Bluefin tuna overfishing international political game

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Bluefin tuna overfishing international political game，文章讲述随着金枪鱼需求的增加，金枪鱼的种类越来越少，已经灭绝。金枪鱼作为过度捕捞造成的濒危物种，因此成为国际上的热门话题，甚至是关于是否应限制捕捞的国际政治博弈。作者作为环境非政府组织的代表，试图讨论金枪鱼捕捞过度的国际政治游戏。本文主要分为两部分：一是介绍金枪鱼捕捞的背景，二是讨论金枪鱼捕捞的国际博弈。

Bluefin tuna overfishing international political game
Introduction
With the increasing demand of tuna, species of tuna is becoming fewer and fewer and has reached the line of extinction. The tuna, as an endangered species resulted from the overfishing, thus becomes a hot international topic even an international political game on whether it should be restricted. This author, as a representative of environment NGO, tries to discuss the the international political game of overfishing tuna. The paper is mainly divided into two parts: one is to introduce the background of the fishery of tuna, while the other is to discuss the international game of the fishing of tuna.
Background
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), it is proved that Bluefin tuna is facing a serious situation of extinction because of the overfishing for years. Species of Bluefin tuna, like Thunus Maccoyii (Southern Bluefin Tuna), is considered as an endangered animal, ranking from “endangered” up to “critically endangered”, even one level higher than another endangered animal Panda (Pintassilgo, 2001). Meanwhile, according to the International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species in the North Pacific Ocean (ISC), the quantity of Pacific Bluefin tuna has declined by 96.4 per cent since fishing began more than 200 years ago (Pintassilgo, 2001). One of the main reason resulting in such tragedy is the increasing demand of Japanese and worldwide sushi market. It is the profit that drives people to fish the tuna all the time even if tuna becomes fewer and fewer.
Monaco once put forward a suggestion that Bluefin tuna should be recorded into the appendix of endangered species, which would restrict the fishing of tuna if receiving the approval. The proposal, however, was rejected in the end via the voting. With the fewer and fewer tuna, the efforts will never stop even if the Monaco act did not get approval. Therefore, I, as the representative of environmental nongovernment organization, stick to the proposal that it should be restrict the fishing of tuna, the precious species, even to achieve zero fishing theoretically.
The Analysis of International Game of Overfishing Bluefin Tuna
No Pass for the Act of Banning fishing
The Atlantic and Mediterranean Bluefin tuna is often used to made sushi and the price is very high, which leads to the massive demand of tuna and thus the overfishing of tuna. Especially, the Bluefin tuna that has fecundity decreases to a large extent in recent years, directly giving rise to the increasing price of the Bluefin tuna and growing scales of fishing. In March 2010, Monaco put forward an act to the members of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITEC) that the Atlantic and Mediterranean Bluefin tuna should be recorded into the appendix of endangered species, saying that today’s fishing is different from the past, because the industrial fishing leads to the extreme reduce of the tuna and serious decline of its recover and the ecological system will break down.
However, the proposal was voted down, especially Japan opposed the most. Japan exports 80% of Bluefin tuna from Atlantic and Mediterranean areas. If the act was approved, Bluefin tuna could not be trade internationally, which was considered for Japanese to be too serious. Japanese held the view that Bluefin tuna should be protected in the area of the International Atlantic Tuna Commission, founding in 1969 to maintain the largest extent of fishing under the condition of the same sum of the Atlantic tuna and similar tuna. Luckily, the commission decides that the quota of fishing of Bluefin tuna is reduced from 22 thousand tons to 13.5 thousand tons and promised likewise it will spare efforts to recover the numbers of the species of tuna, and, if necessary, it will ban fishing in some areas.
A little Relaxation for Japanese
According to the CITEC, the contracting party can propose the act of banning fishing once again, while Monaco declared not to put forward the act any more. Japanese representative asserted that the ban would result in the rise of price of Bluefin tuna, but it avoided the rise of price in the end. As a large demand country of Bluefin tuna, it is indeed a nice thing that the act was rejected. However, overfishing is a problem in the end, and International Atlantic Tuna Commission will carry out a more serious policy later (Li, 1998). As for the Japanese, the similar act of ban is still possible to appear, and is just put off, I think. Is it a little relaxation for Japanese that the proposal got rejection? Maybe time will tell us.
The Disappointment of Environmental Nongovernment Organization
I, as the representative of environmental nongovernment organization, felt very disappointed about this rejection, and I think this must be the same as other supporters. It could be expressed no more than as “hit heavily”. Obviously, the great environmental policy was given up to the profits, because we all know that the price of Bluefin tuna is very high. I think this is not a nice day for the species protection, and the result could show fully that many countries still made no good preparation for the way of protecting endangered species. Meanwhile, such a result revealed that the protection of Bluefin tuna still meets a lot of difficulties and has not strong feasibility to carry out the programs. International Atlantic Tuna Commission still has no valid ways to fulfill the responsibility of protecting the sustainable fishery (Tudela, 2005). However, I think it is sunny in the future and the protection of the environmental policy will get people’s supports in the end.
Conclusion
With the increasing demand of Bluefin tuna, the sounds of protecting Bluefin tuna will travel faster and wider and get more supports. I, the representative of environmental NGO, believe that the Bluefin tuna will get recovery in the soon future, with the increasing supports and awareness of environmental protection. As is known to us, through our efforts, Japanese government has decided to decline the fishing of Bluefin tuna under the three years old, whose degree of decline reaches to 15%.
Reference
Li, E. (1998). Cooperative High-Seas Stock Agreement as a Characteristic Function Game. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pintassilgo, P. (2001). Bio-economic Modeling of Northern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Tudela, S. (2005). The Analysis of Extinction of Bluefin Tuna. London: Penguin Classics.

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The historical and physiological reasons of rouge nostalgia

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The historical and physiological reasons of rouge nostalgia，文章讲述电影《胭脂》讲述了一个故事，讲述一个上世纪30年代香港著名妓女茹华的故事，他的精神回溯到50年前，却发现一个男人爱上了她，并在一次自杀中自杀。自杀协议。在现代社会的一对夫妇的帮助下，她终于发现，陈振邦这个人还活着，看上去很可怜。最后，茹华无奈地为爱而离开。充满怀旧情怀的胭脂，为观众提供了与历史重新建立联系的机会，并减轻了香港人面对未来的生理压力。

The historical and physiological reasons of rouge nostalgia
The film Rouge tells a story about a famous prostitute, Ru Hua, in the 30s of last century in Hong Kong, whose spirit went back in 50 years only to find a man who ever fell in love with her and killed himself with her in a suicide pact. With the help of a couple in modern society, she finally found that man, Chen Zhenbang, was still alive with a wretched appearance. Finally, Ru Hua left in desperation for love. Rouge, with deeply nostalgic emotions, gives audiences the opportunity to reconnect with history and reduce Hongkong peoples’ phycological stress of facing up with future.
The script of Rouge was written by Li Bihua, and according to Li Xiaoliang(1995), “Li Bihua’s novels have an interesting train of thought, it is to focus on the current Hong Kong with an eye of reviewing a given historical space”(p. 65). This film reviews the styles and features of old Hong Kong from a small perspective of a prostitute story. In the film, Yuan Yongding who was a newspaper director in modern society, said to Ru Hua, I am an original person who have no idea about any history of Hong Kong, and I just got a H in my history general examination. This plot clearly shows that the common Hong Kong citizens’ indifference about their history and politics. However, though the telling of Ru Hua’s spirit, it makes it possible for Yuan Yongding and audiences to have a look at the customs, behaviors, spoken language, wearings, buildings and even abnormal interpersonal relationship in the brothel in 30s of last centry. It is the nostalgia that impels Yuan Yongding to follow the trace of Hong Kong history and finally help Ru Hua to find her lover. Thus, the historical reason for nostalgia in Rouge is to trigger Hong Kong people’s recognition about history and self-identity, as Ru Hua said, I am a Hong Kong person, not from mainland of China nor abroad.
In the words of Luo Feng (1995), “after entering the middle of 1980s, Hong Kong society was full of anxiety, insecurity and hesitation which was mainly originated from the puzzlement about 97 Hong Kong issue, as a way of reducing stress and providing comfort, nostalgia prevails in Hong Kong at that time” (p.74). This film was shown in 1988, at that time, the talk between China and Britain about Hong Kong issue stroke deep fear into people’s heart. On the one hand, Hong Kong people were longed to changes since they were not satisfied with the current status, on the other hand, they doubted about the “one country, two systems’ policy that was promised to maintain within 50 years by Chinese government. In the film, Ru Hua and Chen Zhenbang vowed solemnly to be dead together, however, after waiting for 50 years, Ru Hua found that everything had changed, she could not recognize the place she lived before and Chen Zhengbang who was a handsome gentleman lived with a wretched appearance. By using the nostalgia to make a contrast and the time concept of 50 years, this film shows the distrust and fear of Hong Kong people for the future. The nostalgia of 1930s is the expectation about that tranquil and elegant era of Hong Kong people, a sarcasm to the current society which struggled to survive in the cracks and a driven power to the newborn of Hong Kong identity. I envy Ru Hua, because she can be so persistent to love, and I will not dare to do anything she did for love in my entire life, Ling Chujuan, who was the girlfriend of Yuan Yongding, ever said that in the film. As the concealed line in Rouge, the love between Ling and Yuan reflects the identity that Hong Kong people owned at that time, people were so busy with their work and earning money, sometimes took other people’s concern for granted, just like at the beginning of film, Ling Chujuan showed indifference to the gift Yuan Yongding sent to her. Since the modern society is increasingly endowed with utilitarianism and philosophy of surviving, the pure and traditional view of love gradually turns to be an imagination in people’s heart, however by using the nostalgia in a well-organized way of flashback, people could have a chance to seek for the comfort from the old traditional love. As Fredric Jameson ever came up with in his postmodern culture theory, one of the main characteristics of postmodern culture is nostalgia, it is not the true confession about the old age, but instead a imitation to the attitude of modern people.
By adding Nostalgia elements into the film, Rouge was given deeper implications such as the reflections on self-identity and historical responsibility, which in turn arouses the sympathy of the whole Hong Kong society.


References
Feng, L. (1995). The city in the end of the century: Hong Kong's pop culture. Britain: Oxford University Press.
Li Xiaoliang. (1995). Stabilization and Insecurity . Hong Kong: Modern Chinese literature.

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Research on Poverty and Homelessness

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Research on Poverty and Homelessness，文章讲述许多研究社会群体的社会科学家认为，贫穷和无家可归的问题与女权主义理论密切相关。根据先前的研究，我们发现不同的人持有不同的观点。本文将结合女权主义理论，对社会中存在的贫困和无家可归问题进行讨论。本文在几段中说明了该主题。

Research on Poverty and Homelessness
Introduction: A number social scientists studying groups of people in society argue that the problem of poverty and homelessness is closely related with feminism theory. According to the previous research, we find that different people hold different views. The thesis will have a discussion about the problem of poverty and homelessness existing in the society, combing with the help of feminism theory. The article has illustrated the theme in several paragraphs.

Feminism is a collection of movements and ideologies aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, cultural, and social rights for women. This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment. A feminist advocates or supports the rights and equality of women. Feminist theory, which emerged from feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experience; it has developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues such as the social construction of sex and gender. Some of the earlier forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle-class, educated perspectives. This led to the creation of ethnically specific or multiculturalists forms of feminism.
Feminist activists campaign for women's rights – such as in contract law, property, and voting – while also promoting bodily integrity, autonomy, and reproductive rights for women. Feminist campaigns have changed societies, particularly in the West, by achieving women's suffrage, gender neutrality in English, equal pay for women, reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own property. Feminists have worked to protect women and girls from domestic violence, sexual harassment, and sexual assault. They have also advocated for workplace rights, including maternity leave, and against forms of discrimination against women. Feminism is mainly focused on women's issues, but author bell hooks and others have argued that, since feminism seeks gender equality, it must necessarily include men's liberation because men are also harmed by sexism and gender roles
In reality, we may hear some people argue that people choose to be poor. From my personal opinion, I am against the argument. First, no one is willing to be poor, to suffer poverty and homelessness. The situation is determined jointly by the social and the family factors. Bases on the feminist theory, women are paid unequally as men in working place. That is to say, the social discrimination on gender has led to the poverty of women. Second, most prominent, living wage organizers embrace feminist economists' and sociologists' argument that the predominance of women in low-wage occupations is the key factor in the feminization of poverty. Women are usually regarded as the inferior group in the social status. What is worse, the women are paid less than the men even regarding the same job. The men are predominant in the social activities. They are usually characterized by maturity, poise, cleverness and responsibility. In contrast, women are subject to men. Third, no one is willing to suffer poverty and homelessness but imposed by the reality. We aim at getting happiness whatever we do. However, women are usually incapable to get what they want even if they have done pretty well.
Inequality of women is a main cause of their poverty, including economic, political, educational inequality. Men hold more power than women. Women don’t have same opportunities to get job. It is not because those women are willing to be poor and homerless but they are incapable to reverse the deep-rooted social prejudice on gender. Here, in order to make the view more convincing, I’d like to set my personal experience for example based on the feminist theory..
The researcher-Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) acme from a bourgeois family and received the benefits and status that came with such a class distinction. However, she hopes that capitalism and industrialization would bring greater justice and opportunity. Martineau, one of the first female sociologists, did not just examine the inequality in economic system; she also pays attention to the inequality between the sexes. She studied around two points: 1, Economic and gender inequality. 2, differences in opportunities. That is to say, Harriet Martineau had attributed the poverty to two factors. Either of the two factors may be the cause of women’s poverty. The second point can not be belittled, either. The possibility of chance plays a subtle role in successful job application. That is to say, one has to apply for the same job at the right time. Based on the theory, it is a must to exemplify a case in reality to make the theory valid and reliable. As for me, I had ever applied for a job in a company. As a whole, I was outstanding among all the other applicants. So, I was very confident. I was eager to receive the notice to go to work. Nevertheless, I was so disappointed about the silence of the company. Then I had accumulated enough encouragement to send an email to the company. Then the manger called me. He told me that I was capable to take the job but they want a male employee better. And they held the view that the male were more poised in the situation of emergency and they were more mature in dealing with the trivialities at work. Hearing the reply, I was lost in helplessness. I was so confused by the reply and I think the reason was unfair for me. I was the best among the applicants. In addition, I have yearned such an opportunity for a long time. It was not easy to apply for a job which was both well-paid and interesting for me. I had been refused due to my gender. If I were a boy, they, perchance, would recruit me without any hesitation. This is the personal gender inequality in life that I have encountered.
So, generally speaking, the men still predominate in all kinds of the main social activities. With the development of the society, the social status of women in society has been attached significant importance. In addition, the feminist theories also have played an important role in the improvement of the situation of the women. The feminists also pay attention to the problem of the male. This is a point worth mentioning.
Conclusion
Through the depiction above, the readers are able to safely draw the conclusion about the factors that affect the women poverty. A point worth mentioning is that in United States, only the white men are allowed to vote even the nation thinks highly of the spirit of democracy. Enslaved people and women do not enjoy the equal opportunity for political, economical and educational involvement. So the situation exists in each nation and the only difference is the extent of the seriousness. The working discrimination over gender is still prevalent at present, and it is a rough task to deal with the situation in current life. Nevertheless, the situation will not disappear in a short time due to the long sediment of the cliché concept. We can not eliminate this situation instantly but it is still possible to reduce the inequality in working place.

References:
1 C. Melissa Snarr(bio), Feminist and Religious Alliances in the Living Wage Movement,11-15.
2 Carl Belanger, 2012, Think Sociology: Second Canadian Edition, 35-39.

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Model essay on history

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Model essay on history，文章讲述在本文的开头，我想找到推理的线索，它很可能得出这样的结论：马克思甚至在现代工业出现之前就认为洛克代表了资本主义的意识形态。为了更好地评估这个结论，我将进一步介绍“代表”一词和“意识形态”一词的不同定义。并以何种意义评估我们在何种程度上可以断言马克思会得出他的结论，以及得出这样的结论是否合理。其次，我想解决为什么洛克为什么认为马基雅维利代表着未经人民同意而统治的君主利益的问题。

Model essay on history

Issues I am going to deal with:
(1) Locke would argue that Machiavelli represents the interests of monarchs who rule without the consent of the people. Why would he reach that conclusion?
Marx would argue that Locke represents the ideology of capitalism even before the emergence of modern industry. Why would Marx reach that conclusion?


At the beginning of this essay I would like to find the thread of reasoning which would most likely reach the conclusion that Marx would argue that Locke represents the ideology of capitalism even before the emergence of modern industry. To better evaluate this conclusion I would go further to present different definitions of the word “represent” and that of the word “ideology”. And to evaluate to which extent, in what sense, we are able to claim that Marx would reach his conclusion and whether it’s plausible to draw such conclusions. Secondly, I would try to dissolve to validity of the question of why Locke would argue that Machiavelli represents the interests of monarchs who rule without the consent of the people.

Locke’s idea directly criticized monarchy and highlighted the legitimacy of government established by consent. A ruler should be agreed upon by the people the ruled and his authority is formed by this agreement. Thus, the rightness of the government is by people’s willingness. He claimed that “hence it is evident that absolute monarch, which by some men is counted for the only government in the world, is indeed inconsistent with civil society, and so can be no form of civil government.” (John Locke, 50) “And thus, that which begins and actually constitutes any political society is nothing but the consent of any number of freedoms capable of majority, to unite and incorporate into such a society. And this is that, and that only, which did or could give beginning to any lawful government in the world.” (John Locke, 56) History shows that Locke idea laid foundation for the legitimacy of the War of Independence in the North America and was represented in the American Declaration of Independence.
In The Manifesto of the Communist Party (MCP), Marx first assumption is presented at the beginning of the book that in any society, people can be divided into different antagonistic gradations—oppressor and oppressed. They were “Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman” (Marx, 9). There ideologies are antagonistic.
The second assumption is that the establishment of political, spiritual structure and ideology are based on and determined by the production capacity and social relations. “Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of the condition of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of your class made into a law for all, a will who essential character and direction are determined by the economic conditions of existence of your class.” (Marx, 26) Those who dominate the production of the society would invent theories and ideas to defend the existing social structure and their interest and indoctrinate the oppressed people, because the dominant classes are self-regarding and even self-interested. “The selfish misconception that induces you to transform into eternal laws of nature and of reason, the social forms springing from your present mode of production and form of property-historical relations that rise and disappear in the progress of production-this conception you share with every ruling class that has preceded.” (Marx, 26)
Locke theory argues that the legitimacy of the government lies on the consent of people, emphasizing the freedom of everyone. Thus, according to Locke doctrine the capitalism governments in Marx time were exactly right and legitimate, since they gave enough freedom to people the ruled. Thus we people should do is to support the current government by consent. However, for Marx, the concept of freedom (freedom of trading, freedom to own their property) was exclusive to the bourgeoisie and actually most of the people in the society, especially the working class, were unable to exercise the so-called freedom. “But in your existing society, private property is already done away with the nine-tenths of the population; its existence for the few is solely due to its non-existence in the hands of those none-tenths”(Marx, 25). Thus, he criticized that, “the freedom is meant, under the present bourgeois conditions of production, free trade, free selling and buying.” In this sense, Marx would claim that Locke theory is defending freedom of a small group of people in the capitalism society.
However, when John Locke wrote his Treatise on Government at 1679, the society in which he lived was a government of monarchy. It was only in 1688 that the new nobles and bourgeoisie established a government dominated by bourgeoisie. However, according to the above arguments, Locke would not be able and willing to represent the idea of capitalism, since he was not living in society of capitalism.
Another stand point might support Marx conclusion, I think. Marx claims that besides the antagonism between opposing classes, antagonism among the same class also exists. In another words, the ruling class, for instance, aristocrats in the feudal society or bourgeoisie in the society of capitalism, might divide into different sectors because of the intensity of the antagonism among them. As a result, someone among the ruling class might betray the class to which they belong and join the ruled or oppressed class, because of their education and foresight. Marx himself seems to be such an example. He said,
“Finally, in times when the class struggle nears the decisive hour, the process of dissolution going on within the ruling class, in fact within the whole range of old society, assumes such a violent, glaring character, that a small section of the ruling class cuts itself adrift, and joins the revolutionary class, the class that holds the future in its hands. Just as, therefore, at an earlier period, a section of the nobility went over to the bourgeoisie, so now a portion of the bourgeoisie goes over to the proletariat, and in particular, a portion of the bourgeois ideologists, who have raised themselves to the level of comprehending theoretically the historical movement as a whole.”( Marx, 19)
That is to say, at the transitional period between the new society and the old society, antagonism and rivalry between opposing gradations would produce someone who are foresighted and represent the interest of the oppressed class. Thus, Locke seems to be such a pioneer of his society, one of “a section of the nobility went over to the bourgeoisie”, who belonged to aristocrat and betrayed his class and write to serve for the interest of the oppressed. However, according to John Locke’s biography, even though the bourgeoisie had not overturned the monarchy, his family was not an aristocrat one (his father is a country lawyer), and he himself belonged to the bourgeoisie class. So the above argument still cannot explain why Locke was able produced ideology of capitalism.
The last argument would be that, in the transitional period between the feudal society and the capitalism society, conditions for the emergence of them is developing and the bourgeoisie class has appeared because of their foresight, even though their interests were not dominating the society and the modern industry which characterizes the capitalism society hadn’t emerged. This argument is to some extent compatible with the preceded argument. Both arguments assume the foresightedness of the pioneers: their mind and thought were, in a sense, going beyond their constraint of their society in which they live and they delivery new ideology.
Another argument is that, the overturn of the old regime was not the watershed between the old society and the new society, and the modern industry is not the necessary indication of a capitalism society. It is possible that, even though the old regime was not overturned until 1688 by the Glorious Revolution and the modern industry had not emerged, the interest of the bourgeoisie has dominate the society and the society he lived in has already been a capitalism society.
To sum up this part, we can find out Marx argument step by step to support Marx conclusion that Locke was representing the ideology of capitalism even before the emergence of modern industry. Now, it is time to evaluate those arguments by presenting two definitions of term “represent” and the definition of the term “ideology”.
By the word “represent”, we can mean either that
1) A’s judgments and arguments bias to B’s or B group of people, even though A think’s that his points of view are morally wrong or logically invalid. Thus sense of “represent” assumes that the writers are crooked and disingenuous, they are driven by the personal interests of their group or attachment to their group they belong to. Thus they take advantage of their intellectual rhetoric to defense their interests, basing on crooked and arbitrary assumptions. Or,
2) that A thinks sincerely that it is morally and logically right that B group of people or B deserve what they have and what they going to have. Thus, according to A’s judgments, B should have what they have. This definition assumes that A is impartial and integral. For instance, let’s assumes that X is a football referee and that team Y is much stronger than team Z, according to his unbiased judgments, the score is 3 to 0 and team Y wins. In this sense X represent Y’s interest and it is morally right.
For the definition of ideology, according to the Oxford dictionary of Politics, “The term has had very variable connotations, and at least in its dominant sense it has been necessarily pejorative, a term always to be used of the ideas of others, never of one's own. For some, notably Marxists, ideology has generally been used to describe the world-view of the dominant.” (Oxford dictionary of Politics)
Obviously, the first definition of the term “represent” and the word “ideology” share the assumption that intellectuals or writers whose judgments support some particular policy or regime are crooked and disingenuous, while the second definition of the term “represent” assumes that intellectuals or writers go beyond personal interests and attachment, and present ideas that they think to be just and moral.
Thus, when Marx claims the Locke’s doctrine represented the ideology of the capitalism, he was claiming that Locke idea was determined be his personal interests. In my point of view, this argument is too hasty, since it is quite possible that Locke truly believe that what politically right is to rule according to the willingness of their people. Well, Marx would argue that, even assuming Locke did believe his ideas as impartial and true, Locke’s belief itself was determined by the production capability and social relations of his society, subconsciously. However, this argument could not be verified. Even assuming his assumption is true, how could Marx verify that his judgments about a legitimate political order and economy system were not biased by his personal attachment and the production capability of his society?

When it comes to the issue why Locke would argue that Machiavelli represents the interests of monarchs who rule without the consent of the people, I think the first step is to examine whether Locke have develop any ideas judging intellectuals’ thoughts. The question assumes without any proof that Locke would do such a thing and requires us to figure out the thread of his argument. However, this question is quite different from Marx’s problem, since though Marx did not refer to Locke’s doctrine in his book, he did deliver a comprehensive doctrine of judging other writers’ thoughts and ideas so that we can infer from his doctrine that he might think others’ doctrine represent some group of people. However, in Locke’s book, he delivered merely what he think is right without any regard to others’ doctrine and a comprehensive doctrines to judge others’ doctrine.
Truly, when Locke was writing his First Treaty on Government, he did have some body’s doctrine (the doctrine of the Divine Right of the King) in mind and tried to refute it. However, we could not find any thread that he was trying to refute someone’s doctrine in the Second Treatise on Government, not to mention that of Machiavelli. Truly, Machiavelli’s doctrine is sharply in contrast with that of Locke. While Machiavelli suggested the prince many strategies that were severely violate people’s willingness and consent, Locke claims that a legitimate government lies in the fact that it is agreed upon by its people. Nonetheless, they were dealing with different issues. While the former assumed the legitimacy of the government and try to rule efficiently, what the latter did was to deal with the issue of the legitimacy. Thus, we could not infer that Locke’s doctrine would argue that Machiavelli represents the interests of monarchs who rule without the consent of the people.

To conclude, while the second issue is meaningful and valid and I have provide proof the make critical assessment on this issue, the second issue is not valid and I have provide proof to show reasons why it is invalid.

Works cited:
John Locke, the Second Treatise on Government. New York: Prometheus Books
Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince. New York: Bantam Books, 1981
Manifesto of the Communist Party, Karl Mars and Frederick Engels, 1888
Oxford dictionary of Politics: http://www.answers.com/topic/ideology#ixzz32dneU51I

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George Bush's policy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- George Bush's policy，文章讲述布什通过三种不同的观点贯彻里根的政策。首先，布什继续执行里根的低税政策，并支持国民经济通过“看不见的手”运转。这项政策不仅需要有民主党支持的投票立法，而且还保留了他的“没有新税”的承诺。其次，布什任命了克拉伦斯·托马斯（Clarence Thomas）等保守的最高法院法官，从长远来看，这为保守势力做出了贡献，并加强了保守派事业。最后但并非最不重要的一点是，布什继续执行里根的外交政策。尽管布什在冷战后不得不调整外交政策，但他保留了美帝国主义的传统，这可以通过他对巴拿马的军事干预来证明。此外，他还实行了保护外国投资的外交政策。

George Bush's policy

How did George H. W. Bush continue the policies of his predecessor, Ronald Reagan? How did he depart from them?

George H. W. Bush took the lead of America after the cold war. The country’s situation of that time focuses on the development and globalization. During his service as an American presiden, he continued and discontinued the policies of his predecessor, Ronald Reagan, through three perspectives, including legislation, judiciary and foreign policy.

Bush carried on the policies of Ronald Reagan through three different perspectives. Firstly, Bush continued Reagan’s policy of low taxes and supported the national economy to run through “invisible hands”. This policy not only entailed voting legislation which is supported by the Democratic Party and but kept his promise of “no new taxes”. Secondly, Bush appointed conservative Supreme Court justices like Clarence Thomas, which contributed to the conservative power and strengthened the conservative cause in the long run. The last but not the least, Bush continued Reagan’s policies toward foreign issues. Although Bush had to adjust the foreign policy after the cold war, he kept the tradition of American imperialism, which could be proved by his military intervention in Panama. Besides, he carried on the foreign policy that protected foreign investment.

Bush discontinued Reagan’s policies through two perspectives. One refers to legislation. Although Bush limited the taxes and reducing government’s domestic role in early times, he did not keep that policy for a long time. He increased the taxes later in order to deal with the enormous deficit created by Reagan. Also, Bush agreed for government to have more control over private sphere. This can be seen through his support for the Clean Air Act of 1990 and the 1991 Americans with Disabilities. The other is that through the opposition of Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, Bush gathered American old enemies and formed as allies. American foreign policy went into a new era.

Bush took the lead after the cold war. He continued the previous policies and tradition to some extents but also made some changes of the American policies according to the current situation and needs. His policies still remains impacts on present politics in America. What he did in the past shaped the politics of America in present days. Although he started Iraq War and Afghan War and supported for imperialism which seems to be impropriate in nowadays, he did contribute to American economy to some extents. The society is changing and developing. No single policy is able to stay exactly the same as always. It is the responsibility of the leader of a country to foresee the trend, make adjustment accordingly and lead his or her country step forward.

To conclude, George Bush’s policies reflected in three aspects: legislation, judiciary and foreign policy. In the way of continuing Reagan’s policies, in the aspect of legislation, Bush kept low taxes and reduced government’s overall control; in the aspect of judiciary, he appointed conservative Supreme Court justices to strengthen conservative cause; in the aspect of foreign policy, Bush rooted for American imperialism and protected foreign investment. In the way of departing from Reagan’s policies, Bush approved modest taxes increasing to deal with deficit, enhanced government control concerning private sphere. Also, Bush’s foreign policy towards Iraq gathered American old enemies. Time is changing, how to seize the opportunity and bring the country steps forward are challenging. A great responsibility falls on the leader of a country.

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