本篇paper代写- The Wordsworth讨论了诗人华兹华斯。威廉・华兹华斯是英国第一个浪漫主义大诗人，其文学写作观点标志着英国文学史上的一个转折。华兹华斯《抒情歌谣集》的问世，在英国文学史上开创了一个新时代，而他的两篇序言则被视为浪漫主义的美学纲领。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。
Romanticism comes from the word Romance in medieval French. From the late 18th century to the 1930s and 40s of the 19th century, French enlightenment thinkers advocated freedom of thought and individual emancipation, which reflected in theory. The most representative view was that literature should "return to nature" proposed by Rousseau to express true feelings. British sentimental literary thought and German "lunatic" movement also paid much attention to the expression of personality and emotion in literature, and romantic literature was further developed under their influence.
During this period, the capitalist economy of European countries was developed rapidly, and the bourgeoisie strongly demanded to break the shackles of feudal autocracy, completely liberate themselves from the shackles of feudalism, and launch fierce struggles against feudalism in the political and cultural fields. Romanticism is the response to this social psychology. In literature, it shows people's ardent pursuit of romantic literature and ruthless abandonment of rigid retro-classical literature.
William Wordsworth was one of the foremost English poets since the Renaissance.
Wordsworth was born in the lake district of northwest England to a mother who died when he was eight. When his father died in 1783, he and his brothers were taken care of by his uncle, and his sister dorothy was taken care of by his grandparents. His childhood had a profound influence on Wordsworth, and the birth and death of his brothers and sisters, as well as the death of his parents, became a recurring theme in his works.
Wordsworth went to France twice, in 1790 and 1791. It was the time of the French revolution, and the young Wordsworth was deeply sympathetic to it. Not long after his return, the situation changed dramatically, and Wordsworth became more conservative about the French revolution. Finally, he became a conservative who enjoyed the title of poet laureate. Wordsworth's lyric ballads opened a new era in English literature. His two prologues are regarded as the aesthetic program of romanticism.
Romantic literary theory regards literature as the product of writer's subjective mind, the free expression of writer's inner feelings and emotional experience, and emphasizes that emotion and imagination are the indispensable and important conditions for the achievement of literature. This is a firm rebellion and a complete break from the practice of the neoclassical literary theory to confine literature in abstract reason and bound in ancient books. For the free expression of literature, for writers to truly express their own temperament opened up a new way.
Romantic literary theory strongly advocates individual liberation, and ascribes writers' creative ability to some innate talent -- genius. It highly advocates "inspiration", a passionate and unconscious creative state that is not controlled by writers. It attaches importance to nature, yearns for the natural state of human beings, and opposes the killing and strangling of human nature by modern civilization. However, it often leads the understanding of nature to people's subjective or transcendental existence, and eventually reduces nature to spiritual or mystical force.
The theory and practice of romantic literature were more fully displayed and developed in England. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Shelley made great contributions to the theory and creation of romantic literature: they all emphasized the imagination and fantasy, genius and emotion of poetry, emphasized the symbolic role of poetry to expand the field of expression of poetry, and required the creation of new artistic conception and new source of poetry. In this way, the romantic literary movement in England had a great impact on the world.
Wordsworth was influenced by enlightenment and sentimentalism in his early years, so he was more deeply immersed in the intellectual currents of the 18th century than any major figure of his time. His poetics combine 18th-century studies of the emotional origins of language; Popular views about the nature and value of primitive poetry. He then replaced various neoclassical literary theories with this mixture.
Romantic sentimentality, represented by Wordsworth, can be traced back to Plato's irrational beliefs such as "fanaticism", "soul recollection" and "idea theory". The core of Plato's philosophical system is "theory of ideas", which separates the general from the special, the concept from the concrete existence, and unilaterally affirming that only the general concept is the real existence, and the perfect and real society is the "country of ideas" constructed by god by the idea. He believed that the soul was a self-moving number that passed through a cycle or was reincarnated in turn in different species until it was finally cleansed and released from the cycle. Plato's epistemology is based on the transcendental mysticism that the soul has prior knowledge of the world of ideas, that is, the soul is both the starting point and the end of knowledge. Wordsworth also believed that the soul should be reassembled through "philosophical" training in the process of life. In this point, Wordsworth's idea is very similar to Plato's.
Wordsworth's romantic feeling only theory in his Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood are reflected particularly in a poem. The theme of the poem is the relationship between nature and life, showing that nature is the source of joy and wisdom of life. The poet believes that people can get the joy of childhood again through "philosophical revelation", i.e. imagination, which is also the only answer for the poet to reveal to people to solve the suffering of life. The poet begins the poem with My Heart Leaps up When I cursed: "the child is the father of the man; / through the pearls of life I wish."
The famous poem "children are the father of adults" is the concrete embodiment of the poet's "rich philosophical inspiration". The poet thinks that children are closer to nature than adults, because there are more spiritual things in nature, so adults should always keep the piety to children and childlike innocence.
From Wordsworth's poems, we can see that the poet's main emotions are particularly strong through fantasy and "rich in philosophical inspiration". He expressed his feelings for nature passionately and sought for the emotional comfort of nature in "returning to nature". After the Renaissance, religious theology suffered a heavy blow, and the wave of modern industrial civilization hit like a flood of wild animals and dominated the social process, while the spirit and freedom of human beings had no place in the sound of reason and machinery. A return to god and humanity began to spread across the continent. It reflects the general social requirements of individual liberation and individual freedom at that time, and is a powerful counterattack to neoclassicism. Literature, as the natural outpouring of human's emotional nature, has got rid of its image as the bondage of reason and the slave of power, and been promoted to a supreme position by a generation of talented poets.
In Wordsworth's poetic theory, emotion is the most central proposition. "Poetry," he said repeatedly, "is the natural outpouring of strong emotions," and "emotions give importance to action and plot, not action and plot give importance to plot." So he argues that the antithesis of poetry, which is characterized by emotion, is not prose, but rather unsentimental factual speculation, or "science." This distinction is based on the difference between performance and description or between emotional and cognitive language. He argues that not only is poetry essential, but its most important purpose is emotion. From the point of view of poetry being used by readers, he believed that poetry tells people the truth by virtue of passion to be deeply rooted in people's hearts. In terms of the requirements for poets, he stressed that poets should "think and feel with enthusiasm", and that poets should not only have more sensitive feelings than ordinary people, but also have more enthusiasm.
According to his definition of the nature and purpose of poetry, Wordsworth also discusses the creators of poetry, namely poets. He believed that a poet speaks to a large number of people as a human being, and the difference between a born poet and ordinary people lies in his inherent strong emotions, more sensitive feelings, more enthusiasm and warmth, more understanding of human nature, and more open soul. The poet likes his own passion and will, an inner energy that makes him happier than others. The poet has a quality which enables him to be moved by things which are not before him, as if they were before him. One thing to note, however, is that Wordsworth had his own rules about emotion. "Poetry," he says, "begins with the emotion recalled in peace. The poet broods over this emotion until a reaction causes the calm to fade away, and then something similar to the emotion he ponders occurs, and indeed exists in the poet's mind."
That is to say, the emotion in the creation process is not the poet's original emotion, but the emotion generated in the memory. The emotion in the poem has gone through the precipitation of rational thinking. In the "preface" of the 1815 edition of lyric ballads, Wordsworth also discussed the "six abilities" that a poet should possess, among which the meditative and judging abilities are self-conscious and rational. This shows that Wordsworth was not an absolute sentimentalist.
From the definition that poetry is the natural outpouring of strong emotions, Wordsworth derived an important criterion to weigh the value of poetry, that is, "nature". What he said about nature has three meanings: nature is the lowest common denominator of human nature; It is most believable in those who live "according to nature"; It mainly consists of simple thoughts and feelings, as well as the natural and "unpretentious" way to express feelings in words.
In setting the standard for poetic vocabulary, Wordsworth made full use of the age-old contrast between nature and art. All art -- that is, the art of deliberately playing with words to embellish them with emotive and rhetorical devices -- serves only to corrupt what it calls "true" poetry. The essence of poetry is that its language must be the expression of the natural sincerity of the poet's state of mind.
Wordsworth argued passionately for writing poems with "the language that people really use," especially the language of rural people, replacing the flowery, intricate dictions. Lyric ballads brought the language and voice of the people for the first time in the history of English literature, while in the previous classical period, literature was rife with imitation of ancient Greece and Rome. Thus, Wordsworth's theory of poetry is nothing less than a revolution in poetry. The word "poetic" here refers to those words and rhetorical methods not commonly used in common speech, such as personification, euphemism, Latin, repeated use of adjectives and inverted sentence patterns. At that time, people believed that only by adopting these "words and phrases" in combination with specific genres could they maintain the pure and elegant literary style. At the same time, they held a contemptuous attitude towards the language of ordinary people. But Wordsworth points out that the language of prose is not and cannot be fundamentally different from the language of verse, except in rhythm.
The "real" meaning of the so-called "real language used by people" is somewhat ambiguous to Wordsworth, but it can be seen that his main concern is not the individual words or grammatical structures in prose language, but the pursuit of everyday language that truly expresses people's true feelings. "Truth" here becomes the norm of poetic language.
Thus, "truth" and "nature" were regarded as the norms and principles of poetry language by Wordsworth. He put forward the principle of "nature", but also gave some limitations. On the one hand, he advocates the direct use of rural dialect in poetry; on the other hand, he advocates the selection of these languages to eliminate the factors that may cause displeasure or aversion, so as to avoid the vulgarity and vulgarity of daily life. This view becomes a constraint on the principle of "nature", which is to "give pleasure".
In Wordsworth's view, the language and subject matter of poetry are inseparable, and subject matter is another important issue closely related to language. He believed, "as long as the poet chooses the subject matter properly, he will naturally have enthusiasm at the right time, and the language generated by enthusiasm, as long as the choice is correct and appropriate, must be noble and colorful."
Wordsworth believed that only the ordinary daily life, especially the rural life far away from urban civilization, was the right subject for creation. For it is a life in which there is less restraint, and the emotions are more simple and sincere, and the language which arises from them is pure and unpretentious. Therefore, in Wordsworth's theory, the "basic enthusiasm" and "unexaggerated expression method" of inferior people are not only used as the subject matter of poetry, but also regarded as an example of the "natural expression" of the poet's own emotions in the creation process. He once said, "I usually choose the humble pastoral life as the subject, because in it the chief passions of the people find a better soil," and "they express their feelings and thoughts without affectation."
Wordsworth's works had a great influence on later generations. He wrote lofty artistic conception with sincere, touching and fresh words, expressing complicated and profound thoughts accurately and clearly. His literary theory also makes the poet's emotion the center of theoretical criticism. Wordsworth's works have become a landmark in the history of English literary theory.
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