sleep Disorder Info. (2014). Sleep Disorder Research: The History of Sleep Medicine. Retrieved July 8, 2014, from http://www.sleepdisordersinfo.org/sleep-disorders-research-and-discovery/
Cite in text: (Sleep Disorder Info, 2014)
The Guardian. (2014). How to Improve Your Sleep. The Good Sleep Handbook.Retrieved July 8, 2014, from http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/201 1/jan/29/how-to-improve-your-sleep
García, M. G. (1978). One hundred years of solitude. London: Pan Books.
Stuart, F. Quan. (2009). Sleep Disturbances and Their Relationship to Cardiovascular Disease. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 3, 55-59.
Rahkonen, O., & Lallukka, T. (2012). Sleep problems and sickness absence among middle-aged employees. Scand J Work Environ Health, 38(1), 47-55.
Harvey, R.C., & Bruce, M.A. (Eds.). (2006). Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem. Committee on Sleep Medicine and Research.
Herrick, H. (2010). The Association of Insufficient Sleep with Smoking, Obesity, Physical Inactivity, and Poor Quality of Life: Results from the 2008 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Survey. State Center for Health Statics.

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Today's commercial culture

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Today's commercial culture，文章讲述本周的模块使我从角度进一步了解和认识不同的种族，性别和性取向。通过本周的研究，我知道随着全球化的不断发展，不同的文化和种族之间的交流越来越好，越来越频繁，因此“异性”的文化专用性就出现在商品化时代。在当今的商品化文化中，关于占有他人的文化专有权的争论已经变得多样化了。他人性的文化占有是指一种文化将外国文化元素整合到自己的文化中。看到这一点，推广文化专用性可能是合理的，因为文化专用性似乎是对其他文化的吸收。

Today's commercial culture

The module this week makes me further understand and realize the different race , gender and sexuality from the perspective. Through this week’s study, I know that with the increasing development of globalization, different cultures and races communicate better and more frequently, so the cultural appropriation of the Otherness appears under the commodification era. In the commodification culture nowadays, debates on the culture appropriation of the Otherness has been diversified whether it is right to appropriate Otherness. Culture appropriation of the Otherness refers to one culture combines foreign cultural elements into its own culture. Seeing this, it may be reasonable to promote the culture appropriation, as the cultural appropriation seems to be some kind of the absorption of other cultures.
Without doubt, the cultural appropriation is an inexorable trend of the commodification era. With the advancement of science and technology, the culture appropriation that use all forms or symbols of different cultures together is some kind of social progress. Speaking of the culture appropriation, i think of an old cartoon of Donald Duck that I have been watching since I was a child. The cartoon has some kind of culture appropriation that combines some Chinese features together. Today, cartoon can be said to become a kind of youth arts in the new 21th century, which not only has a large influence on the creation, but also deeply plays an important role on the young people’s appreciation of beauty. The cartoon with some culture appropriation is more popular among young people and has become a sign of communication between youngsters, which symbolizes the beautiful pursuit of the youth, children simplicity and childhood. Therefore, arts needs some kind of culture appropriation to some extent, because arts are not only a kind of collective recognitions of one racial group or one era, but also are good and effective means to express, deliver and create new ideas.
As a common person, cultural appropriation of the Otherness may not be familiar, but he or she must be familiar with commodities with many different elements, such as the Eastern countries’classical elements, the western romantic elements. However, more people cannot distinguish where the commodities with different elements come from, as they have lost their own features and original meanings, or even they become a tool to deceive consumers. Thus, cultural appropriation should be used properly at the right time and at the right place, and enterprises should not be aimless to follow the fashion. Chinese Red receives vast popularity and goes towards the world in recent years since the opening of Olympic Games. When entering supermarkets, you can see all kinds of Chinese Red with different types of elements, which attracts people’s eyes and leaves few choices for people. These have lost Chinese Red’s original meaning and look very common or even vulgar, which is the result from the random use of culture appropriation.
In summary, I learn a new term “cultural appropriation” through this week’s study. Cultural appropriation of the Otherness can be an effective tool to promote represent commodities and win the markets in the commodification era if it is used well, while it will result in the loss of original meaning and features, if it is used at random.


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Three Punic Wars

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Three Punic Wars，文章讲述布匿战争被认为是整个西方文明史上最重要的战争之一。战争使罗马变得越来越强大。罗马人负责地中海，并建立了一支强大的军队和一支强大的海军。最终，罗马不仅击败了迦太基，而且击败了地中海周围的许多王国。在赢得布匿战争之后，罗马人抢劫了地中海战败国家的所有黄金，奴隶和其他战利品。因此，罗马已成为横跨欧洲，非洲和亚洲的大国。
Three Punic Wars
“The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. At the time, they were probably the largest wars that had ever taken place.”[ Wikipedia: Punic Wars] Rome won Carthage in three Punic Wars and conquered Carthage.
The Punic Wars are considered one of the most important Wars in the entire history of Western Civilization. The wars had made Rome became more and more powerful. Romans took charge of the Mediterranean Sea and built up a powerful army and a strong navy. At last, Rome defeated not only Carthage, but also many kingdoms around the Mediterranean. After they won the Punic Wars, Romans robbed all the gold, slaves and other spoils from the defeated countries in the Mediterranean. Therefore, Rome had become a huge country which cross Europe, Africa and Asia.
The Punic Wars is a milestone. After the wars, it means that the western world would not remain split and unrest. Rome became the strongest country in the western world. Because of the Punic Wars, the western world had been in peace for hundreds of years. There was a golden age for Romans to develop the economy and the unique Roman civilization, which affect the western world civilization deeply.
I will present a war package later. The first Punic War lasted from 264 to 241 BC. “It began as a local conflict in Sicily between Hiero II of Syracuse and the Mamertines of Messina.”[ Wikipedia: First Punic Wars]The Mamertines got the help of the Carthaginian, but they soon betrayed them and asked the Romans for aid against Carthage. After the ally had been built, the Romans and Carthaginians began the war in order to get the Sicily Island and mastery of the Mediterranean seas. That was why First Punic War began.
The First Punic War turned out to be Romans victory. The reason why Romans won is that they quickly set up a strong navy and they had the ability to competent with Carthaginian navy. Romans did a good job in naval battle.
After this war, Romans, of course, got Sicily Island and some small island around. However, the most important is that Romans get the mastery of the Mediterranean seas, so Carthage could only get to the Iberian Peninsula.
The Second Punic War lasted from 218 to 201 BC. At that time, Hannibal was crossing the Iberian Peninsula, Romans thought his behavior had threated them. After the failure of negotiation, the Second Punic War.
Romans still won the second Punic War. At the beginning of the war, Romans had difficulty dealing with Hannibal’s army and always losing battles. However, later on, Romans decided to counterattack Carthaginian other land except for Hannibal’s army, and finally defeated Hannibal’s army and won the whole battle.
Romans took charge of Iberian Peninsula, and Carthaginian military power is strictly limited. After this war, Romans had taken charge of all land in Europe and the Mediterranean seas. Romans began to have the ability to establish a powerful kingdom.
The Third Punic War lasted from 149 to 146 BC. The reason for this battle was because Romans thought Carthage is a threat and wanted them to disappear as quickly as possible. Because Rome was extremely strong, so the Romans won this war easily. After that, Carthage had disappeared in history, and Rome had become a powerful Republic which cross three continents.
The basic cause of the whole war is that the economy of Rome was developing, they needed a peaceful environment to develop their economy. With their economy was getting better and better, they began to seek ways to expansion. Therefore, they fought with many other countries in order to make Rome bigger and bigger, stronger and stronger.
The three Punic Wars have stunning impact. First, Hannibal’s military tactics are used for reference by many generals. At that time, there were many famous heroes. What’s more, many useful military tactics and diplomacy had been spread, such as isolating the enemy and unifying the enemy’s enemy, or putting the battle in the enemy’s land in order to reduce the loss of native land, etc.
Secondly, it turns out to be very important to have the mastery of the seas. I think the reason why Carthage lost the second Punic War is that they had lost the Mediterranean seas in the former battle. Without controlling the Mediterranean seas, Carthage native could not provide supplies to Hannibal, and that caused Romans got the advantage of the war.
Thirdly, in this series of wars, Romans had showed their aggressive, creative and high spirit, which has a strong effect on western nation people. May because of this, westerners have controlled the world for hundreds of years and now, western part is still the richest part of the world.

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The source of change for the Romans

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The source of change for the Romans，文章讲述罗马在2000年前是一个非常强大的帝国。她跨越欧洲，亚洲和非洲三大洲。罗马持续了将近2000年，但最终，她像所有帝国和朝代一样在历史上消失了。事实是，一旦罗马人被认为是努力工作并意识到美德，他们便愿意献身于共和国。但是，情况发生了很大变化。罗马人不是过去的罗马人。

The source of change for the Romans
Rome was an extraordinary powerful empire two thousand years ago. She cross Europe, Asia and Africa three continents. Rome lasted for nearly two thousand years, but in the end, she disappeared in history, like all the empires and dynasties. The truth is, once Romans were thought to be hard-working and aware of virtue, and they were willing to devote themselves to the Republic. However, things changed greatly. Romans were not the Romans they had been used to be.
Why Romans changed so greatly. I think there a several reasons.
First, the problem of over-concentration of power in the hands of aristocrats and officials. In the war time, the citizens paid attention on national conflicts instead of internal contradictions, but in the age of peace, the power is still left in aristocrats’ and officials’ hands, or, only Augustus oneself. Absolute power definitely causes absolute corruption. The high society used their power to exploit the lower class people and slaves, the gap between the rich and the poor was getting wider and wider. What’s more, hereditary system made the rich men get richer and richer, and the poor men get poorer and poorer. When a country’s most gold and power had been centralized in few people, they began to purchase land and became rich landlord, while most people had nothing in hand and had to work day and night and they have to shoulder the heavy tax burden, and they had to pay for the economic crisis or the disaster of poverty. I believe that most poor people could not accept that.
For example, the famous Gladiator game and other Blood Sport. These sports were performed to please the upper class rich men, while those poor men and slaves had to fight with the beasts for living. The poor people were forced to sanctify their life to entertain the upper class.
Second, the people’s belief were being crushed and reconstructed. For rich people, they had enough money and power, the greed let them to ask for more. Therefore, those officials wanted to modify the rules so that the new rules would be benefit for them. Rome was transferred from Republic to empire because of Augustus. The traditional rules were broken down suddenly, on the contrary, no any new rules which could restrict the emperor’s power had put forward. The social structure had become deformed and many upper class rich men had to scarify their morality to cater to the new society rules, the traditional morality had faced great difficulty being maintained.
For poor people, the belief and morality changed greatly as well. The difference is: the upper class rich men could modify the rules by themselves, but ordinary citizens could only watch and do nothing. The age of peace was so long, the aristocrats and upper class people were not as brave as their ancestors, and on the contrary, they seemed like parasites in Rome. The ordinary citizen had develop dissatisfaction to Rome. Under the new rules of Rome, those “stern, stiff, steady, sedate, sparse Romans of the Republic of its earlier days with their obsession with the virtues of fides, gravitas, virtue, religion, etc. and the good moral man as public servant working for the good of the Republic.”[ The question] people did not have their reward, the traditional morality crushed in face of the cruel truth. In Roman’s time, the number of Christians was rising. Many ordinary citizens tended to become religious, in order to, I guess, evade reality.
Third, Rome had already become a multi-minorities empire. There were many different kinds of minorities in the whole Roman Empire. However, those minorities did not happy to be part of Rome. At the beginning of the time, Rome was the most powerful Republic in the western land, so these minorities had to under Roman’s commend, but in fact, most of them were not willing to. Most time Romans did not treat them as their native citizens. The famous statute law applied to everyone except for the slaves and the people who were not Roman natives. Those minorities entered in Rome, their ideas and thoughts had a great influence on Roman native’s values. The value system of Rome was being crushed.
The American movie Gladiator showed a picture of later Roman Empire. The emperor got the power by cruel means. Those brave and honest people were framed and had no chance to survive. The tyrant oppressed and exploited the ordinary people and did what he wish to do. Laws and legislations disappeared. The upper class found amusement in lower class blood fighting. That may be the real reason why Romans had the great change. Their mind did change, but they did not change by no reason. It is the society changed FIRST, the whole environment was getting worse and worse, then, people’s mind indeed changed, with the bad environment.

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The Great of Alexander

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The Great of Alexander，文章讲述在谈论古希腊历史时，我们必须提到亚历山大大帝。当他20岁时，他只是马其顿的一位匿名国王，这是一个位于古希腊北部的小州。然而，当他去世时享年33岁，他处理了横跨欧洲，非洲和亚洲三大洲的庞大帝国。十三年来，他占领了整个希腊，击败了波斯人，阿拉伯人和印第安人，然后建立了一个史无前例的不可思议的帝国。


The Great of Alexander
When talking about ancient Greek history, we must mention Alexander the Great. When he was 20 years old, he was just an anonymous king in Macedon, a tiny state which was located in the north of ancient Greece. However, when he died at the age of 33, he had processed a vast empire which cross three continents including Europe, Africa and Asia. In thirteen years, he had occupied the whole Greece, and beat Persians, Arabs and Indians, then founded an incredible empire without parallel in history.
In my opinion, Alexander is an incredible hero, but not great enough.
What is the mean of “great”? What kinds of persons deserves to be called “The Great”? From where I stand, the word “great” suggests not only one’s outstanding ability or amazing achievement, but, more importantly, depends on whether he or she have a considerable positive influence on the past or today’s world. Thus I think a great person who can be called “The Great” must have a positive effect on the world history. Those only have strong power can never be called “The Great”.
When people nowadays speak of Alexander the Great, the topics of conversation always focus on two parts: one are his legend stories and the other are his tidbits, like “was he really a gay?” “Had he once loved Hephaestion?” and so on. Hardly have anyone once say: “If it weren't for Alexander the Great, today’s world would be completely different.” The truth is, what impresses us most is his heroic, not his contributions. On the contrary，he started plenty of wars and invaded lots of counties, which will not be appreciated by humanists like me. If he did not make obvious contributions, only destroyed the political system of the three continents and brought death and enslavement to other nations, I do not think he is deserved to be called “The Great”.
But he still succeed in many areas. He hardly had a battle lost. He was always a winner at his time. Furthermore, he may be the first man who have the ability to “rule the world”. He spread the brilliant Greek culture to other countries.
What he did can really make him a shining hero in history, but he still have two major failures. ”With his campaign suffering from "mission drift," Alexander succumbed to his men's pleas and turned back. But he decided on a circuitous route: down India's rivers to the ocean, then along the coast back to Persia. As 15,000 of his men died of starvation or heat in the Gedrosan Desert -- more than all those he lost in battle. At a banquet back in Babylon, he drank excessively, then fell ill of a fever. He died a few days later.”[ TEN! GREAT Reasons Why Alexander Was Great!
http://www.livescience.com/11315-top-10-reasons-alexander-great-great.html] Undeniably, the first failure—also the direct reason for his retreat—is his military tactics. For one thing, the Greek army had difficulty adapting the hot and damp weather of India, which led to serious consequences, for example, diseases and demoralizing had been spread to the tired army. Indians act just like what Russians did to Napoleon and Hitler over two thousand years later. In fact, the Greek army had suffered a lot. Since then, Alexander had no ability to protect his huge empire.
The other major failure is indirect but still fatal. Later in the war, Alexander did not have enough power to control the generals and soldiers who had been used to fight under his command. He unified Greece because that was his father’s dream, he conquered Persia because Persians had hired a killer to assassinate (maybe). It seems that he did not find good excuses to invade Arab and India. Thus, I do not think the Greek army will have the passion to fight for one man’s greed. What’s more, he even killed a subordinate when he was drunk. Many people think Alexander is a man who in welcomed in the national, but, in my opinion, maybe only national who stayed in Greece, not his army. He thought he was God, which is benefit for him to rule the whole empire, and, maybe he just narcissistic.
Although I disagree that Alexander have make OBVIOUS contributions, however, his war has indeed promoted the communications among Europe, Asia and Africa. He had left precious legacy: the communication among the three continents becoming closer and closer, the Greek culture had been widespread in a short time, and, of course, his heroic, incredible stories.
Why is he considered so important? I have three reasons to explain:
First, his military record, he hardly had a battle lost. He was always a winner at his time. Furthermore, he died at the right time, which is he had all the glory he could have. His legendary life is attractive to later generations.
Second, he did deeply influence the historical process of the world, especially the three main continents. At his time, the communication among the three continents becoming closer and closer, he Greek culture had been widespread in a short time.
Finally, I think it is the power of propaganda. It may seem strange, but when I read about him, many rulers and dictators appreciate him very much. After Alexander’s death, hundreds of dictators wish to “unify the whole world”, and Alexander is the man who have the nearest distance to rule the whole world. So dictators propagate him to prove: “ruling the whole world is possible, because I am as great as Alexander, come on let’s fight for me guys~” meanwhile, soldiers wish to have a commander as great as Alexander to lead them to win all the battle. The dictators wish to become him, the civilian adore him. He is becoming a symbol, maybe a spiritual sustenance of the later generation.

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