The impact of illegal immigration on U.S. security

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The impact of illegal immigration on U.S. security，文章讲述非法移民是传统安全领域的重要组成部分，也是国际社会面临的共同问题。特别是在“ 9·11”事件之后，非法移民被视为对国家安全的威胁，这一概念在美国尤为普遍。在传统意义上，国家安全主要是从地缘政治和军事安全的角度出发，包括属于“高级政治”（本政策）范畴的国家主权，不可侵犯的领土和不倾覆的政治经济体系。 [1]但是，随着社会的发展和国际政治环境的变化，除了政治和军队之外，国家安全的范围变得更加广泛。它还包括经济学，社会，文化和其他方面。在“ 9·11”事件之后，国家安全战略目标的核心是维护美国国土安全并防范广泛的恐怖袭击。在该战略的指导下，美国政府采取了各种政策手段来确保国家安全，包括加强对非法移民的控制和管理。那么，非法移民会对美国国家安全构成威胁吗？它们之间是否存在一种必然的逻辑关系？本文将从社会保障，国土安全和文化安全三个方面进行分析和评价。

The impact of illegal immigration on U.S. security

Introduction
Illegal immigrants are an important part in the field of traditional security, and also a common problem facing the international community. Especially after the "9 · 11" incident, illegal immigrants are seen as a threat to national security, this concept is particularly prevalent in the United States. In the traditional sense, national security is mainly from the perspective of geopolitics and military security, including the national sovereignty, inviolable territory and non-overturn political and economic system that belong to the category of "senior politics" (this policy). [1] However, with the development of the society and the change of international political environment, the extension of national security becomes more broadly, except for politics and militaries. It also includes economics, social, cultural and other aspects. After "9 · 11" incident, the core of the national security strategy goal is to maintain American homeland security and guard against a wide range of terrorist attacks. Under the guidance of this strategy, the U.S. government has adopted a variety of the policy means to ensure national security, including strengthening the control and management of illegal immigrants. So, does illegal immigration pose a threat to the U.S. national security? Whether there is a kind of inevitable logic relationship between them? This essay will do analyses and evaluations from the three aspects, social security, homeland security and cultural security.

Firstly, illegal immigration and social security in the United States
The so-called social security mainly refers to the relationship between the illegal immigration and the crime rate of American society. Whether there is a certain correlation between illegal immigrants and the United States social security? We will first elaborate this problem. The correlation with illegal immigrants and U.S. social security is not just illegal immigrants themselves who can participate in a series of illegal and criminal activities, but also other criminal activities in object to illegal immigrants. Specifically, the correlation is mainly manifested in the following two aspects. First of all, illegal immigrants who pay for cost of crossing boundary engage in drug trafficking and organized crime. As is known to all, an important content in “The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986” is of strengthening border enforcement.[2] since then, the government of the United States increased money, personnel and equipment for border enforcement, but also carried out the special action for many times. In order to improve the success rate of illegal border crossing, the illegal immigrants have turned to people smugglers (in the US-Mexico border, these people smugglers are often referred to as "coyotes"). On the one hand, the human trafficking group makes money by helping illegal immigrants across the border; on the one hand, they will do drug trafficking and other organized crime activities. Obviously, they have got double identities, namely "coyotes" and "organized crime group ". As a result of higher "coyotes" commission, many illegal border crossers are unable to pay in cash. In this case, the illegal border crossers will tend to help people smugglers carry a small amount of the drug to pay for commissions.[3] An apparent growing number of illegal immigrants are often intertwined with the international smuggling activities. They are usually associated with organized crimes, among which drug smuggling is the most serious case. In addition, the illegal immigrants are involved in other crime activities such as the gang violence, forge or identity theft.
Secondly, illegal immigrants themselves are victims of crime, which also become an important aspect of the relationship between illegal immigration and the U.S. crime rate. Assault against illegal immigrants is mainly manifested in two aspects: one is the abuse of illegal workers and creates new "slavery". Two is the forced illegal immigrants engaged in the porn industry. Since illegal immigrants are often the first-selected objects of criminal violation, crime activities involved with illegal immigrants emerge one after another. This causes a kind of illusion to the American public that illegal immigrants and criminal activities are necessarily associated.
To a large extent, the interrelation between the illegal immigration and crime rate is the result of people’s false cognition. In the eyes of many Americans, the behavior of the illegal immigrants first has violated the laws of the United States. They are the lawbreakers in nature. As a result, many Americans will naturally link the illegal immigrants with crime. However, many researchers have found that there is no connection between illegal immigration and crime rates. At the same time, the crime rate of illegal immigration is not higher than native American born. The Immigration Policy Center made a study of immigrants and native born on the crime rate. The outcome indicates that the crime rate of foreign born (legal immigrants and illegal immigrants) crime rate is lower than the native born.
In addition, when examining the influence of illegal immigrants to the social security of the United States, there are some technical issues of data collection and measurement that are difficult to accurately grasp. James Smith (James P. Smith) and Barry, Edmund (Barry Edmonston) wrote in a book “New American: Economic, Demographic and Fiscal effects of immigration: "measuring the impact of the immigration crime is in the maze of statistics. The main limitation of existing statistics of crime is of not knowing their immigration status. We often don't know who committed the crime, especially from the victim's report that we don't know if he is an immigrant or native. Victims cannot be judged as illegal or legal immigrants, or naturalized or native-born citizens. Apparently, "the crime statistics of illegal immigration are particularly difficult"[4] Kristin F. Butcher also encountered the same dilemma in the process of research." Like the most of researches, we do not have an ideal data. Data lack has restricted when we can answer the question, especially that we can't specifically focus on undocumented population."As a result, “it is difficult to draw a strong conclusion of interrelation between immigration and crime.”[4]
Secondly, illegal immigration and the U.S. homeland security
Homeland security mainly refers to the relationship between the illegal immigration and terrorism. Homeland security is the national joint effort to prevent terrorist attacks in the United States, reduce the vulnerability of the U.S. response to terrorism, and reduce loss of terrorist attacks and recovery after it."[5] After "9 · 11" incident, the American public transformed their consciousness of the U.S. homeland security. The government also made defending of homeland security as one of the most important strategic task and put into lots of efforts. One of them is restructuring the immigration agency by creating the department of homeland security. Because many terrorist in the "9 · 11" incident have experiences of immigration in the United States, many of which are illegal immigrants. The incident once again rose rethinking of the relationship for illegal immigrants and homeland security the American society.
If people's perception about illegal immigration and U.S. national security before "9 · 11" event have just focused on border security and crime activities related to illegal immigrants, such as drug smuggling, trafficking in persons, so after "9 · 11" event, American society’s cognition for illegal immigrants and America's national security is more focused on the actual threats caused by the terrorist attacks on the U.S. homeland security. Before 2001, the censorship and restriction of international migrants are largely thought to be a strategy of limits and xenophobia. "However, now widely believe that international migration has important significance to safety."[6]More importantly, after "9 · 11" terrorist attacks, Americans have become unusually sensitive to homeland security and regarded immigration (particularly illegal immigration) as terrorists’ tools, that become a serious threat to U.S. national security concerns. So, does this mean that there is a direct positive relationship between the illegal immigrants and the U.S. homeland security? In other words, the increase of the illegal immigrants will inevitably lead to the deterioration of environment for the U.S. homeland security? This kind of logical judgments is biased. In fact, the impact of illegal immigration to the U.S. homeland security is indirect that it provides convenient conditions for terrorists infiltrated in the United States. "The vast majority of millions of illegal immigrants, even defectors, are not terrorists. However, illegal immigrants like tidal surge have provided a cover or a kind of culture, from which terrorists can hide or gain a reliable method of entry."[7] Moreover, the terrorist attack in the United States has a new characteristic, namely the terrorists’ localization. This also from another side indicates no necessary link between illegal immigration and terrorist activities.
Thirdly, illegal immigration and safety of American culture
If the U.S. challenges in terms of national identity completely due to illegal immigrants is obviously unfair. On the one hand, illegal immigrants culturally conservative constrains them to accept the mainstream of American culture, which constitutes a challenge for American cultural identity is indeed; On the other hand, illegal immigrants in the United States suffered discrimination and unfair treatment, is also caused by illegal immigrants into American society is an important reason. As you can imagine, in the free migration period, a lot of American society to accept immigrants, at this time there is no illegal immigration. All immigrants can be as an equal, through their own efforts to achieve their "American dream". As a result, they exist in such a society a great sense of identity and belonging. However, with the establishment of the immigration quota system, the United States for the immigrants to work in a more selective to many immigrants lost the chance come to America legally. At the same time, factors such as economic globalization and modernization of science and technology push the worldwide population flow, which makes a large number of immigrants in a variety of illegal ways to immigrate to the United States, illegal immigration is also growing. In this context, the United States stepped up controls on immigration, including through various means to combat illegal immigrants already in the beauty. Out of fear, there is no legal immigrants can only less contact with the external social identity, this will limit the illegal immigrants the opportunity to communicate with American culture, and also hindered the channel of illegal immigrants into American society. More importantly, these illegal immigrants feel the reality of the United States is not what they imagine that open, equality and justice, they are unfairly treated to their calls into question for the current American society, and even disgust. To some extent, the United States social which once lost its appeal and become refused to illegal immigrants into one of the important factors.

Conclusion
In conclusion from above all, there is a connection between illegal immigration and the U.S. national security. In a sense, the existence of illegal immigrants constitutes an actual or potential challenge to the U.S. national security and makes American national security environment become complicated. If, however, excessively exaggerating the correlation between them, or even think that illegal immigration is a serious threat to the national security, this viewpoint is untenable. To a large extent, the fundamental reason is that for the illegal immigrants the American society holds an attitude of prejudice and discrimination and bears psychology of looking for a "scapegoat" in an emergency situation. By which, a negative image of illegal immigrants to national security threats is artificially created. From this perspective, the American society should firstly need to evaluate and reflect on themselves rather than others.




References:

[1] 桑松森．国家安全与国家安全学[J]．国家安全通讯，1999(2)：31．
[2] Slobodan Djajic. Dynamics of Immigration Control [J]. Journal of Population Economics, Vo1. 12, No. 1, February, 1999: 45．
[3] Hanson G H, Spilimbergo A. Illegal immigration, border enforcement, and relative wages: Evidence from apprehensions at the US-Mexico border[R]. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.
[4] James P. Smith, Barry Edmonston. The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration [M]. Washington, D. C.: National Academy Press, 1997: 386, 387.
[5] Hanson G H. The economics and policy of illegal immigration in the United States[M]. Migration Policy Institute, 2010.
[6] Hanson G H, Scheve K, Slaughter M J, et al. Immigration and the US economy: Labor-market impacts, illegal entry, and policy choices[J]. Illegal Entry, and Policy Choices (May 2001), 2001.
[7] Jan C. Ting. Immigration and National Security [J]. Orbis, Winter 2006: 42.

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The analysis of racial Discrimination from the historical perspective

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- The analysis of racial Discrimination from the historical perspective，文章讲述自从奥巴马于2008年成为第一位黑人总统以来，美国的种族问题和种族歧视再次引起了广泛关注，因为美国一直被认为是最民主，最自由，最理想的国家，而且长期以来种族歧视都不存在。更长。特别是在1960年代民权运动取得胜利之后，美国人的种族歧视逐渐从人们的视线中消失了。然而，美国国务院于2000年9月21日发表的声明承认，尽管终止种族歧视的法律已经颁布了数十年，但种族主义或种族歧视仍然存在并困扰着美国社会。声明说，尽管大多数白人认为种族歧视问题不太多，但大多数少数民族在现实生活中感觉并不像那样。迄今为止，美国的种族歧视一直存在，并且不会长期消失。许多学者试图研究种族歧视来回答这两个问题，即长期种族主义的原因是什么，以及如何从文化因素，政治因素，宗教因素等多个角度来解决这个问题。 ，本文试图从历史的角度探索种族歧视，从白人的强烈观念，黑人奴隶制的历史问题以及对黑人意识的认识和斗争三个方面来解决这两个问题，并帮助终止种族歧视。通过提议发展教育并为黑人提供就业机会而受益。
The analysis of racial Discrimination from the historical perspective
Introduction
Since Obama became the first black president in 2008, American racial issue and racial discrimination gave rise to large attention again, as America has been considered to be the most democratic, free and ideal country for a lone time that the racial discrimination would not exist any longer. Especially after the triumph of the civil rights movement in the 1960s, American racial discrimination gradually came out of people’s eyes. However, a statement, reported on September 21, 2000 by American State Council, admitted that racism or racial discrimination still exists and troubles American society, though the law to terminate the racial discrimination has been issued for dozens of years. The statement declared that although most of the white do not think there are too many problems of racial discrimination, most of minority ethnicity feel not like that in the real life. Racial discrimination in America has been there till now and would not disappear for a long time. Many scholars try to study racial discrimination to answer the two questions what the reasons of the long-term racism are and how to solve the problem from many perspectives, such as the cultural factors, the political factors, religious factors, etc. Compared with this, the paper tries to explore the racial discrimination and solve the two problems in the historical perspective with three aspects of strong concept of the white, historical problem of black slavery, and the awareness and fighting of the black’s consciousness and help to terminate the racial discrimination beneficially by proposing to develop education and provide job opportunities for the black people.
Analysis of Racial Discrimination in Historical Perspective
The Whiteness
American concept of the whiteness has a long history. The whiteness has been protecting the white from various kinds of hostility, distress, or violence (Mclntosh). The consciousness is produced before the white met the black people, and it is the self-identification which originated from and accumulated in the English culture. The color of white, as for the English in the Elizabeth era, had a special cultural connotation and was endowed with positive meanings, representing purity, beauty and sincerity, which have some relations or are easily to imagine the goodness, kind, virtue, wisdom and courage, as well as the Christian and angel. For example, some poems eulogized the queen as the most beautiful and purest lily in the world. However, as for the color of black, it was symbolized as the corruption and evil, containing meanings of badness and taboo.
Therefore, when the white people meet the black people, the black people enhance and strengthen the consciousness of the whiteness, that is, when the two different cultures meet and produce conflicts, the white culture, occupying the leading position, tends to measure on its own standard the other culture, situating in the position of disadvantages (Feagin). Historically, under the rule of self-identification, the English focused on themselves and classified classes of other races from high to low with the standards of color, religion, or nationality. Actually, the evil image of the black people was contributed to strengthen and increase the high image of the white people, who utilized the rules of classification to protect themselves and reflect a kind of civilized way to preserve their own culture and identity. Without, the existence of the black people motivates the racial concepts and consciousness of the white.
The Slavery
Overseeing American history, the black slavery had a great influence on the development of the United States, especially the American racial relations. So the racial discrimination and prejudice that can exist for a long time cannot leave out of the influence of the slavery that existed for a long time as well. Slavery stayed in American society as a legal system, which led to huge impacts on the United States. Also, the effects of the slavery could not terminate following the disappearance of the system, as enslaving people had become some kind of activity with consciousness because of the long-term effect of the slavery. We can say, the black people in America not only produced the problems of mentality and self-consciousness that the white people gave them, but also had the abnormal mentality that was changed into the habit and unreasonable motivations with consciousness (Brown).
The black slavery, as a legal system for a long time, absolutely enslaved and oppressed the black people for a long time. Under the system, the black people did not have any rights at all even the most basic right of being a human, let alone the right of freedom. Instead, the black people were taken on as commodity or a kind of assets, which was often transacted in the slave marketing place (Stephan). Meanwhile, the slavery, as a system of enslaving the black people, was terminated though, the thought and concept of enslaving would not disappear forever. Instead, it would be motivated or inspired in the special time and thus turned into an old social issue in the end. During the rebuilding America in history, the free people could still be protected under the preservation of the federal government nominally, but their many reasonable and legal activities and requirements, including the right of election, were said to be conspiracy or protests. Also, the black were limited to read by the white (Buck). What’s more, after the period of rebuilding, the free people were still deprived of the right to vote, especially the people in the south, which did not disappear until the 1950s. For example, the 19th amendment of constitution made the women have the right to vote, but this amendment was just proper to the white women, while the black women had no rights to vote, as they had to pay a tax of 300 dollars as well as take and pass the examination of federal constitution if they wanted the right to vote. Thus, the oppression to the black people by the slavery had huge impact on the black people that it could not be described with few words.
The Awareness of the Black
The black people, the unique race to immigrate to the United States unwillingly and compulsively, had a long history to fight against the white people in America. At the beginning of the protests, the black utilized simple methods of fighting, such as damaging the equipment and facilities, doing arson, poisoning, arousing commotion, fleeing, etc. Later, the fighting was updated to some kind of scale, and developed into the movement with organizations and leadership. Whether carrying out simple protests or movements with scale, the black people were just to spare efforts to join in the upper class of the white society instead of overturning the system that existed (Stokely).
Their purposes of fighting were not to overthrow the white people’s ruling but to fight for the reasonable and legal rights under the current rights, that was, the black people just wanted to strive for the equal rights to the white people’s. For example, Student National Coordinating Committee (SNCC) aimed to establish a society of racial fusion towards the racial segregation, which argued to give the black people rights. Also, there were many other organizations like the SNCC as well, such as Black Muslim, Black Panther Party, or even the Republic of Molossia Flag of the UNIA. svg, etc. These organizations made any attempt to fight for the rights, which gave rise to the increasing worry of the white people and thus deteriorated the relations between the black people and the white people. The black people’s movements from simple activities at first to large -scale forms by setting up organizations indicated that the black people began to fight for their own rights and aroused the awareness of nationalism within their hearts.
Suggestions to Terminate Racial Discrimination
American main social issue of racial discrimination still exists in the real life, and is hard to be resolved and disappear in the short term. The historical factors of the strong consciousness of the whiteness, the slavery and the rise of the black’s national awareness influence and promote each other mutually. Of course, in today’s America the black people have indeed improved themselves to a large extent, as their aspects of education, economy and taking part in politics have large improvement, and the marriage between the black and the white receives large acceptance as well. However, the racial discrimination or racial prejudice still exists in America, and the racists utilize more secret methods and means to carry out the activities of racial discrimination. So it is still very important and urgent to solve the problem of racial discrimination. The black people are often considered to be barbaric and ignorant, because the black people are lack of education, have few jobs and poor life. Therefore, to reduce or even kill the racial discrimination, we can take measures of strengthening the education of the black people and creating more opportunities of jobs for the black people.
It is very important and meaningful to develop the education among the black people to enhance their qualities of culture and civilization. Historically, developing the education had been tried and used to reduce the racial discrimination before (Charles). Also, as is known to us, education is extremely significant either for the personal development and growth or for the development of one race at any time, especially in the today’s society with the fast development of and advance of the science and technology. Nowadays only if the black people receive the education they can go out of the poor situations and go forward a bright future, as they have had backward education and poor knowledge originally.
First, the relevant authorities should strengthen the propaganda of the black people’s education to all kinds of people by various means of media in America, which is to make them realize the importance of the black people’s education. Actually, Media sensationalism, political expedience, and legal constraints can help to reduce racism (Sethi). By the propaganda, people should be rectified that the problems that the black people have are not to blame for the black people themselves, but they should be owned to the results from the unequal treatment of the black people because of the slavery and racial discrimination. So if the American governments really wants to kill the racial discrimination and return the black people the basic rights, they should strive to develop the black people’s education and put this issue on the important rank by increasing the special budgets for the black people’s education. Also, the black people should use their voting rights well to win the rights and benefits that belong to them originally.
Second, the relevant authorities should establish more school for the black people. The black people’s education should start from the kindergarten and primary school. However, there are still many disrupted families, resulting in many children that have no parents or guardians in America. Newly-added schools can hold those children that have no relatives and reduce the rates of dropout. Also, schools should positively contact the black parents and let them participate in the management of the school, which not only make children have more interest and motivations to attend school, but also reduce the chance of dropout.
Without doubt, education is beneficial to the black people from a long term by improving their qualities and increasing their knowledge. Today, with the development of science and society, knowledge economy plays a more and more important role in the world, and education is a high effective method and path to move forward and win a bright future in the competitive western society. The black people have no choice but to develop the education that they can exist among different races, and the United States cannot do but develop the education to terminate the racial discrimination or racial prejudice.
Apart from the means of the developing education, creating more job opportunities is an effective and vital way to reduce or terminate the racial discrimination. American governments have obligations to create equal job opportunities between the black people and the white people, lacking equal job opportunities is one of the most important reasons the black people are considered to be barbaric. Many black people lose jobs because of the discrimination and often make chaos or even crime out of the dissatisfaction. Actually, the black can get success like the white people if they work hard, as there are many black people that acquire great achievements in history. With the large outside forces from the governments and the recovery of inside powers of courage and confidence, the black could go into a good future.
Conclusion
The United States is a great country with many different races, and it is no wander that there is a large social issue of racial discrimination, especially the racial discrimination of the black people. America has the fundamental issue of racial discrimination with three main historical factors of the strong concept of whiteness, the remaining impact of the slavery and the awareness of the black’s nationalism to fight for the rights and equality. These three factors have strong relations and cannot leave each other, leading to the fact that the racial discrimination or racial prejudice of the black people still exists today. Also, with the fast development of science and technology, the termination of racism becomes urgent and important. I believe the methods of developing education and creating equal job opportunities towards the black people are effective and practical to kill the racial discrimination, or at least reduce the racial discrimination.

Reference:
Brown, John Alvin. “Black American As Third World People”. Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. No. 2. Fall. 1985.
Buck, Pem Davidson. “Constructing Race, Creating White Privilege”.
Charles, Mills. “The Racial Contract”. Ithaca: Comell Univ Press, 1997.
Feagin, J.R. “Racist America”. New York: Routledge, 2000.
Mclntosh, Peggy. White Prvilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack.
Sethi, Rita Chaudhry. Smells Like Racism.
Stephan, Themstorm. “America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.
Stokely, Carmaichael. “Black Power”. New York: Random House, 1967.

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Take part in Nepal's Hindu festival

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Take part in Nepal's Hindu festival，文章讲述印度有许多节日，其中圣朝圣是最重要的仪式之一。主要的圣地是恒河和恒河三个支流的发源地。贝纳雷斯（Benares）是印度教徒朝圣的常去中心。为了赎罪，印度教徒要求a悔，以改变自己的命运或为神圣而牺牲。他们通常要经过孟加拉湾到喜马拉雅山的恒河源头，进行神圣的朝圣。他们相信恒河的水可以净化他们犯下的罪过。在本文中，我想介绍我在尼泊尔旅行时亲身经历的两个主要的印度教节日。他们是达莎因（Dashain），是女神母亲的两周，也是妇女节（Teej），是女性的节日。

Take part in Nepal's Hindu festival
There are numerous Hindu festivals, among which holy pilgrimage is one of the most important rituals. The major holy sites are Ganges River and the birthplace of the three tributaries of the Ganges River. And Benares is the frequent center of Hindus holy pilgrimage. To atone for their sins, Hindus requests for a penance to change their fate or to sacrifice to the divine. They normally take a long journey across the Bay of Bengal to the source of the Ganges in the Himalayas for holy pilgrimage. They believe the water from the Ganges could purify the sins they made. In this essay, I would like to introduce two major Hindu festivals that I personally experienced when I was travelling in Nepal. They are Dashain, the fortnight of the Mother Goddess and Teej, the festival of women.
Dashain is also known as Durga Puja, for it is the worship of Mother Goddess Durga. It is Nepal’s longest and most lavishly celebrated Hindu festival. Like Christmas, it is the holiday when families unite to exchange blessings and gifts, to spread goodwill and to forget feuds and quarrels. Everyone wears new clothes, feasts are spread, and businesses and government functions come to a pleasant halt as one and all make festive visits to their relatives’ homes.
Throughout Nepal during the two weeks preceding the full moon of September or October, Hindu as well as some Buddhist households celebrates Dashain. This year Dashain falls on 21st of October. In villages throughout the Kingdom, in the homes, streets and temple courtyards of Kathmandu Valley, the great Goddess Durga is propitiated with elaborate dances and ritual animal sacrifices. For it was Durga, in a momentous victory, who saved the world from evil forces.
The gods and goddesses of Hinduism take many alternate forms. Durga, Divine Protectress, is represented either as a simple holy water pot or in her full powerful form with 18 hands holding 18 weapons. Durga also manifested as ferocious Kali with a protruding tongue and a necklace of skulls; or as Taleju - the fearsome Protector Goddess of Nepal; or as Kumari, the gentle virgin Living Goddess. Durga is compassionate when treated to generous offerings of blood and spirits, but she is vengeful if scorned with neglect: thus the fervor with which Hindus celebrate Durga Puja.
The first day of the festival is called Ghatasthapana, the installing of the sacred vessel. From this day onward, for nine consecutive days, people go to different prescribed holy sites on river banks for a ritual morning bath. On the first day, they come from the river carrying sand and water. The sand is neatly spread out on a portion of the family worship room. Barley seeds are sewn on this sand bed, and on it or nearby is installed the sacred vessel, or kalash, usually made from red clay and filled with holy water from the river. The household patriarch or a visiting priest performs prayers to Durga at an astrologically auspicious moment and the goddess comes down and alights on the rim of the kalash for “as long as a mustard seed can balance on the horn of a cow.”
Each day, members of the family sprinkle the seeds in the sad with holy water. After ten days growing secluded from the light, the yellow seedlings four or five inches tall are gathered. A blessing from Durga, the yellow jamara “plant” is worn behind the ear or tied into the hair with other flowers.
The seventh day of Dashain is called Fulpati, the Scred Flower Day. Thousands fill the streets near Rani Pokhari where the Royal Kalash, filled with wild flowers and holy leaves, arrives from its three-day journey carried on foot from the ancestral royal house in Gorkha. A grand gathering of government officials in traditional Nepali dress awaits the arrival. Their Majesties the King and Queen review military troops while cannons boom at nearby Tundikhel, the large open grounds near the General Post Office. The King and Queen, accompanied by marching bands and officials, proceed with the Royal Kalash to Hanuman Dhoka on Durbar Square to worship the all-powerful Goddess Durga.
On Asthami, the eighth day of Dashain, orthodox Hindus fast in preparation for Kalratri, the Black Night, when hundreds of buffaloes, goats, sheep, chickens, and ducks are sacrificed at Durga temples. Black buffaloes, representing the terrifying demon that Durga once slew, are ritually beheaded. It is believed that the sacrificed animals gain merit and are reincarnated as humans, thus given a chance to eventually escape from worldly suffering. The animals’ owners take the meat home for family feasts.
Dasain doesn’t truly climax until Vijaya Dashami, the Great Tenth Day of Victory, the celebration of Rama and Durga’s triumph over universal evil. On this day, also called Tika Day, Hindus dress in their finest and journey around the valley to pay honor and receive blessings from elder relatives and seniors.
The day concludes with more dancing, the Kharga Jatra or Sword Processions. Buddhist priests dressed as Kali, the Living Goddess Kumari, Ganesh the Elephant God and other Deities, prance and quiver under trance late into the night through the streets of old Kathmandu.
The last day of Dashain, known as Kojagrat Purnima, falls on the full moon. Hindu women begin a month-long fast, many in residence at Pashupatinath. Buddhist worshippers parade from dawn to dark by Patan’s stupas. At home, people hold all-night vigils gambling or talking, with the belief that those awake at midnight will be blessed by Laxmi, the Goddess of Prosperity.
Thus ends the fortnight of Durga Puja. Daily life resumes with gained fortitude, and expectations of success and good health. Dasain is a propitious time for all.
Then it comes with the fasting festival of the Women, named as Teej. Teej is a festival of women – of women’s strength, of women’s devotion to their family, and of women’s divine role, exemplified by the Goddess Parbati, wife of Lord Shiva.
Long ago, in the mythological past, Parbati, daughter of the god Himalaya, fell in love with Lord Shiva. Although offered then hand of the great Lord Vishnu, she was devoted to Shiva, the divine ascetic sitting alone in the meditation on the summit of Mount Kailash. Shiva ignored her and Parbati, despite her father’s wishes, changed her fine raiment for the simplest clothes and began a long fast, praying to Lord Shiva to rise from his meditation and take her as his wife. Parbati’s devotion and austerities finally won Lord’s heart. Hindu women fast during Teej to express devotion to their husbands as Parbati expressed devotion to Shiva.
This year Teej falls on the 14th of September. The first day of Teej is not a fast, but a women’s feast. Women fill the marketplaces, buying the richest, most luscious foods they can find, for on this day the husband cannot argue with the cost, even if he has to loan to pay for it. Men have a rueful saying, “a woman observing her Teej fast often consumes a whole bushel of corn.”
The women gather together in the afternoon or evening, the children and men are shooed out, and the pre-fasting party begins. Mothers and daughters, sisters and grandmothers sit around, laughing and joking and eating all they can, for at midnight the fast begins. Songs are sung and perhaps a few twirling steps are taken for Teej is one of the very few times considered proper for a woman to sing or dance.
On the second day, women take no food or water, it is said that they do not even swallow their own saliva. Women past puberty participate – the wedded for their husband, the unmarried for assurance of a good mate. In some households, the women serve their husbands with special care on this day.
This is one of the most colorful days of the year, as the streets are filled with groups of laughing, singing women, all dressed in their bright red wedding saris, on their way to Pashupatinath temple to pay homage to Lord Shiva and Goddess Parbati.
At the temple of Shiva, on the banks of the sacred Bagmati River, the women give offerings of flowers, coins and rice to the great lingam, or phallic image of Lord Shiva.
The final day is called Rishi Panchami. In the morning the wife completes the ceremonies begun the previous day. She offers Prasad food received and blessed by the gods to her husband and literally washes his feet.
Now women make their way to sacred spots along the rivers for a ritual bath of purification. Special red mud is daubed 360 times on different parts of the body. A sacred plant, called datiwan, is used to sprinkle water over the head and to brush the teeth, each 360 times. Finally, submersion in the sacred waters of the river washes away the faults and transgressions of the past year.
Reflection from above, why there is no fasting for the men? Why this is the day when women with firm resilience stay on a difficult fast for the longevity of their husbands. Meanwhile the unmarried girls it is said stay on fast so that they may get good husbands in the future. The flip side of Teej that I sometimes ponder about rather innocently is why there is no religious occasion when a man has to stay on a fast for the longevity of his wife?

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Song: The Song of Redemption

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Song: The Song of Redemption，文章讲述有些团体遭到奴隶持有人的残酷对待-他们被谋杀，奴役甚至被迫工作致死可能并不罕见。它们被称为“栗色”。尽管他们受到奴役，但他们渴望自由并摆脱这种痛苦，困苦和控制。他们通过音乐和歌词展示自己。本文通过对《救赎之歌》及相关文化的分析来描述他们对身心自由的渴望。
Song: The Song of Redemption
There were some groups who were treated brutally by the slave holder----it might not be uncommon that they are murdered ,enslaved or even forced to work to death. They are named “maroon”. Enslaved though they are, they are longing for freedom and for escaping from such misery, hardships and control. They demonstrate themselves through music, lyrics included. In this essay, the analysis of <Redemption songs> and related culture are introduced to describe their thirst for freedom mentally and physically.

The lyrics ”Old pirates, yes, they rob I; Sold I to the merchant ships”describe the whole background at that time. The pirates means the the trader for slaves and these slaves were sold to other places as the cheap workers .In that culture , this is partly because sugar is their main industry and black slaves were needed in Africa trade . Therefore, they have to bear the inhuman and brutal conditions, leading to the suppression for African culture. Besides, freedom for them is what sky for birds. This is partly because they are enslaved for so long times without enough capability to rebel lacking lands. Even so, they deeply believe that freedom would belong to them one day , just as the lyrics “Won't you help to sing .This songs of freedom-” And the most significant is the emotion for freedom is sublimed at the end of the song “These songs of freedom .Songs of freedom” . Moreover, their insistence for freedom is not out of thin air but that they believe the Jah would help them , the redeemer would help them. “Redemption” is the best description for them to insist their faith. In Jamaica culture, most people follow Christianity and they even find their similar reflection in the Bible, such as the life for Jews who were once enslaved in Babylon. They regarded Africa as a excellent and dreaming place where is filled with peace and kindness.Indeed,African-Jamaican preachers help them to rebel , for example, preachers spread the news to other planation and brought information about worldwide events. .

However, redemption is not as simple as they image since they need their “strong hand “ just as the lyrics “but my hand made me strong”. Some representatives appeared such as Marcus Garvey, the leader of UNIA who lead the largest mass movement among Black people and Hail Selassie,the king of Ethiopia who made the prophecy fulfilled. They use their “strong hands” to rebel and finally the slavery was abolished by Sam Sharpe . They obtain their final freedom as expected.

　“None but ourselves can free our minds.Have no fear for atomic energy” these lyrics likes the hailing or appeal. How excellent they are for “free our minds and no fear for atomic energy”! How to achieve this and how to take actions? Marcus Garvey give us the best answer-----the Rastafarian Movement was occurred with the lead by him . It is a Christian movement which call on some slavers in American and Caribbean to come back to Africa to get rid of the control of the white and to built their own country which only belong to the black. “To facilitate the return to Africa that he advocated, Garvey founded the Negro Factories Corporation to encourage black economic independence. Garvey also unsuccessfully tried to persuade the government of Liberia in west Africa to grant land on which black people from America could settle.”
Although it seems that the ending of them is not bad , the fact is that the West Indian community would rather avoid such topics since it is their bad memories which are better to be throw away in the past. After all , such uncultured slavery should not be proposed and this bad time have passed away and would not restart in this peaceful society.
The singer Bob Marley could express this emotion through his understanding with the bright guitar sounding which means the lithe steps during this process with the power and brave of themselves and the help of the Redeemer . Also , the fact that the players seems to strum the string demonstrates their confidence and resolution for this “movement”. Finally, the most important is the singer’s voice , which is melancholy but steadfast ,seems to show a determination for the final success. Possibly, only him could understand all the feeling involved or at least only him can express such feeling deeply through music.
Mental freedom also belongs to them , not only physically, but for the whole person.

Sources:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2007/03/16/190307_slave_rebel_feature.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/garvey_marcus.shtml

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Song：Everybody Wants to Rule the World

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Song：Everybody Wants to Rule the World，文章讲述1985年3月，英国乐队Tears for Fears的一首歌《每个人都想统治世界》在英国发行。自发行以来，它在英国和美国都取得了巨大的成功，因此引起了巨大的反响。许多国家（包括澳大利亚，法国，新西兰等）的翻唱版本。当时，这首歌在音乐榜上赢得了许多“第一名”，例如Hot Dance Club Play和Brit Awards，这给乐队带来了Tears for Fears在Billboard和Hot 100排名第一中享有盛誉（Egan，1999）。看到这首歌的巨大成功和流行，很少有人会知道乐队认为这首歌是轻量级的真相，因为他们认为这与专辑《大椅子上的歌曲》中的其他歌曲都不适合。但是，令乐队惊讶的是，这首歌获得了意想不到的出色成就，我认为这首歌表达了人们内心的想法，即他们想拥有权力，但在当前的战争和冲突中仍然处于痛苦之中。

Song：Everybody Wants to Rule the World
Everybody Wants to Rule the World, a song by English band Tears for Fears, was released in England in March 1985. Since its release, it got a huge success both in the UK and in the United States so that it gave rise to a large number of cover versions in many countries, including Australia, France, New Zealand, etc. At that time, the song won many “first place” in the music charts, such as Hot Dance Club Play and Brit Awards, which gave the band Tears for Fears great reputations of Billboard and Number One of Hot 100 (Egan, 1999). Seeing the song’s huge success and popularity, few people would not know the truth that the song was considered as a lightweight by the band, as they thought it would not fit with the rest of the album Songs from the Big Chair. However, to the band’s surprise that the song obtained unexpected and splendid achievements, I think the song expressed masses of people’s inner ideas that they want powers but still in misery by the current wars and conflicts.
The song Everybody Wants to Rule the World claims that everybody wants a power to rule and guide the world, while life is short and “I” just desire to make use of and enjoy the freedom and pleasure, as life has no turning back since it begins. The song looks a little bit serious, but it sounds very calm and relaxed by using a shuffle beat, which is pretty alien and strange for the people to the normal way of doing things at that time (Orzabal, 2001). I love the song very much, not only because it sounds short and slow as well as humorous for me, but also it can convey my expression that I should try to cherish and make full use of pleasure, for nothing ever lasts forever.
When I listen to the song, I often cannot help but focus on the two words of “Everybody wants to rule the world” and “help me to decide, help me to make the most use of freedom and of pleasure”. “Everybody wants to rule the world” is a clue of the whole song and is repeated again and again, speaks out the people’s desire at that time to gain the power to rule the world. But now as for me, I often take “the world” as my own inner world in my heart, so the words “everybody wants to rule the world” means to control one’s own heart not to be influenced by the outside world and thus to move forward till achieving the success or realizing dreams, as it is known that the most difficult thing in the world is to challenge and defeat oneself. As for the words “help me decide, help me make the most of freedom and of pleasure” sounds very meaningful but a little bit sad. As we all know, during the period of the release of the song, the world was situated in the cold war between the capitalism of western countries and socialism of the eastern countries. Besides, at that time, there were still many big or small wars or conflicts between countries, especially the UK was still in the depressed condition from the World War Two. Also, the hegemonic ideology prevailed across the western countries, especially in the United States, which resulted in the situation that everyone wanted to have power to control the world. Therefore, the freedom and pleasure became a little bit “rare” for many people, while many people were trapped in the oppressed and poor condition. The song sang out many people’s inner sounds and acquired huge popularity and success from the UK to the United States.
“Everybody wants to rule the world” not only represented many people’s ideas to control the world, but also described a recording of BBC Radio announcer Brian Perkins reading the “Pharaohs” Shipping Forecast for the sea lanes. “Pharaohs” is an instrumental that served as the B-side, such as the “Pharaohs” shipping forecast by Brian Perkins (1984) is “There are warnings of gales in Viking, Forties, Cromarty, Forth, Fisher, Dover, Wight, Portland, Plymouth, Finisterre, Sole, Lundy, Fastnet, Shannon, Rockall, Malin, Hebrides, Bailey, Fair Isle, Faroes and Southeast Iceland.” The song combined elements of both shuffle beat and shipping forecast of BBC radio, leading to a brand-new effect as one symbol of “New Wave” on the music. In addition, the title “Everybody Wants to Rule the World” is a play on the name of the Faroe Island, one of the places referenced in the forecast.
The song, released by English band Tears for Fears, had its own social background and era condition. During the period of its release in the 1980s, England was still situated in poor condition from the World War Two: many people lost their jobs; the social warfare was poor. What is worse, the world was frozen by the cold war, and many people felt aggressive but unsafe and wanted power to control the world. Therefore, the song, calm and relaxed, gave rise to great backlash in the humorous and relaxed as well as new style and received great popularity very quickly.
On the whole, the song sounded a little bit serious but relaxed and humorous, as it claimed out the idea to control the world in the new and calm type. However, I believe, apart from that, the song could be endowed with new idea to rule the inner world to challenge oneself continually in the reality, as an old saying goes, to win the world should to defeat oneself.

Reference:
Egan, Sean. Tears for Fears Songs From the Big Chair CD insert. London: IPC Media, 1999.
Perkins, Brian. Shipping Forecast. BBC Radio 4, c, 1984.
Orzabal, W. My Favorite ‘80s Song in Shuffle Beat”. USA Today, 2001.

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