下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The fiscal power of the United States congress,供大家参考学习,这篇论文讨论了美国国会的财政权。美国国会的财政权,是国会按照宪法和法律赋予的权力和程序并依据辅助机构的技术支持对政府预算收支、特殊时期债务赤字提议进行审查决议及监督的权力,这一权力不仅是国会对总统为首的政府部门实施控制的关键,而且它能否公正负责地履行这一权力,在很大程度上关系到作为纳税人的公众能否真正实现的大问题。
Congress fiscal authority is mainly with the authority of the congress in accordance with the constitution and laws and procedures according to the technical support of auxiliary institutions of government budget balance, special period debt deficit proposals to review resolution and supervision power, this power is not only for the government department headed by the President of congress control "assassin's mace", and it can be fair and responsible manner to fulfill this power, to a great extent, related to as taxpayers public "purse right" can truly realize the big problem. The progress of the $700 billion financial rescue budget, which has been closely watched by American taxpayers and the world since September 2008, can be said to be a reflection of this rule of power. President barack Obama's economic team and congressional leaders from both parties have crafted a new economic stimulus package, known as the American recovery and reinvestment initiative, that has been approved by the house of representatives.
In the early days of the establishment of the federal government in the United States, each budget department had any spending requirements or additional budget requirements under special circumstances, which were reported to the congress for approval and decision respectively. The President was basically on the edge of budget decision-making, and the legal provisions on his budget power were very vague. Later in the 1921 budget and accounting act marked, "the President's budget proposal a congressional approval" program will be officially established, such as in the face of the subprime mortgage crisis triggered by the United States and even the global stock market slump in the housing market, the collapse of the financial sector and the subsequent loss of public trust, struggling in 2008, the bush administration to congress on September 20, submit a request for examination and approval of the $700 billion budget, stripping non-performing assets, to help financial institutions to prevent the bailout of the financial crisis deepened. The causes of this procedure and the rules of power distribution are as follows:
The power of congress to make budget decisions has deep constitutional roots. Since the income of modern government mainly comes from the tax of taxpayers, the basic logic of "come from the people and be used by the people" lays the foundation for the us congress to shoulder the responsibility of protecting the "pocketbook power" of the public. This resolution power of the U.S. congress is mainly established in the form of the constitution. That is, article 1, paragraph 9 of the U.S. constitution in 1787 stipulates that "no money shall be spent from the Treasury without the appropriation of congress; All transactions of public funds should be regularly explained and accounted for, and published regularly. The father of American constitutional Hamilton gave congress a constitutional power regulation, and wisely pointed out: "to ensure that the tool to effective government oversight, the power of the master budget is considered to be the most perfect and the most effective weapon, the constitution of any use of such weapons, can make the people directly represent the armed, correct all deviations, implement all proper beneficial measures."
The President's budget proposal authority was established based on a congressional mandate to improve government effectiveness. Although the constitution gives congress strong fiscal budget resolution power, but in the United States the specific practice, especially in the late 19th century after the founding of congress gradually find it difficult to rely on own strength to cope with the increasingly sophisticated government spending, on the one hand, the government various complicated budget department budget proposal and interest groups to lobby for an increased budget to congress, corrupt; On the other hand, it is difficult for congress to fully understand the public activities and information of various government departments. Too many or late budget appropriations cause chaos in the budget management system. So congress accepted the municipal reform agents to improve the administrative efficiency of the system design proposal, namely according to the scientific management of specialization, standardization and planning characteristics, the master shall administrative heads of administrative skills and specialist is responsible for the formulation of relevant data and practical proposal is given budgetary revenues and expenditures, and congress as the duty of the director, is responsible for the review to accept authorization head of administrative science and rationality of budget proposal, and give the final correction. It was then that the idea of a budget process, proposed by the President and authorized by congress, was truly established.
There are clear rules governing the distribution of budgetary authority between the President and congress. The principle of checks and balances in the United States is the essence of budget politics in the United States. If the budget power granted to the congress by the constitution is designed to restrict the abuse of the government's spending power, the power of the President to sign and veto the decisions of the congress is also helpful to prevent the congress from monopolizing power to some extent. That is, after congress, which represents the people, approves it, the President signs it. And expenditures through specific administrative agencies; The President can veto it if he disagrees, unless it is overruled by a two-thirds majority of congress. , of course, both the President and congressional budget behavior must be carried out within the rules, such as though the bush administration is eager to save the subprime crisis caused by the stock market crash and the resulting financial crisis, he also can't over congress to act according to own position alone, mainly from the taxpayer's 700 billion bailout budget proposal must be submitted through the congress this basic constitutional procedures.
President bush's $700 billion budget rescue proposal, although a supplemental proposal under the special circumstances of the financial crisis, is still in accordance with the normal budget review process, which was submitted to congress after the President's proposal into the internal review stage, but did not because of the lack of time to pass. Follow by the first on behalf of the interests of the people of the relevant house committee or correction, then passed to the senate for further correction after the ruling by the house of representatives to vote and the dispute to a bipartisan main representative and consultative committee composed of main leaders of the two procedures for consultation to discuss or floor board, a 700 billion bailout budget first appeared in the process of deliberation by the house of representatives rejected, modify, consultation by the house of representatives vote again after approved by the senate and the President signed the "turns" process.
After President bush submitted the budget relief after 9 days, the time on September 29, 2008 in the United States, the U.S. house of representatives after the bush administration's financial official inquiry and with financial department, administrative department, after hearing the first round of voting by 288 votes in favor, 205 votes against vetoed the bush administration's totaled $700 billion financial rescue package, more than two-thirds of house republicans voted against it, as the opposition democratic Congressman is about 40%. Republicans had 133 votes against the bill. The dow Jones industrial average fell 564 points, or 5%, to 10,579 at 3 p.m. Veto of the house of representatives to make extremely sensitive, therefore, the U.S. stock market swings, the severe economic situation not only give full of expectation of President George w. bush and tried to convince sceptical and opposition lawmakers senior financial officials made a lot of pressure, but also make the first on the White House to discuss the financial crisis countermeasure of the presidential candidates and bipartisan congressional leaders very nervous. Carefully analyzed, this rejection result is mainly caused by the following reasons:
The plan, which is no more than three pages long, is short on specifics, particularly on how congress will oversee the rescue budget and how it will compensate impaired mortgage buyers rather than just executives of financial institutions.
As elections approach, powerful undercurrents of public opinion are making lawmakers from both parties more cautious and calculating when they vote. November is not only a pivotal month in the us presidential election, but also a sensitive time for half of the us congress to face re-election. To ensure re-election or elected, referred to only represent the interests of the rich and large taxpayer republicans and based on the opinion of the masses of small and medium-sized owners and general taxpayers of democratic lawmakers usually make sound quite concerned voters gesture, especially for fear that the plan was blamed for to increase the taxpayer to "save the Wall Street" in terms of the republican party, at its core team in the final stages of the vote does not support from the taxpayer's government budget funds to purchase bad mortgage assets plan decision, passing out of the potential of electoral politics.
The worry is that big budget spending will lead to big deficits and heavy taxes if regulation does not follow.
The 700 billion rescue bill was defeated in the house of representatives, and the powerful public opinion behind it set the direction and tone of the revision of the bill in the process of trying to pass the senate. The bush administration and congressional leaders in both parties have outlined a series of common-sense add-on measures to win more votes, chief among them a temporary increase in the federal deposit insurance limit from $100,000 to $250,000. Under federal law, the government is liable to reimburse depositors up to $100,000 if a bank fails. Raising the cap is meant to restore public confidence in the banking system and ease runs. It also includes $100 billion in tax breaks for the middle class over five years. On the night of October 1, 2008, the senate passed the financial rescue plan by an overwhelming vote of 74 to 25. House republican leaders said the number of calls and emails to congressional offices protesting the plan had dropped 40 percent since it was approved. Debate and passage of the revised bill in the senate, and the pressure on people to live in poverty as a result of the economic collapse, prompted a change in opposition from some lawmakers when the bill was reintroduced for a vote in the house of representatives on October 2nd.
In a serious economic crisis and a strong public opinion pressure, the house of representatives on October 3, 2008 in the afternoon to vote on a revised new budget, "turns" review last through under the inside and outside the plural repeated negotiation, and after President bush signed the forge a new consensus: over whether Wall Street executive pay compensation. Congressional Democrats say, let those bad decisions and lead to the company by its troubled executives with taxpayers' money and roared off contrary to public opinion and republican pressure also are very concerned about public opinion direction, while the government worry that limit compensation will hinder the enthusiasm of some companies to participate in the rescue plan, decided to part company through consultation to limit executive pay. To protect the interests of taxpayers. Under the deal, in some cases, the government will get equity certificates from the institutions that sell assets, and taxpayers will get a return on their cash once the rescued companies return to health. Restrictions on the disbursement of bailout funds. Given concerns over the misuse of public funds to finance department, effective control of congress favours installment, although the government worried to continually ask congress for money would bring to rescue the obstruction and the result of the compromise was $700 billion after consultation is divided into three parts, the first 250 billion immediately pay, the second 100 billion according to the need to pay after approval by the President, the last 350 billion without congressional approval, extra but congress put forward against within 30 days. Planned implementation of audit supervision. Create an inspector general and have the program regularly audited by the congressional government audit office.
In addition to the strict review after the proposed budget, the us congress, which is charged with protecting people's "pocket-money power", has not relaxed its strict supervision on the implementation of the proposed budget. This kind of investigation into how the federal government spends taxpayer money and holds accountable oversight is usually performed by the government accountability office (gao), an agency of congress. This agency is directly affiliated to congress, and the characteristics of the main leaders, such as party neutrality and long tenure, ensure its high independence and provide an important guarantee for effective oversight.
Oversight reports and performance by the government accountability office, which is part of congress. After nearly two months of implementation and follow-up investigation of the budget, on December 2, 2008, the us government accountability office released the first regulatory report on the implementation of the government's $700 billion rescue plan. The core content of the report is that the government financial sector did not form a strong regulatory mechanism after a large amount of money flowed into the financial sector. Ensure that public funds from taxpayers are used for the intended purpose of the bail-out. The major loopholes in the specific implementation are as follows: first, as the ministry of finance has not yet stipulated how institutions receiving bailout funds can report the use of funds and performance information to government departments, the direction of bailout funds from taxpayers is not completely transparent; Second, there are problems with the compensation transparency of senior managers of financial institutions. Based on the provisions of the consensus reached by the congress and the government, how the financial department, which is responsible for the allocation of the $700 billion budget, should abide by strict limits on the compensation of senior managers is also one of the loopholes to be solved urgently. Although the financial department does not fully agree with the criticism and related schemes from the government accountability office, the report of the government accountability office plays a role in urging and promoting the awareness of financial budget supervision and effective supervision mechanism follow-up. It is reported that the financial department has started to study and improve its own supervision measures.
Complex comprehensive regulatory mechanism. In addition, under the President's agreement with congress, the White House will nominate a special inspector general, and congress can appoint a congressional oversight panel, which, like the government accountability office, is responsible for auditing and holding accountable money used by the Treasury Department to avoid corruption and government waste. The latter is charged with overseeing whether the Treasury secretary abused his powers in implementing the rescue plan and assessing its impact on financial markets and the mortgage crisis. Although this complex comprehensive regulatory mechanism still needs to be established and improved, the prototype of responsibility system revealed by it is of great significance to the latecomers.
All in all, throughout 700 billion bailout budget proposal to the examination and approval and the implementation stage of the regulatory mechanism and process, it not only covers the deep economic problems, and it also shows the face serious economic crisis and the budget deficit, undertake to protect the public right to purse "" how the United States congress passed the constitution gives the edge tool of financial management and related review process and regulation mechanism to integration of multiple interests demand and ensuring that the public budget responsibility. Therefore, it can be said that public opinion in the United States economic decision plays a potential "barometer" function, to public opinion and the public interests as the basic point to congressional budget review procedure and supervision mechanism design, on the one hand for late-development country set a good model system to study, on the other hand also for us to understand the modern world the United States government treatment solutions to economic woes and contained the political logic of provides a new attempt.
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