Television does not necessarily help the viewer's cognitive abilities

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Television does not necessarily help the viewer's cognitive abilities，文章讲述在观看电视让您变得更聪明的第三章中，史蒂文·约翰逊（Steven Johnson）从认知能力的角度说明了电视如何使观众变得更聪明。但是并不是所有的观众都能通过观看电视节目来增强他们的认知度。本文将从以下三个部分讨论该问题。

Television does not necessarily help the viewer's cognitive abilities
In Chapter three of Watching TV Makes You Smarter, Steven Johnson illustrates how TV makes the audience smarter from the aspect of cognitive capability. But not all the viewers can strengthen their cognition by watching TV programs. The paper will discuss the issue from the following three parts.
I.Many Factors Form Cognitive Faculty
Cognitive faculty is “cognition”, in another word. “ cognition is the mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning and judgment (“cognition”)”. Cognitive faculty is closely related to many factors. Since the Old Greek time, there have been numerous research on cognition from many aspects, such as psychology, sociology or philosophy. Many studies show that the development of cognition is influenced by many factors such as genes, personal experience, age and etc. “Differences in the above factors are brought together to suggest that individuals have different cognitive styles and are different in intelligence, ability, personality, and achievement (Danili and Reid, 66).”
Steven believes that “Audiences happily embrace that complexity because they’ve been trained by two decades of multi-threaded dramas (Johnson, 172)”, which adheres to the point that the audience’s capability of decoding complexity comes from the long-time TV show. The author here exaggerates television’s function as the main stimulus to the viewers’ grasp of complexity. Another TV drama “Nikita” tells the story how the female warrior conquers the evil one by one with the aid of high-technology and her shrewdness. Assuming that a bunch of people, living in a backward village where only TV sets are available while computers are totally new to the villagers, are now watching the show. Is it possible that they understand what’s really going on in the show? So it’s reasonable to say that only the viewers who are already endowed with necessary cognitive ability can understand the complexity of a TV drama.
Besides television, many other sources foster cognitive faculty. In the fast-moving society, new things sprout every single day. Human beings can enrich their knowledge from various choices, among which television is usually the most direct and least time-consuming. However, still many prefer books or the scripts on which dramas based. Before the boom of television, books take up most of people’s leisure time. Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle got its fame and enhanced the readers’ logical reasoning ability long before the emergence of its television version. The fact that more dramas with more complicated narration or plots appear on screen doesn’t mean that there are fewer complex forms such as fictions off screen. Therefore, better cognitive faculty is not necessarily from television dramas.
I.Not All TV Dramas Are Complex
Steven points that TV programs requiring of more cognitive demands mainly ascribe to three reasons. “This growing complexity involves three primary elements multiple threading, flashing arrows and social networks (Johnson, 172)”. “Hill Street” is taken as a typical example of “to marry complex narrative structure with complex subject matter (Johnson, 173)”. To Steven, complex narration, multiple plots or multiple subjects offer the viewers good resources to facilitate their cognition. Nevertheless, the listed TV drama in his book as supporting evidence cannot represent all the existing dramas. In “24” or “Hill Street”, complex narrative structure or subject matters may be adopted, but still there are many more other dramas with simple narration or subjects. Mark Cherry’s “Devious Maids”, a television comedy-drama series showed by Lifetime, is one of the latest popular dramas with thrilling plots. It’s favored by the audience because of it’s suspense. Although the drama centers on five characters’ lives, the show always focuses on one leading point. Either in season 1 or season 2, the main plot is to solve one mysterious murder despite of other parallel plots. The main purpose of season 2 is for Marisol to uncover her fiancé, Nick’s murder along with other sub-plots. There are indeed more than one plots in the show, but the other mysteries are not secrets to the viewers. In episode 1 of season 2, it seems that Alejandro’s death lays a veil on the story first, but just after Alejandro is shot, one of the gang, later appears as Spence’s nephew pulls off his mask and has a little conversation with another member, from which the audience get the idea that Alejandro’s death is an accident rather than a mysterious murder as in other characters’ or the police’ eyes.
Besides thrillers, TV channels also provide the audience with other sorts of series, such as sitcoms. Popular programs such as “Modern family”, “2 Broke Girls” or “Friends” literally have no linear plots. What the viewers have to do is follow the show and laugh at whatever suggests humor.
Another feature which is deserved some attention is that all dramas are likely to end up with cliché even if they do have complex narrative structures or subject matters. They are often stimulating or enlightening when the first seasons are released but the audience can always figure out the same pattern, thus predict the end. Take “Nikita” as an illustration, every episode begins with a challenge to make, then with throat-cut enduring processes and end with Nikita’s success. In another sense, television dramas are deprived of the function in cultivating people’s cognition when they are already finished with some episodes.
II.Not All Television Dramas Are Instructive in Confronting Difficult Social Issues
Steven believes people can learn how to confront difficult social issues so as to enhance cognitive faculty by watching the characters’ behaviors in “Hill Street”. The show “had richly drawn characters confronting difficult social issues and a narrative structure to match (Johnson, 173)”. Nearly all the TV dramas originate from reality, but they are also forms of art and lack authenticity, which are futile to educate how to tackle difficult social issues.
“Prison Break”, the one-time hit drama shows how the hero successfully breaks a heavily-guarded prison by a series of delicate plans. On July 8th, many Chinese news websites issued a piece of news that 18 addicts broke a rehab center in Guangxi province by digging an underground passage, but only get caught within the following 24 hours by the police. It’s described as a live “prison break” show. It’s self-evident to us that mastermind like Michael Scofield only exists in fiction. The play writer portraits the hero as a master in every aspect, and even the prison he is jailed in is designed by him, which all ensures his success in breaking the prison. But in reality, most people are average-minded. Therefore, it’s very doubtful that the audience can deal with complex social issues by sitting “in the comfort of the sitcom living room (Johnson, 173)”.
To sum up, television doesn’t necessarily improve people’s cognitive faculty. Firstly, the viewers have many methods to enhance their cognition besides television. Secondly, not all television dramas own the features of multiple threads or complex narrative structures. Lastly, what shows on the programs are not all efficient in guiding the viewers’ action in real lives.
Works Cited

“Cognition”. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2009.
Danili, Eleni and Reid, Norman. Cognitive factors that can potentially affect pupils’ test performance, Chemistry Education Research and Practice, July 13th, 2014.< http://www.pdfph.com/load/a2V5d29yZD1mYWN0b3JzK2FmZmVjdGluZyt0aGUrcmVhZGluZytwZXJmb3JtYW5jZStvZitncmFkZStvbmUrcHVwaWxzJmxpbms9aHR0cCUzQSUyRiUyRnd3dy5yc2Mub3JnJTJGaW1hZ2VzJTJGRGFuaWxpUmVpZCUyNTIwZmluYWxfdGNtMTgtNTIxMDgucGRm>
Johnson, Steven. Watching TV Make You Smarter. 出版城市: 出版社名称, 年份.

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Stereotyped gender

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Stereotyped gender，文章讲述性别刻板印象作为一种文化产物，近年来引起了广泛关注。性别定型观念的起源可以追溯到古代，那时男人专注于耕种，而女人则专注于编织。但是，今天，随着时间的变化，妇女享有与男子相同的接受教育的权利，性别定型观念带来了许多不利影响，例如丧失了女性才能和不平等现象。性别定型观念在工作场所也越来越普遍，因为男人被赋予了更多的困难工作。因此，应采取措施遏制性别陈规定型观念的存在，并使我们的社会更加公平。
Stereotyped gender
Gender Stereotype, as a kind of cultural artifact, has caught substantial attention in recent years. The cause of gender stereotype should date back to the ancient time when men focus on farming while women on weaving. However, today, as time changes, women enjoy the same rights as men to accept education and gender stereotype brings forth numerous adverse effects, such as loss of female talents and inequality. Gender stereotype also rampages in workplaces as men are given more difficult jobs. Therefore, measures should be taken to curb the existence of gender stereotype and make our society fairer.
Typical example of gender stereotype can be found at school when boys are thought to be more intelligent than girls. Teachers alway believe that boys outperform girls in mathematics, physics and chemistry, and girls are better at language, art and history. Therefore, it is easy to find that teachers tend to focus more on boys when they are teaching science. Another typical example happens in workplace. Powell Abigail and his teammates discover the phenomenon that in UK, the number of women joining jobs related to engineering and technology is far less than that of men. Our society hold the view that men are more suitable for jobs related to engineering and technology. Such views, to some extent, have an negative impact on women’s further study on these subjects and their future choice of their careers. “It finds that women often maintain contradictory views; upholding gendered stereotypes about women's suitability for the so-called masculine work, yet also subscribing to ideals that the sector is accessible to all who wish to work in it”.
As for the reason giving rise to gender stereotype, it should be traced back to the past time. At that time, men are responsible for farming and hunting to support his families, while women focus on weaving. It is marked that farming and hunting are more complicated than weaving, because they involve more difficulties and natural threats. Given by this tradition, men, compared with women, are prone to taking jobs that are more difficult. Women are more likely to do jobs which needs nimble fingers. However, as time moves forward, the situation changes. Currently, it is an era that pursues intelligence. Girls today have the same chance to accept education as boys. Many resources are available to women and thus their potential can be released as much as possible. However, gender stereotype has so deeply taken roots in people’s daily life that they cannot change their mind and follow the current situation.
Negative effects brought by gender stereotype heavily overweighs its active effective. It should be admitted that gender stereotype does help us learn about the general respective strength of women and men. However, we can never be restricted by the stereotype for that it may result in the loss of some potential talents. From the current performance of boys and girls at school, it can be seen that girls sometimes do better than boys. Though some girls are not as intelligent as boys, they are more diligent and hard-working, which are also the standards when evaluating a talent. Therefore, they have the equal chance, even more chance to success. If teachers insist the view that men are better at mathematic, technology and engineering, it may directly give rise to the following problems. First, they may not attach the same attention to girls as boys. In other words, girls cannot enjoy the same confidence, interest even resource. Second, knowing such stereotype, girls bear greater pressure that they cannot be as good as boys in science when learning. Through research, Good Catherine and her teammates points out that, “negative stereotypes can undermine women's performance on mathematics tests” and “even among the most highly qualified and persistent women in college mathematics, stereotype threat suppresses test performance”. In conclusion, as Aina Olaiya E. and Cameron Petronella A say, “the early gender bias experiences that children encounter can shape their attitudes and beliefs related to their development of interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships, access to education equality, participation in the corporate work world, as well as stifling their physical and psychological well being”.
As we all know, women today share almost the same resources as men. Female’s intelligence has been further inspired than ever before. In many areas, some women even take the role as leaders. Under such situation, the existence of gender stereotype will bring our society considerable adverse effects and thus should be curbed. First, if we continue to allow the spread of gender stereotype, it will facilitate the incorrect view that men are more intelligent than women when facing difficulties. Therefore, it will influence our judgment when a man and a woman are competing each other in front of us. In other words, it is unfair to women while today we are struggling for gender equality. Second, if our society upholds the gender stereotype, women will suffer from greater pressure even though they contrive to be as successful as men. Third, once we have strong gender identification, our views will indirectly have an impact on our children. Therefore, such gender stereotype will also gradually come into being in our next generation, which will imperil their development. According to the finding of Tomasetto Carlo and his teammates, “performance of girls whose mothers strongly rejected the gender stereotype about math did not decrease under stereotype threat”. They discover “the role of mothers' beliefs in the development of girls’ vulnerability to the negative effects of gender stereotypes about math”. Therefore, to our society, gender stereotype not only relates to the equality of contemporary female, but also shapes the point of view of our next generation.
Considering the drawbacks caused by stereotype, measures should be taken to alleviate its adverse impact. For example, at school, when teaching science, teachers should give the same attention to girls, encourage them and make them confident. The same assistance should also be given to girls. As Aina Olaiya E. and Cameron Petronella A mention, “preschool educators can help children develop a positive sense of their own gender. By equipping young children with positive messages of empowerment regardless of gender, in addition to the critical thinking skills to identify stereotypes, teachers and families can impart in children self-concept resiliency, even when faced with negative stereotypes”. In workplaces, same opportunity should be given to both male employees and female employees. Inspire the potential of female employees as much as possible. At home, parents should encourage their children to challenge all kinds of tasks despite their gender. They should help them to get rid of the limits brought by gender stereotype. In conclusion, if we want the gender stereotype to be eradicated, all people should pay double efforts.
In conclusion, though there are reasons for the formation of gender stereotype, it has been outdated as time changes. Today, women enjoy the same resources and opportunities to learn, and thus they can be as wise and successful as men. However, the existence of gender stereotype has deeply imperiled female’s development. It results in the lack of confidence and enthusiasm and the increase of pressure for female. Moreover, it also influences the development of our next generation because gender stereotype suppresses their desires to try. Therefore, all people in our society should pay efforts to curb the existence of gender stereotype and make our world more fair.
Works Cited
Good Catherine; Aronson Joshua and Harder Jayne Ann.(2008). Problems in the Pipeline: Stereotype Threat and Women's Achievement in High-Level Math Courses. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(1),17-28.
Powell Abigail; Dainty Andrew and Bagilhole Barbara.(2012). Gender Stereotypes among Women Engineering and Technology Students in the UK: Lessons from Career Choice Narratives. European Journal of Engineering Education,37(6),541-556.
Aina Olaiya E. and Cameron, Petronella A.(2011). Why Does Gender Matter? Counteracting Stereotypes with Young Children. Dimensions of Early Childhood, 39(3), 11-20.
Tomasetto Carlo; Alparone Francesca Romana and Cadinu Mara.(2011). Girls' Math Performance under Stereotype Threat: The Moderating Role of Mothers' Gender Stereotypes.Developmental Psychology,47(4),943-949.

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Sperm and eggs Interact

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Sperm and eggs Interact，文章讲述在论文《卵与精子：科学如何根据定型的男女角色构筑爱情》中，作者以卵与精子为例，坚定而严格地识别并探索了生物学科学语言中隐藏的性别定型观念。本文中的大多数证据表明，在生物学和科学文献中，通常将精子描述为活跃而有力的，而卵则被认为具有被动和无力的作用。但是，有一个证据使我不偏不倚和科学的本质给我留下了深刻的印象：“与传统观点相反，‘卵不仅仅是一个巨大的，卵黄质的球体，精子可钻入该球体赋予新生命。相反，最近的研究表明，几乎是异端的观点认为精子和卵子是相互活跃的伙伴。” （马丁750）这条证据加上论文中的论点，为我的个人主张提供了启示：鸡蛋在生物领域应有应有的地位。
Sperm and eggs Interact
In the essay The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male-Female Roles, the author firmly and rigorously identifies and explores the gender stereotypes hidden within the scientific language of biology by taking egg and sperm as an example. Most of the evidence in this essay show that in biological and scientific texts, the sperm has generally been described as active and strong while the egg have been casted a role of being passive and weak. However, one piece of evidence strikes me with its unbiased and scientific nature: “Contrary to conventional wisdom, the ‘egg is not merely a large, yolk-filled sphere into which the sperm burrows to endow new life. Rather, recent research suggests the almost heretical view that sperm and egg are mutually active partners.” (Martin 750) This piece of evidence, combined with the arguments in the essay, has shed light on my personal claim: egg deserves a righteous place in biological field.
For a long period of time, sperm has been depicted as strong, active, and even aggressive, while egg is stereotyped as weak and passive. Yet scientific evidences, meaning facts and not descriptions, show that sperm has its own limitations and when compared with the egg, it is as “aggressive” as they were described. Many believe that with a “strong and forceful” tail and a large head, the sperm can swim and can penetrate and enter the egg forcefully. However, the fact is that during this process, “the forward thrust of sperm is extremely weak” (Martin 749), the sperm is trapped by the adhesive surface of the egg and “the mechanical force of its tail is so weak that a sperm cannot break even one chemical bond” (Martin 750). All these prove that the strong and active image of the sperm is exaggerated to some extent. Actually, sperm and egg work closely to get through the whole process. “in another example, ‘the driving force for engulfment of a fused sperm comes from a region of cytoplasm just beneath an egg’s plasma membrance.”
Besides, in spite of being traditionally regarded as “damsel in distress” or “sleeping beauty” that waits for the sperm’s penetration, the egg actually plays a more active role in the fertilization process. The egg attracts and traps the sperm and “adheres to it so tightly that the sperm's head is forced to be pressed against the surface of the egg” (Martin 749). This reflects that the egg is not at all passive in the whole process.
Given the images of active sperm and passive egg being overthrown, a rational and unbiased description should be given to this destined pair. On the basis of the above analysis, their relationship should be best described as “interactive”. Hopefully, this will break the cultural expectations and stereotyped view on the sperm and egg. But this is very necessary: only by describing things as what it is, can we avoid unnecessary prejudice and move forward toward the ultimate truth of the world.
In a word, based on the evidences provided in the essay, in the fertilization process, the sperm and egg are both playing a proactive role. Egg in no sense should be degraded but rather dealt with a fair treat.




Works cited
Martin, Emily. 'The Egg And The Sperm: How Science Has Constructed A Romance Based On Stereotypical Male-Female Roles'. Contexts For Inquiry. Boston, New York: Bedford/St.Martin's, 2014.

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Research on Female Entrepreneurship - Observation in the wind

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Research on Female Entrepreneurship- Observation in the wind，文章讲述企业家精神这个词通常属于男性词典，而女性几乎没有机会参加激烈的企业家精神竞赛。但是，现在情况正在发生变化。越来越多的妇女进入企业界。[]“女企业家人数急剧增加。”例如，美国著名小说《飘》中的女主角斯嘉丽·奥哈拉（Scarlett O'Hara）。斯嘉丽（Scarlett）在老南部度过了年轻的少女时代。她的母亲对她纪律严明，但她那明亮的绿眼睛总是背叛着她反复无常的自我。享受聚会和周围美女的人。她梦想着嫁给高贵的阿什莉·威尔克斯（Ashley Wilkes）。内战破坏了南方的黄金和平，使许多生命永久改变。种植园，宝藏和荣誉被毁。斯嘉丽因战争而成为最奇特的寡妇，随后为了继续为拯救塔拉而奋斗，她被迫第二次结婚。她与瑞德·巴特勒（Rhett Butler）的第三次婚姻也因她对阿什利的秘密，s强的恋而受到威胁。

Research on Female Entrepreneurship
- Observation in the wind

Entrepreneurship is a word that usually belongs to men’s dictionary, and women hardly have chance to enter in the fierce competitions in Entrepreneurship. However, things are changing now. An increasing number of women entered in Entrepreneurship.[] “Sharp rise in number of women entrepreneurs.” For example, the heroine Scarlett O'Hara in the famous American novel Gone with the Wind. Scarlett spends her young maiden years in Old South. She is well disciplined by her mother, but her blazing green eyes always betray her covert capricious self; the one who enjoys parties and the surrounding of beaus. She dreams to marry the noble Ashley Wilkes. The Civil War shatters the golden peace of the South, and leaves many lives permanently changed. Plantations, treasures, and honor are ruined. Scarlett is made a most peculiar widow by the war, and then compelled into a second marriage in continuation of her struggle for the salvation of Tara. And her third marriage to Rhett Butler is also jeopardized because of her secret, stubborn ardency for Ashley.
In the end of the story, Scarlett is left only with her Tara, a plantation which symbolizes the culture of the Old South, a place where she could ever gather her strength. But she says, tomorrow is another day, which has become famous today.
Scarlett O'Hara was not born to be an entrepreneur. She was born in a rich family in the Old South in United States of America, owning a broad Tara, lots of cattle and sheep, and plenty of hard-working slaves. Though she is the heroine in this story, it seems that she was just like any other girls in her age, enjoyed dressing up and dancing, and dreaming to marry the handsome guy Ashley Wilkes. At that time, she did not have any conscience of the danger of losing everything she had, neither did she had the idea to start her career. After the Civil War, the South all in the ruins. Her family faced great danger of starving to death. What’s worse, nearly all the men had dead in the battle. The whole family needed her to save, in consequence, she had to make a living and revitalize Tara on her own. As we can see, Scarlett started her career because of NO OTHER CHOICE. ” A research was performed to figure out the reason why women choose to entrepreneur. Qualitative research involving 25 French women entrepreneurs were used to explore case study situations. The research identified a number of situations that relate to women’s decisions to become entrepreneurs, namely “dynastic compliance”, “no other choice”, “entrepreneurship by chance”, “natural succession”, “forced entrepreneurship”, “informed entrepreneur” and “pure entrepreneur”. The findings do not reinforce the assumption that a majority of women become entrepreneurs for reasons of necessity and identified antecedents to the generalized “push”, “pull” and environmental motives.”[]
Scarlett not only began to be a women entrepreneur, but also tried her best to protect her Tara from being destroyed, even to marry someone she did not love. She got married to Frank Kennedy just because he had enough money to shoulder the heavy tax burden of Tara. In today’s world, marriage is a good method to finance and develop powerful alliance. “Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing: the influence of human, social and financial capital”[].Women, at some extent, have more ways than men to use their social resource to finance.”
Scarlett came across many difficulties when she was trying to manage Tara. At that time most women stayed at home and did not go out to work. She faced with threat of other men and wished to break the order which was settled by patriarchal society, and she get the help from her good friend Melanie. Even today, women entrepreneurs have more trouble than men, but also have great influence in the world. “Female entrepreneurship has been inspired by gender equality issues. Today research and policy have been more and more fuelled by the idea that female entrepreneurs are important for economic progress. Female entrepreneurs were assumed to experience gender-related discrimination and to experience more difficulties when starting up and running a business than their male counterparts. Even when issues such as barriers and obstacles to female entrepreneurs are raised in the gender and entrepreneurship debate, this is usually done from the perspective that female entrepreneurs are an untapped resource and have potential to contribute to a country’s economic performance. Indeed, although gender equality is one of the arguments underlying the support for female entrepreneurs within the European Union, the argument that female entrepreneurs (have the potential to) contribute to economic performance continues to play a role here. The global growth of female entrepreneurship in the last decades has been accompanied by an increase in the number of studies on female entrepreneurship.”[]
In this story, Scarlett had become grow up. She was not the little girl who only thought about her love. She once said: As God as my witness...as god as my witness they're not going to lick me. I'm going to live through this and when it's all over, I'll never be hungry again. No, nor any of my folk . If I have to lie , steal, cheat, or kill, as God as my witness, I 'll never be hungry again. (Out of this complete defeat a new and mature Scarlett is born.) She learned to deal with different kinds of people. She became smarter and tended to do things for her own interest. In one word, she did things using her brain and braver than before. What’s more, she fought with difficulty and chased for success like men. Indeed, women entrepreneurs often have many characteristics that most women may do not have. First, women entrepreneurs may be more ambitious and more adventurous, because they always face with fierce competitions in the society. Second, women entrepreneurs’ character is mature and they deals with everything smarter, for they always deal with different kinds of people, sometimes may try to persuade them. Third, women entrepreneurs may be ‘cruel’ or coldblooded, since they might be important characteristics which an outstanding leader must have. As a matter of fact, women entrepreneurs are questioning and challenging the traditional role of women. “WHAT MEN CAN DO, WOMEN CAN ALSO DO.” This phenomena suggest that women entrepreneurs may change the impression of women group. “This stand point suggests that gender and entrepreneurship are enacted and suited practices, and show how the codes of a gendered identity are kept, changed and sometimes challenged.”[]
Scarlett was also a very confident and committed woman. Although she once fell in deep love with other man, but she never just put all her hope on men. She never expected that one man appeared and manage Tara for her, she only believed that she could only depend herself and only she should do everything to save her Tara, and drew support of other men’s strength. However, even in today’ s world, some women cannot make up their mind to start their own career even they know that would be good for them. The reasons why they quit the group of women entrepreneurs are not financing problem or social resource problem, they often, instead, being afraid of the secular and narrow foolish values. They may find thousands of excuses about this: “Other people say that girls should find secure jobs, starting a career is not a good choice.” “My friends will laugh at me, they may think that I start my career just because I did not find a good job.” “I do not want to challenge myself or enter in the fierce competition, I just want to have a peaceful life with my family.” “Other people will regard me as a freak.” Indeed, the whole society still has limited tolerance on women entrepreneurs, they are often in the spotlight and shoulder heavy pressure of other people especially in conservative countries. However, women entrepreneurs are not as “horrible” as some people think, women entrepreneurs make great contributions to the whole society. “’Since 1990s, economic development and technological advancement in China have given rise to a strong momentum of women entrepreneurship,’ She said at a policy discussion luncheon, which was part of the APEC Women and the Economy Summit. China now has over 29 million female entrepreneurs, about 25 percent of the national total, among whom 41 percent are self-employed and private business owners, Meng said, adding that many Chinese women entrepreneurs are engaged in high-tech industries and pay great attention to upgrading and renovating traditional industries with new technologies.[] Women entrepreneurs did play an important role in the world economy. If more women enter in this promising field, the power and influence of women entrepreneurs will be greater.
In conclusion, when I read the novel Gone with the Wind, I appreciate Scarlett very much. Reading the book, I see her growing up from an innocent girl to a shrewd mature woman. I feel sorry that she lost her true love because the misunderstanding of her and Rhett Butler. However, what impress me most is her spirit. She had the spirit and confident and believed that where there's a will, there's a way. When she faced with difficulty and failure, she always actively found ways to solve them. She just had a deep love for her Tara, that is, her career. At that time, most women depend on men to survive and put all their hope on men, she believed that everything could be done all by herself. Even she lost Rhett Butler, she still had Tara, she did not lost her land and her career, that is why she still have chance to start over her new life. Just as she said: “Tara! Home. I'll go home. And I'll think of some way to get him back. After all, tomorrow is another day!” Scarlett is a typical woman entrepreneur. She has many merits that women entrepreneurs should have. The brave spirit, the courage to overcome difficulty, the confidence to deal with failure, and she never chose to rely on anyone, she just tried to depend on herself. Women entrepreneurs indeed have difficulty in today’s world, but I believe that with the development of the society, they will have a bright future.


参考文献：
1、Financial Management, CIMA (2001). Financial Management, 35
2、Why women enter into entrepreneurship: An explanatory model
Muriel Orhan, (Muriel Orhan is a PhD candidate, and Don Scott is Professor of Management, both at the School of Commerce and Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia.), Don Scott, (Muriel Orhan is a PhD candidate, and Don Scott is Professor of Management, both at the School of Commerce and Management, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia.)
3、Carter, N, Brush, C., Greene, P., Gatewood, E., and Hart, M. (2003), Venture Capital, 5(1):1-28
4、Women And Men In Entrepreneurship
Silvia Popescu
Associate Professor, Ph.D., Economics Faculty” Titu Maiorescu” University, Postdoctoral researcher, Faculty of Management and Business, University of Bucharest, Romania
5、Negotiating Enterprising Identities: African women Entrepreneur Stories of challenge Perseverance and triumph
Julius F. Kikooma
Makerere University Kampala, Uganda
6、Women entrepreneurs play big role in China's economy: official
English.news.cn 2011-09-17 14:00:50

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Leadership is defined as the ability to influence a team to achieve its vision or goals

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Leadership is defined as the ability to influence a team to achieve its vision or goals，文章讲述在韦伯模型理论下，存在三种类型的组织：基于传统权威的组织（如古代的贵族家庭），基于魅力主义权威的组织（如大多数宗教组织）和基于法律权威的组织（大多数情况下使用）当今企业。
这种模式也可以是组织变革的理论，因为具有传统权威和魅力组织的组织主要基于传统习俗和领导者的个人魅力。在第一个职能中，领导者只有一个目的：维护传统的东西，将不可避免地导致工作效率低下；而在第二个职能中，领导者的权威是基于知觉而不是理性，因此不会产生积极的影响。对现代组织的影响。
Leadership is defined as the ability to influence a team to achieve its vision or goals
Under Weberian Model theory, there are three types of organizations: those based on Traditional Authority, such as Aristocratic family in ancient times, those based on Charisma Authority, like most of Religious organizations, and those based on Legal Authority, which is used in most enterprises nowadays.
This model can also be a theory of organizational change, for the organizations with Traditional Authority and Charisma Authority largely based on the traditional customs and leaders’ personal magnetism charisma. In the first function, the leaders have only one purpose: to maintenance whatever is traditional, it will inevitably cause low working efficiency, while in the second function, the leaders authority oriented from perception, not from ration, so it will not have a positive effect on a modern organization.
After the promotion of Weberian Model, the organization become more and more orderly and rational. First of all, the continuity of management working requires operating the management activities more orderly. Moreover, selecting people turns to be more depend on his or her own competence. Finally, the power of the leaders is more limited by laws or legislations than before. Consequently, it introduce a more scientific and efficient management function, and change the organizations become more and more orderly, rational and efficient.

Leadership is defined as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals.
But not all leaders are managers, not all managers are leaders.
Managers are provided with certain formal rights, but they are not sure that they will lead effectively. Managers need to formulate detailed plans, create efficient organizational structures, and oversee day-to-day operations.
Leaders can emerge from within a group or by formal appointment. They need to need to challenge the status quo, create visions of the future, and inspire organizational members to want to achieve the visions.
George Patton----leader
He was a United States Army general, best known for his command of the Seventh United States Army, and later the Third United States Army, in the European Theater of World War II. At the war time, he not only focused on daily routines, he also considered the future of the US army and inspire the US army to want to achieve the victory of World War II.
Jack Dorsey----manager
He is an American web developer and businessman widely known as a co-founder and co-creator of Twitter, and as the founder and CEO of Square, a mobile payments company. His work focuses on formulating the company’s developing detailed plans, creates efficient company’s management structures, and oversees day-to-day operations.
Steve Jobs----leader
He was an American entrepreneur, marketer, and inventor, who was the co-founder, chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he is widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields, transforming “one industry after another, from computers and smartphones to music and movies.” He is not only a CEO, but also a leader who develop his own management philosophy and creates the miracle of Apple Products.
Jack Welch----leader
He is an American business executive, author and chemical engineer. He was chairman and CEO of General Electric between 1981 and 2001. During his tenure at GE, the company's value rose 4000%. At his days, GE was transferred from a manufacturing giant to service industry and commerce oriented enterprise giants and became the leader enterprise in the field.
Mark Zuckerberg----manager
He is best known as one of five co-founders of the social networking website Facebook. As of April 2013, Zuckerberg is the chairman and chief executive of Facebook, Inc. He receives a one-dollar salary as CEO of Facebook. His work is focused on Facebook Company’s development. His working objective is only about Facebook research and development.

Innovation includes change, but change is not absolute innovation.
Change means that something is transferred from one situation to another situation. For example, a company laid off some employees in order to cut off the operating cost.
Innovation means that not only involve situation transformation, but also put something new into practice. For example, a company applies a brand new method to affect customers and provides new service to customer.

Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity.
It has a big influence on the development of computerized business systems (CBS’s). Scientific management needs a series of scientific methods to select workers, train workers or perform other management activities, and the workers need to cooperate in order to work in the developed scientific format.
With the development of knowledge economy, the burden of monitoring and control due to the principles of Scientific Management is much greater in the white-collar economy than that of the blue-collar, because moving to the white-collar line, the disciplines of manufacturing disappeared, and the human all have dimension, so it will have the potential for error and indiscipline, so we need a pervasive monitoring regime to correct humans’ errors without delay.
In order to make the management work more scientific, we introduce computerized business systems (CBS’s) to our management. Computers are more standardize and more objective than humans, CBS’s can do the job like monitoring or supervising, in order to agree to Scientific Management.

Elton Mayo was an industrial researcher and organizational theorist. He did researches including business management, industrial sociology, philosophy, and social psychology. His research in industry has a significant impact on industrial and organizational psychology and has an extraordinary influence on the development of the Human Relations School of Management.
Classic scientific management theory always centered on “the right management approach”, which ignored the factor of employees’ motivation. Elton Mayo had performed Hawthorne experiments which indicated that a new approach to employee motivation and employee care in 1960s. This Hawthorne experiments suggested that human factor is very important, which introduced humans’ motivation research and promote the development of Human Relations School of Management.
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