Essay代写：What Does Mencius Mean by “Human Nature”

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- What Does Mencius Mean by “Human Nature”，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了孟子说的“人性”。孟子认为每个人的自然禀赋都有一个器官，这个器官是心或大脑。同时，有四种道德行为是与生俱来的：同情心、羞耻感和厌恶感、顺从感和尊重感、是非感。对于孟子来说，这四种行为是与生俱来的，而不是外在强加的限制。此外，孟子认为，人性中存在着善的可能性，道德的发展就是从这些倾向中产生的。

What does Mencius mean by “human nature”? Reflection on human nature has been an everlasting subject, and it plays a significant part in China (Scarpari, 2003). People began the discussion as early as the Eastern Zhou dynasty, which was between the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. (Scarpari, 2003). Among them, Mencius’s theory is still of far-reaching significance, and influences people’s understanding of human beings. In this way, the paper will discuss the meaning of human nature in Mencius’s opinion. This paper will firstly go over the historical background and main claims of Mencius’s theory on human nature, and then it discusses current existing interpretations towards Mencius’s human nature through analyzing how they support their arguments. Finally, it draws out some more general conclusions.

The documents that will be cited in this paper are:

David Young. “Yang, Zebo, Study on Mencius’ Theory of the Goodness of Human Nature.” Springer Science Business Media 11. (2012): 415-418

Donald J. Munro, “Mencius and an Ethics of the New Century,” in Alan K. L. Chan, ed., Mencius: Contexts and Interpretations (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2002), pp. 305–315.

Irene Bloom, “Biology and Culture in the Mencius View of Human Nature,” in Chan, Mencius: Contexts and Interpretations (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2002), pp. 91–102

James Behuniak. “Naturalizing Mencius.” Philosophy East & West 61. 3 (2011): 492-515

Maurizio Scarpari. “The Debate on Human Nature in Early Confucian Literature.” Philosophy East & West 53.3 (2003): 323-329

Yu Jiyuan. “Human Nature and Virtue in Mencius and Xunzi: An Aristotelian Interpretation.” Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy V. 1 (2005): 11-30

In this section, I will take about Mencius’s concepts on human nature and how people interpret them differently. However, it is necessary to firstly go over the historical background that Mencius put forwards his opinions. Based on the opinion of A. C. Graham, Yang Zhu and other thinkers’ doctrines of the Individualists first posed the issue of human nature in relation to the will of Heaven, which ran counter to the claims of the Confucians (Scarpari, 2003). As for Graham, Yang Zhu expressed clearly that he was opposed to the claims of the Confucius. He paid particular attention to the existence of private interests. He argued that, it is important for human beings to take care of themselves and enhance the quality of life, since the life is bestowed by the Heaven. In this way, the most significant task for human beings is to protect the gift provided by the Heaven. What is more, Yang Zhu also pointed out that, what important is to follow one’s nature and satisfy their ambitions and desires, and political and social life are regarded as harmful to human beings for Yang Zhu. Yang Zhu’s opinions are almost totally different from the Confucius. For example, the Confucius argued that, there is a morality legitimated and inspired directly by the Heaven, which is treated to safeguard individuality. At the same time, the Confucius tended to ignore the existence of private aspects, and stressed the importance of being goodness.

In the context, Mencius put forwards his opinion on human nature, and he held that, there is an organ for every human beings’ natural endowment, which is called as heart or mind. In the meanwhile, there are four moral behaviors which are carried with the natural endowment, the heart of compassion, the sense of shame and disgust, the sense of compliance and respect, and the sense of right and wrong (Yu, 2005). For Mencius, the four behaviors are inborn rather than the externally imposed restraints. Furthermore, Mencius argued that, there exists the possibility of being good in human nature, and the moral development derives from these tendencies.

“Mencius and an Ethics of the New Century”, a recent paper written by Donald J. Munro leads to people’s debate in terms of the meaning of Mencius’ human nature. For Munro (2002: 307), “‘human nature’ is derived from ‘Heaven’.” Consequently, Munro puts forwards that, it is necessary to take religious claims into consideration when draw inspiration from Mencius. However, some people express their opposed views. For example, Irene Bloom (2002) argues that, the word tian in Chinese shall be translated as “Nature” rather than “Heaven.” Facing with the debate in terms of Mencius, James Behuniak (2011) puts forwards his opinion on the issue. In the article, Behuniak (2011) argues that, people’s understanding of Mencius’s human nature is restricted to the library, time and place they stay. In other words, the meaning of Mencius’ human nature could be forever ambiguous. What is more, Behuniak (2011) believed that, the goal to read the Mencius is not to get it right at last, but take participate in a commentarial tradition that extends as far back as the text itself. However, on the other hand, Behuniak also mentions his own opinion in understanding Mencius’ human nature. He argues that, “it is prompted by and devised solely to defeat his adversaries”, “he means to defend the tradition of the Confucian Sages”, “the claim that Confucian virtues belong to ‘human nature’ is also a claim that Confucian virtues alone are qualitatively ‘human’.” In this way, for Behuniak, the reason why Mencius put forwards the theory of human nature is for the propaganda of the Confucian. In fact, the meaning of native activities is not native. In order to prove his argument, Behuniak takes John Dewey’s words as references. For instance, when it comes to demonstrate that the four sprouts are unlearned activities which are closely related to “family affection”, Dewey’s views are directly cited; “babies are defendant beings”, and the habits of babies are formed with the help of the adults. In other words, native activities are actually acquired. Furthermore, as Mencius held that the possession of four sprouts distinguishes human beings from other sorts, while Confucius virtues could make people human through the environment of family affection. Therefore, what finally important is not human nature but family affection or the compliance of Confucius virtues and values. Generally, Behuniak’s opinion has its rationality, since what people consider tends to depend on the position he (she) is staying. Facing with the challenged led by other theories such as Yang Zhu’s Doctrines of individualists, it is natural for Mencius to fight back. In addition, as Behuniak argues that, it is not possible to figure out the only right answer of the meaning of Mencius’ human nature, and even Mencius himself could have different opinions at different time or different standpoints.

On the other hand, Behuniak’s opinion also has limitations. For one thing, Behuniak does not directly explain the meaning of human nature, and he just points out that, goodness is not actually inborn but acquired through family affection. In “Human nature and virtue in Mencius and Xunzi”, Yu Yiyuan points out that, human nature in Mencius has two senses, on the one hand, it refers to whatever is inborn; for another thing, it refers to the inborn human characteristic. Mencius uses the second and narrow sense when he argues that goodness is human nature. Yu further explains the reason why he believes that Mencius uses the narrow sense when saying that goodness is human nature. He argues that, Mencius holds that there are various natures that human beings share with other animals. In other words, there are nature of cat and nature of rabbit. However, only the human beings who have four sprouts are treated to have good human nature. “Human nature is confined only to the four seeds, the flourishing of which makes a noble person (Yu, 2005: 13)”. On the other hand, it is difficult for Behuniak to explain Mencius’s concept of a pre-existent moral consciousness whose origin is validated by Heaven (Young, 2012). Mencius (6A6) points out that, “benevolence, dutifulness, observance of the rites, and wisdom do not give me a luster from the outside, they are in originally.” As Behuniak (2011) argues that, native activities are not native actually, and they are acquired through family affection. However, what Mencius describes is inborn rather than the influence of outside such as family members. In this way, the innate transcendent nature of moral consciousness seems to be difficult explained by Behuniak’s opinion. When facing with the problem, Yang Zebo, who published several books on the study of Mencius theory, argues that, “while the ethical mentality appears to be a strictly situational understanding of moral consciousness, it is also a quiescent orientation that all human beings possess (Young, 2012: 416).”

As for me, it is important to note that there are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand people's eyes. We are not Mencius; thus, we cannot figure out the true meaning of human nature in Mencius’s opinion. However, we could try to understand Mencius based on his situation at that time. Facing with the challenge brought by Yang Zhu and other thinkers’ doctrines of the Individualists, it is necessary for the Confucianism to fight back for the sake of maintain its social status. In this way, Mencius put forwards his theory of human nature. For Mencius, only the people who have four sprouts are treated as human beings, and all the people believe and follow the Confucianism have the four sprouts (Behuniak, 2011).

In conclusion, when it comes to demonstrate the meaning of Mencius’s human nature, it is important to note that there are two senses of human nature, one refers to whatever is inborn, and the other refers to the inborn human characteristic. Meanwhile, Mencius uses the second sense when he argues that goodness is human nature. What is more, based on the opinion of Behuniak, the reason why Mencius puts forwards human nature is to support the claims of Confucius. In addition, a final right answer of the meaning of human nature tends to be impossible, and people tend to have different understanding on different time and place.

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Assignment代写：Allegory of the Cave

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Allegory of the Cave，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了洞穴寓言。《理想国》中的“洞穴寓言”可以说是柏拉图关于正义问题的整个论述的核心和高潮。洞穴的寓言描述了一个上升和下降的过程。“洞穴寓言”是柏拉图强调教育的序言，伴随着自由、解放和善良的概念。没有得到完整信息和全部真相的人就像生活在统治者建造的洞穴里。尽管经历了痛苦的过程，但逃离洞穴将使他们的精神解放。

The "Allegory of the Cave" in The Republic can be described as the core and the climax of Plato’s entire discussion over the issue of justice. The Allegory of the Cave depicts a process of ascending and descending. "Allegory of the Cave" is the preface to Plato’s emphasis on education, accompanied by the concepts of freedom, liberation, and kindness. "Allegory of the Cave" proposed in The Republic contains a great deal of contrasting symbols: light and darkness, ascent and descent, restraint and imprisonment, truth and illusion, compulsion and willingness, etc. (Plato, 2008). The scene in which the person moves from darkness to light resembles the evolution of mankind from ignorance to knowing. The original state of the human beings is considered darkness, while going into the light and out of the cave is considered their salvation. In this essay, the partial knowledge and censorship interpretation of the allegory will be discussed.

The source of modern western civilization can be traced back to Plato's cave allegory, which gives the most central statement of the Platonic ideas. The allegory illustrates the influence of education and lack of education on human nature. It fully demonstrates the power of metaphor with the use of concrete, vivid, complex, multi-faceted and multi-layered images, which can lead to a wide variety of explanations (Duarte, 2012). Shadows, puppets and the light, objects under the sun, are three sets of existence in the Allegory of the Cave. Prisoners trapped in the cave seem to refer to the average person, who take the shadow as reality and do not know about the light. The light source refers to goodness. The shadow in cave, puppets and fireworks, are the illusions. The sun outside the cave refers to the truth and the real world. Unlike the arguments of philosophical reasons that are easily exhausted, an allegory can be interpreted in so many ways, and this essay is only one of them. In this essay, it is interpreted as the importance of light, or information, for human beings. People who are not given the complete information and the whole truth are like living in the cave constructed by the rulers. The escape from the cave will be the spiritual liberation for them, despite the painful process.

The opening of Book VII of The Republic portrays the scene: the world resembles a cave, in which people are bound with chains, unable to turn their heads over and only able see what is in front of them (Plato, 2008). There was a fire burning behind these people, some with a variety of props walking between the flames and the imprisoned, some talking, others silent. Shadow cast in the hole wall. Socrates says that such strange sight and weird people in the cave are like the masses, only seeing the shadows and treating them as real things (Plato, 2008). The environment in which humans live is not a social vacuum. Someone in the cave may be manipulating the prisoners. The question thus becomes, who. These prisoners exist within the established political system and are political followers. Human ignorance here looks like a natural state. Then, when one of them is freed, forced to stand up, turn around, walk up, and look up at the light, he would feel miserable and uncomfortable because of the incompatibility with light.

At this moment, he could still only see the things that he has seen before. However, he was not completely sure about the surroundings until someone told him that the entity of he saw at the moment was the real world. What he had seen before was just a virtual shadow. Such a scene closely resembles the conditions that most people in the society are in, not only in the era of Plato, but also in the modern society. In order to consolidate control over the people, the rulers may choose only to reveal part of the truth. This creates a false reality that mislead the masses into believing it to be the reality. Indeed, reality for the masses may not be absolute at all times, since it can be crafted and a highly relative term. In the confrontation of contradicting ideologies, the different peoples are often fed with different truths to suit certain political purposes. The internet censorship and mass media monopoly in many countries of the world are examples of such caves as well.

After turning around and feeling the pain of the eyes. The incompatibility between the body and mind make things worse for the cave people. They have to be dragged hard out from the cave and go through a rough, steep path without letting go, till he is pulled out of the darkness and sees the sun (Plato, 2008). He would even feel irritated by the dragging, and at the same time feel pain in the eyes filled with light. However, after a process he can slowly see the above ground: first the shadows, then the reflections of objects on water, and finally the objects themselves (Plato, 2008). The completion of this process ultimately enables him to confront the sun and thus concludes that the sun is the source of all light. Apparently, interpretation of the sun and the light is the most important one for this discussion. Here the sun means the truth and the knowledge, which has been hidden from the have people originally.

One important question to consider is how the process of ascending in a cave is portrayed as painful and being forced. People are accustomed to being bound or accustomed to the cave reality. It is very difficult to change the existing habits. Philosophers think that the solution must be through the training of philosophy, music, sports and other educational methods (Duarte, 2012). Through training and education, the soul thus enhances its inner cultivation. Instead of being released by his own efforts, the prisoner is forced to freedom. The force may be a natural force that reveals the truth, or the force of the enlightened to help the ones in the dark. In either case, the original state of people is always in darkness. This may resemble the process of growing up. The process of growing up is the process of horizon expansion, as there will always be new knowledge and truth that open individuals up. The same is truth for partial knowledge and censorship. The reason why people need to break free from partial information and censorship is that they have been constantly doing so in their whole lives. As an elevation of the self, seeing the light and the truth would be their path to happiness.

In conclusion, the cave allegory has profoundly illustrated the situation of mankind, and the relationship between man and truth. The transformation of the soul is so difficult that only those who understand both the world’s true nature and the need to construct virtual realities are the most suitable candidates for ruling. From the painful process of ascending, the whole truth hurt for some. This hurtful nature of the truth must be handled with care by the rulers. On the one hand, it is impossible to live in a completely false reality in the modern age, except maybe for countries like North Korea. On the other hand, people must be aware of such caves of partial information and censorship around them. This can be achieved through education and training. The truth does not necessarily require any action, as it is the state of knowing that matters the most.

References:

Plato. (2008). The Republic. Digireads.com.

Duarte, E. (2012). Plato’s “Allegory of the cave”. (pp. 69-106). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.

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Essay脚注与尾注写作需要注意什么

作为英国大学最常见的作业形式，想必大家对Essay脚注和尾注都比较熟悉，脚注和尾注都是Essay写作中提供补充信息的方式，不过同学们要注意脚注和尾注里的内容，还有使用脚注和尾注的时机，下面就给大家详细讲解一下。

什么是脚注和尾注？

顾名思义，脚注的位置在每一页的页脚部分，这样你就可以在不中断文章正文的情况下添加补充信息。脚注中的内容通常是引用标注或者是不那么必要的评论或注释。

脚注在文中用数字上标表示，比如这样1，并在页脚处有对应编号的注释说明：

尾注的性质和脚注类似，但尾注的位置在文档的末尾，而不是每个页面的底部。如果你不确定应该使用脚注还是尾注的话，一定要查看一下你所在院校的style guide。

MS Word中的脚注和尾注

当需要在Microsoft Word文档中插入脚注或尾注，具体的做法是：

前往主菜单的References>Footnotes

根据需要选择Insert Footnote或Insert Endnote

在新创建的脚注或尾注中输入注释

你还可以通过单击References选项卡中Footnotes部分右下角的小箭头（如果你使用的是Word for Mac的话则是Insert>Footnotes）来自定义脚注和尾注的样式。点击后会打开一个新窗口，你可以在其中选择格式选项。

何时使用脚注和尾注？

脚注和尾注的主要用途如下：

在MHRA和Chicago等参考文献引用格式中以脚注的形式进行引用标注，并在文档末尾的参考文献列表中提供完整的引用出处信息。尾注也用来作某些引用格式的标注，例如IEEE或Vancouver引用格式。

对正文中的某些内容加上非必要的注释。例如，如果你的研究提出的问题与你的论文没有直接关系，那么你就可以在脚注或尾注中提一笔。这样既显得你并没有无视这个问题的存在，也不会影响的论文主体的思路和行文。

脚注和尾注算字数吗？

一个常见的问题是脚注和尾注算不算在Essay写作字数里。不同的大学对此有不同的规定，所以最保险的办法还是查看style guide。但是我们想提醒的是，不能用脚注或尾注来凑字数或者刻意减少字数。

使用脚注或尾注的关键是只有非必要的信息才应该出现在脚注或尾注中，但也并非任何不相关的内容都可以放。因此，如果为了凑字数而在脚注尾注东拉西扯一些有的没的，或者为了把字数减少到规定限度以下而把重要论据或分析放到脚注尾注里，可别怪打分的教授手下无情咯。

以上就是关于Essay脚注和尾注写作需要注意的地方，同学们在写作Essay的时候一定要注意这些细节。

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Paper代写：Britain raises retirement age

本篇paper代写- Britain raises retirement age讨论了英国延迟退休年龄。延迟退休年龄是世界社会保障制度改革的一大趋势，英国作为典型的社会福利国家在这一改革中走在了前列。英国是世界上人口老龄化严重的国家之一，这也对英国社会的养老金支付造成了沉重的负担。养老金支付一直是英国最大的社会保障支出项目，近年来养老金支付一直占到公共支出总额的40%左右，每年养老金的缺口达570亿英镑，资金压力巨大。为缓解这一沉重的压力，政府不得不以延迟退休年龄的方式来减轻和转移部分危机。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Population aging degree aggravates, the rigid development of pension benefits has caused great pressure on government finance. Britain is one of the countries with a serious aging population in the world. As early as 1929, the population over 65 years old reached 7% of the total population and entered into the aged society. At present, there are 9.57 million people over the age of 65, accounting for 16% of the total population, 21% of the population over the age of 60, and only 20% of the population under the age of 16. The growing "silver wave" is placing a heavy burden on pension payments. Pension payment has always been the largest social security expenditure project in Britain. In recent years, pension payment has always accounted for about 40% of the total public expenditure, accounting for 10% of GDP. The annual gap of pension is 57 billion pounds, which is a huge pressure on funds. To alleviate this heavy pressure, the government has to raise the retirement age to alleviate and transfer some of the crisis.

The pension system is inadequate, and poverty among the elderly is still a serious problem, making them afraid to retire. Britain's pension system is regarded as one of the "most feasible" pension systems in the world, but there are still many deficiencies in practice. For example, the basic state pension benefits are low. According to this year on the survey of 3400 people showed that only 4% of respondents think that rely on the national basic pension can live comfortable, up to 68% of the respondents said depend on national basic pension cannot make them have a loose, the government should provide more basic annuities, should reach 600 pounds or more per month, and the current basic pension payments is a single retirees 87.3 pounds a week, a retired couple 139.6 pounds a week, the gap is not small; As the second pillar of the pension system, enterprise annuity is also facing a development crisis. Due to excessive investment in capital market of the enterprise annuity fund, with the ups and downs fluctuation in the capital market, many of the enterprise annuity plan into deficit crisis, the national enterprise annuity deficit reached 300 billion pounds, forcing many enterprises to reform their pension plan, the direct impact to the retirement of older workers.

British society is facing a severe skills crisis, and the shortage of skills in the existing workforce makes employers more inclined to employ older workers. The UK's largest labor organization, the federation of labor, according to a survey done last year, about 6 million people in 30 million workers in the country's language ability can not meet the requirement of the job, there are more and more people arithmetic level is rather poor, even in a particular field of university graduates with advanced knowledge reserves are also often lack the skills to give full play to their professional knowledge. The full extent of the problem was revealed last December in the Leeds report, a two-year study of the skills crisis in the British workforce. Labor skills according to the report, has been a key lever to realize society prosperity and social justice, in today's social and economic environment, its function is the core elements of, British workers' skills, however, is worrying, 5 million people do not have any labor skills, qualifications, 17 million people the basic arithmetic of difficulty, one 6 people language ability is insufficient, more than one 6 of young men in also cannot smoothly under the condition of reading, writing, or computing leave school. In this state of affairs, British employers are increasingly looking for older workers with rich work skills and experience. In response to the skills crisis, there has been a steady easing of restrictions on the continued employment of older workers.

The traditional ideology and culture in British society encourage and advocate work and personal self-help and self-esteem, which also influences the elderly to choose to continue working. Relative to other European countries, Britain's history and traditional culture has been more attention to work, thrift, respected and self-help as the characteristics of personal values, emphasizing both economically and morally individual shall rely mainly on their own rather than relying on others, wealth and social recognition from their hard work, save for investment income, work and thrift will express a respectable life attitude, a confident, positive individuals, will be confident, positive and progress of society. Such an idea has always been a strong ideological feature of British society and still plays an important role in the behavioral choices of older people in Britain today. A survey in May last year, conducted under the auspices of the charity care for the aged, found that 80 per cent of 60,000 people aged between 50 and 70 thought the government should not set a mandatory retirement age, 65 per cent planned to work beyond the state retirement age and 10 per cent had no intention of retiring at all. When it comes to want to continue to work reasons, 40% of respondents said the work to give their own spiritual satisfaction and a sense of achievement, keep yourself energetic positive attitudes, 32% of people said to continue to work will be good for health and vitality of your body, a third of people said he is like work, like to work with.

In order to cope with the aging of the population and relieve the pressure of rigid development of pension benefits, appropriately extending the legal retirement age should be one of the feasible measures. China is currently in a period of rapid population aging, with the population over 60 reaching 150 million and the population over 65 reaching 104 million. In the next 50 years, the growth rate of the elderly will further accelerate. In 2010, the proportion of the population over 65 will exceed 8%, and the total number of the elderly will reach 450 million in 2050, accounting for 32.73% of the total population. Population life expectancy increasing at the same time, the 1981 national population life expectancy of 68 years, 2000 to 71 years old, currently about 72 years old, has reached the world level, in 2050 is expected to rise to 80 years old, and at present our country's retirement age for male 60, female 55, if no adjusted scientifically, and the population life expectancy gap will be bigger and bigger; Moreover, the government's increasing pressure on pension payments could be alleviated by a certain delay in the retirement age. Under the trend of population aging, the payment pressure of endowment insurance fund in China is very prominent. Due to the rapid growth of retirees, the expenditure of China's endowment insurance fund has been rising every year, and some regions have been unable to collect enough money to cover the expenditure. The gap of funds has been expanding year by year, forming the "empty account" operation. According to relevant documents from the ministry of labor and social security, in 2000, China's pension "empty account" was more than 36 billion yuan, and by the end of 2005, "empty account" had reached 800 billion yuan. Under such great pressure and the expected acceleration of aging in the future, the implementation of various reform measures is inevitable to ensure the timely and full payment of pension, among which the gradual adjustment of "6050" retirement age line, which has been implemented for more than half a century since the founding of the People's Republic of China, should also be included.

We will strengthen the building and reform of the pension system and strive to improve the living security system for the elderly. Elderly poverty is different from other types of poverty, the elderly have almost no opportunity and ability to rely on their own strength to improve life, out of poverty, more can only rely on the help of external forces, to ensure the basic life of the elderly, ensure that they do not fall into poverty should be the pension insurance system cannot shirk the responsibility. In China, the elderly is still a special poor class, especially the elderly is a typical poor group. In December 2001, a survey in Shanghai showed that 20 percent of the poor families in the city were over 60 years old, when the aging rate was only 18.58 percent. Pension security system of our country still faces a narrow coverage, low level of treatment, the worker under the age of 59, 196 million people took part in all kinds of endowment insurance plan, accounts for only about 23% of the working-age population, the main body of attend primary endowment insurance is still state-owned enterprises, non-public enterprises, individual owners and their practitioners rate is low; In terms of benefits, the most prominent problem is the low pension of enterprise retirees, who account for the majority of the retired population.

Currently, there are 87.2 million skilled workers in China, among whom only 3.6 million are technicians and senior technicians, accounting for 4% of the skilled workers. There are 15 million senior workers, accounting for 17%. There were 31.4 million intermediate workers, accounting for 36%. 32 million junior workers, or 43 percent. Compared with developed countries, we have a low proportion of skilled workers and an unreasonable structure. The discontinuity and continuity of the skilled labor force has become an important factor hindering the progress of China's modernization. , therefore, must strengthen the implementation of vocational training, vocational education, to encourage and guide people to set up and practice the concept of "lifelong learning", attach importance to and strengthen labor skill requirements and training for new Labour, with the young, middle-aged and old worker constitute a complete team echelon, cycle for, make middle-aged technology backbone happinesses, choose not to continue to work just be my subjective choice, rather than from the unit or the necessary of the society, it also conducive to the protection of old people's physical and mental health.

"Old people doing things" is a fine fashion of our national traditional culture, which should be maintained and strengthened in the new situation. In the past, "old people doing things" mainly refers to the elderly raising children and children in the family, maintaining the stability of the family, etc. In the current social development environment, we must realize its broader and positive significance. Safeguarding the rights and interests of the elderly includes recognizing and respecting the rights of the elderly to rest and work, recognizing that lifelong work is an important right of human beings, which can be given up by themselves but cannot be restricted or deprived, and recognizing the important significance of "old people doing things" for the aging Chinese society. In the education of scientific research, health, culture, tourism and other industries to advocate "teaching", can play a waste heat for the elderly people, show the talent, reflect ego value, more smoothly to participate in social life, to improve their physical and mental health, for unit development, old people is a kind of low cost and high added value of human capital, can save cost and expand the benefits, for their own time to adjust and optimize the structure of human resource configuration to win development, and for the whole society, elderly career development to alleviate the pressure of the aging of importance is self-evident. Therefore, should protect and encourage the old people's employment rights, making the elderly employment policies, rules and regulations, proper evaluation and use of the talent and ability of old people, for older people to continue to work to help and service, implementing the strategy of "active aging", in response to and at the same time to speed up the development of the national economy to solve the problem of aging population, speed up the construction of harmonious society.

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Essay代写：Financial regulatory reform in the United States

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Financial regulatory reform in the United States，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的金融监管制度改革。美国是一个法制较健全的国家，属于典型的英美法系，该法系的特点是以判例法为基础，解决金融监管领域中遇到的法制问题，从而为金融市场的发展留有一定的空间。美国的金融监管制度建立在法制基础上，其变迁和改革无不以新的金融监管立法为前提，完善的监管法律总是与监管制度的发展同步，这为美国金融业的发展提供了安全有序的市场环境。同时，美国的金融监管制度除强制性的约束规则之外，习俗与惯例等隐性的规则也同样起着重要的作用。

Financial supervision system should be narrow and broad. The narrow sense of financial supervision system is to maintain the stability of the financial system, control financial risks and protect the collection of all rules made by stakeholders, including policies, laws, regulations, regulations and customs and practices. However, an isolated and static financial supervision system is meaningless. The value of the financial supervision system should depend on the subjects and objects carrying the financial supervision system, namely financial supervision institutions, financial institutions, intermediary institutions, etc., while the object refers to financial products. It is these conventions, conventions, and binding rules that people take for granted, coupled with the interaction between the subject and object of these rules, that form the financial regulatory mechanism.

Therefore, the author believes that the broad financial regulatory system should include three aspects: first, financial regulatory policies, laws, regulations, provisions and customs and practices, namely, the content of rules; Second, the financial supervision system, namely, the subject and object of financial supervision institutions, financial institutions, intermediary institutions and financial products that carry the above rules into operation, mainly involves the organization and coordination of the subjects of the financial supervision system, as well as the adjustment of authority of internal levels. The third is the financial supervision mechanism, that is, the financial supervision mechanism which is generated by the integration of the above rules and the carriers of these rules and has internal incentives and constraints on each other. The above three levels are interdependent and indispensable.

The United States is a country with a relatively sound legal system, which is a typical Anglo-American legal system. The legal system is characterized by case law to solve the legal problems encountered in the field of financial supervision, thus leaving some space for the development of financial market. The financial regulatory system in the United States is established on the basis of legal system, and its changes and reforms are all based on the premise of new financial regulatory legislation. Perfect regulatory laws are always synchronized with the development of regulatory system, which provides a safe and orderly market environment for the development of the financial industry in the United States. At the same time, the United States opposes the stricter free capital rules in Basel ii and the improved regulation of financial markets and their opaque products. Broadly allowing off-balance-sheet financing; Poor supervision of fannie mae and Freddie MAC, the mortgage refiners, and the promotion of home purchases with loans, was exposed in the 2008 international financial crisis. At the same time, in addition to the mandatory constraint rules, the implicit rules such as customs and practices also play an important role in the American financial regulatory system. For example, decentralization of power, balance of power and innovation consciousness play an important role in the reform of financial regulation in the United States.

Based on the importance of decentralization and checks and balances in American culture, the current regulatory system adopts a "double-headed" model. The so-called "double line" refers to the federal and state supervision of financial institutions; The term "long" refers to the practice of financial supervision by multiple institutions. The regulatory agencies of the federal government mainly include the federal reserve, the office of the comptroller of the currency, the federal deposit insurance corporation, and the securities and exchange commission. These financial regulatory agencies are respectively responsible for the supervision of financial business and its cross-business. Each state establishes a financial regulator in accordance with state legislation to regulate the banking, securities and insurance industries. For the regulatory authority of regulatory agencies at the federal and state levels, the principle of "who approves and who supervises" is adopted, that is, those that are granted licenses by federal agencies are supervised by the federal government, and those that are granted licenses by the state government are supervised by the state government. At the same time, the federal reserve, bank regulators and state insurance regulators to strengthen coordination and cooperation, to provide each other about the bank holding company and the insurance company affiliated financial, risk management and operating information, and the insured depository institutions deal with the insurance company information, and request the appropriate federal bank regulators in approve bank holding companies, agencies and insurance company before the merger, negotiate with state insurance regulators, at the same time stipulated by the regulatory authorities have an obligation to each other confidential information. But it was this so-called "X2 bull "financial regulatory system whose flaws were exposed in the 2008 international financial crisis. When there is a systemic risk, the financial regulator lacks unified supervision, so the corresponding regulator is not authorized to deal with it within the scope of legislation, which leads to the further deterioration of the risk. In addition, financial regulatory institutions lack supervision in cross fields, and the regulatory standards and objectives of various financial regulatory institutions are not the same, which leads to the situation of regulatory vacuum and repetitive supervision, resulting in regulatory arbitrage and low regulatory efficiency in the market. All the problems exposed by the us financial regulatory system are worthy of deep reflection.

The financial supervision mechanism is the "soul" part of the financial supervision system, which ensures the effective operation of the financial supervision system. Different financial supervision system leads to different financial supervision mechanism. Therefore, we cannot directly reform, innovate and develop the financial regulatory mechanism. The change can only be realized through the change of the financial regulatory system, and the effectiveness of the change needs to be reflected by the results of the financial regulatory operation.

In the international financial crisis of 2008, the problem of high compensation of financial executives revealed certain defects in the financial regulatory mechanism. Financial executives are being paid exorbitant sums at a time when major financial institutions are failing or being bought out. The three major rating agencies of moody's, standard & poor's and fitch in the 2008 international financial crisis also exposed some problems in the financial regulatory mechanism of the United States. Three major rating agencies had at the beginning of the crisis, bud also issued some warning, but in order to undertake more business and get more benefit, rating agencies compete with each other between business and often rely on historical experience, rather than use include asset bubble possibility of prospective model to determine the credit rating of the loan pool, which was the lack of the understanding of these complex financial products, fully rely on credit rating blind investment, investors in the financial products market bubbles. It wasn't until July 2007 that the big three international rating agencies began downgrading some of their financial products and said they would change the way they rated securities backed by subprime mortgages. This dereliction of duty by the three rating agencies has something to do with the lack of effective mechanisms for financial regulation. If America's regulators fail to force its financial institutions or intermediaries to put in place effective controls, the causes of the crisis will be hard to undo.

The reform of the financial regulatory system in the United States has the historical characteristics of "crisis-oriented", always making corresponding adjustments with various financial market turbulence or financial crisis. If handled well, the crisis will not only not hinder development, but also promote it. On June 17, 2009, the Obama administration issued the white paper on financial regulatory reform, which is the largest financial regulatory reform since the great crisis of the 1930s.

One is to promote regulation of financial institutions. All financial institutions that could pose serious risks to the financial system must be subject to strict regulation, the white paper said. The reforms include the creation of a financial services regulatory commission to strengthen joint oversight of all large, interconnected financial institutions; Raising capital levels and other prudential standards for all Banks and bank-holding companies; In order to eliminate the loopholes in banking supervision, the national banking supervision commission was set up. In order to strengthen the supervision of the insurance industry, the national insurance office was set up. The second is comprehensive regulation of financial markets. Strengthening supervision of the securities market includes increasing market transparency and strengthening management of credit rating agencies, the white paper said. Comprehensive regulation of all OTC derivatives transactions; To unify the supervision of futures and securities markets; Gives the federal reserve authority to oversee payment, settlement and clearing systems in financial markets. The third is to protect consumers and investors from financial abuse. Strict and coordinated regulation of consumer financial services and investment markets is needed to restore confidence in financial markets, the white paper said. Therefore, the white paper recommends the creation of a consumer financial protection bureau to protect consumers of credit, savings, payments and other financial products and services; The securities and exchange commission has more power to strengthen investor protection, for example, by giving it more power to improve investor disclosure transparency, and by giving new tools to increase investor fairness. The fourth is to provide the government with the tools it needs to manage the financial crisis. A new bankruptcy resolution mechanism should be established to avoid disorderly bankruptcy of bank holding companies. In addition, the reform plan proposes modifying the fed's emergency lending authority. Fifth, raise international regulatory standards and promote international cooperation. The white paper recommends strengthening the international capital framework, improving regulation of global financial markets, strengthening regulation of internationally active financial institutions, and improving international crisis response capacity.

After the outbreak of the financial crisis, we have seen the serious harm of systemic risks brought by large and complex financial institutions. If the government takes corresponding protective measures, it may encounter certain moral hazard problems. Large and complex financial institutions, once implicitly guaranteed by the government, will focus their business on high-risk investment preferences, which will lead to the accumulation of systemic risks, which may lead to the outbreak of crisis. The financial regulatory reform in the United States has given the federal reserve more power to regulate large and complex financial institutions more strictly and set up an all-powerful financial regulator. In the process of financial regulatory reform, how to solve the problem of "too big to fail" of financial institutions, how to eliminate the concerns of small and medium-sized enterprises, and how to seek the balance between systemic risk management and moral hazard of large financial institutions are all problems that need to be further discussed.

This financial crisis actually reflects the importance of financial regulation, which is a powerful blow to the "market omnipotence" theory of western countries. It proves once again that the development of financial regulation cannot be biased against the market or rely on the government for fear of choking, but should constantly seek the dynamic balance between the market and the government. The connotation of financial supervision should not be limited to financial supervision institutions focusing on single, traditional financial institutions or business supervision, but should be large and complex financial institutions, even the whole financial institutions of systemic risk, more financial innovation business supervision, to prevent the occurrence and accumulation of systemic risk. The adoption of macro-prudential supervision also reflects an important change in financial supervision philosophy. That is, from the original single micro-prudential supervision, gradually turned into a combination of micro-prudential supervision and macro-prudential supervision, highlighting the importance of macro-prudential supervision.

At the same time, the scope of financial regulation should not only stay at the level of domestic regulation, but also reflect effective regulation at the international level. In the financial regulatory reform plan of the United States, the reform content of raising international regulatory standards and promoting international cooperation is proposed, which indicates that the financial regulation has been gradually extended to transnational regulation at home. Therefore, the financial regulatory philosophy embodied in the financial regulatory reform plan of the United States calls for redefining the boundaries of financial regulation.

Financial supervision is a kind of "zero sum game" between financial supervision institution and financial institution. If the financial regulatory reform plan causes the loss of interests to financial institutions, the reform plan will inevitably encounter certain resistance. The final financial regulation proposal is the result of a game between the two sides. However, the author believes that the reason why the financial regulatory reform plan is frequently blocked is that the republican party represents the interests of financial institutions, and further consideration should be given to how the convergence of the interests of government departments and financial institutions can be reflected in the financial regulatory reform.

The U.S. senate finally passed the financial regulatory reform plan on May 20, 2010, which can be said to have gone through a complicated process. The plan involves the reform of the financial supervision system and the financial supervision system. The reform of the system is mainly the adjustment of the power of the federal reserve and the establishment of some new financial regulatory institutions. The system includes a series of laws and regulations made for the loopholes in the financial regulatory process, and the financial regulatory mechanism needs to be formed through the interaction between the financial regulatory system and the financial regulatory system.

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