Essay写作框架讲解

在国外留学，最常见的作业非essay莫属。相比于其他的论文作业，essay写作虽然比较简单，但同学们也要认真去对待，特别是essay的写作框架，还是要有的。如果同学们对essay写作框架不熟悉的话，下面就给大家讲解一下。

1.Introduction (占全文字数的10%左右)

1)CONTEXT：在这一部分，首先你可以扼要概述一个关于课题的背景信息(BACKGROUND)，让读者明白你在回答一个什么问题以及为什么这个问题需要被讨论。

2)POSITION/STATEMENT：此部分，需要提出你的立场/观点(即MAIN ARGUMENT/CONTENTION/THESIS STATEMENT)，也就是在回答整篇论文你要解答的问题。

3)OUTLINE：综合概述这篇文章你将以何种方式去论述，一般包括一个相关案例(CASESTUDY)的具体细节，以及你将在后文中重点描述的分论点。

2.Body Paragraphs 一般这部分可分为3～4个段落，每个段落的结构基本一致。

1)TOPIC SENTENCE：提出这个段落涵盖的主要观点。

2)EXPLANATION：对于观点作出更详细的解释。

3)EVIDENCE：提供相关文献来支持你提出的观点，可以包括有关数据(STATISTICS)、案例分析(CASE STUDY)、学术文章(ACADEMICARTICLES)等等，注意这部分的参考文献需要注上引用(CITATION，即作者+年份)

4)COMMENT：赘述一下你所提供的文献优势和局限性。解释你的证据如何支持你的论点

5)LINK：总结这一段的主要思想，明确这一段是如何支持你的全篇主论点。

3.Conclusion (占全文字数的10%)结论的作用就是再次重申观点，与开头呼应。

1)重述TOPIC和立场(POSITION)

2)总结几个分论点(SUBPOINTS)

3)阐述一下还有什么其他问题可以被讨论

4)对研究课题作出一个预测(PREDICTION)

4.Reference (非常重要的一部分，有时可以一锤决定生死)

这个部分可以说是非常的重要，有时可以一锤决定生死！因为澳洲人对于知识产权的保护意识很强，所以“引用”时如果不加上参考文献或者“抄袭”不进行改写的话，一篇逻辑再清晰的Essay都有可能得到零分！所以这是新生需要学习的一个最重要的知识点。

以上就是关于essay写作框架的讲解，这些部分都是essay写作必须有的部分，同学们一定要注意。

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Paper代写：The history of the double bass

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The history of the double bass，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了低音提琴演变史。低音提琴作为交响乐队中一件独立的乐器，已具有一套较为完整的训练手段，作为提琴类乐器的一个成员，低音提琴与其有着共同的历史、发展和技术。低音提琴的历史可以追溯到十六世纪，它的创造是建立在小提琴基础之上的。最早低音提琴的琴弦是用作共振的，琴的体积较大，因此配置有很多根琴弦，甚至有二十四根之多，其中有很多弦是起共振作用的，在演奏中几乎碰不着。十七世纪后期，由于乐器的不断完善，粗劣的低音提琴被摒弃。现在所使用的则是五根琴弦的低音提琴和四根琴弦的低音提琴。

When you hear the deep, magnetic sound of the double bass, do you remember how long man has gone in search of that beautiful sound? Double bass is the largest instrument in the violin family, as well as the bow-pulled stringed percussion instrument playing the lowest timbre in the symphony orchestra. Some people call it "root sound instrument", also known as "Double cello". It is a western musical instrument, which is the lowest tone instrument in the violin family. With the continuous development of music career in China, people are no longer unfamiliar with symphony. The double bass in the band, as well as in the solo, is more and more valued by people, and its playing skills are more and more known. As an independent instrument in the band, the double bass has a set of relatively complete training means. As a member of the violin instrument, the double bass shares the same history, development and technology with it. He played bass in orchestras, often repeating the cello part at a lower octave, and was also used as a separate part in modern works. It is not only a very important instrument in terms of strength and momentum, but also an important rhythmic instrument, which is the pillar of sound in the band.

By the Renaissance, western composers were mainly interested in vocal music, but by the late fifteenth century, music practice and Musical Instruments had undergone great changes. It was during this period that instrument reformers began to classify instruments, which were originally based on sound intensity, and quickly shed this pattern. Before the end of the 16th century, a relatively large group of Musical Instruments had been formed. For example, the six-string violin includes three strings, subbass and lutes. The new category also includes three-stringed instruments and sometimes even double bass.

The double bass, which dates back to the 16th century, was founded on the violin. It's easy to judge the past by today's standards, but it's hard to imagine the difference between the violin family and the string quartet we know. The fact that we should be aware of is that there has never been a uniform standard for the size of the double bass except for instruments that no longer exist. Although it is dominated by violins, we can still see a wide variety of violin instruments, from instruments close to the violin to the large modern double bass. This must be recognized, or it will seriously affect our understanding of the history of the double bass.

The first close relative of the violin family was the viol, a kind of bowed stringed instrument similar to the violin. The strings of the first double bass were used for resonance, and they were very large, so they had a lot of strings, maybe as many as twenty-four strings, and a lot of them resonated and were almost untouchable. In the late seventeenth century, due to the continuous improvement of instruments, the coarse double bass was abandoned. There are generally two types of viola in use today: a double bass with five strings and a double bass with four strings.

The double bass has been tuned at different pitches, so some people call it a shifting instrument. The contemporary double bass is usually tuned to a pure fourth, but it was originally tuned to a fifth, which also formed an octave relationship with the cello according to the needs of the band at that time. In 1816, Dr. Nicolai pointed out that in Germany the double bass usually had four strings, but they were tuned differently. Although the four-degree arrangement was dominant at the time, many double bass players tuned the strings one octave below the cello: C1, G1, D, A. With the changes of times and the development of performance technology, the double bass players abandoned the tuning method of one octave below the cello in the 1790s.

Bass on volume is almost twice the cello, longer strings from the proportion to be more rough, the tune up an octave below the cello, and effect is particularly in the play the concerto grosso, but depends on the number of strings and tuning methods, some players with four strings, some with three strings, tuning way also there exists a significant difference. The actual sound of the double bass is one octave lower than what is indicated in the score.

Thanks to modern machinery industry and making the development of industry technology, in recent years and produced in the bass guitar head of four strings and a "change", so as to extend its range, the four string bass fingerboard extend from string pillow to harp head screw knob, there are four buttons in the extension, plus a "notes", its convenient for you to use the effect is very good also.

Double bass bows used by contemporary shape generally has two kinds: one kind is the "French", collectively known as "bow" of France in China "small bow" narrow "bow", mainly used in Britain, France and the United States, the shape like the cello bow, its bow stem short, coarser, cello bow grip method, but put your thumb on horsetail box above. Italy is according to the French with bow method to put your thumb on horsetail box, complete with bow method as the cello, the representative figure of this kind of method with bow is a famous Italian double bass player Giovanni Bottesini, therefore is also called "Italian bowing" or "potter, bow method", this kind of bow method more flexible when playing music. Another kind of double bass with bow method as the "German", our country are collectively referred to as "German" bow "bow" and "wide" bow, is widely used in Germany, Austria, the tail of a horse box is wide, so when a bow in the palm of your hand to, in the performance using this method than with bow before the force of a method with bow should be big, voice is more strong.

The early double bass was not only used to increase the harmony of large orchestras of the time or to produce specific effects in descriptive music. It was very popular in churches because of its large volume, because the church was the largest performing venue at that time, and the double bass was designed for this kind of church music. Due to the particularity of its pitch, people think it is better than other similar instrument suitable for playing in theaters, concert halls, etc. Almost all places worship music, the bass started from the church gradually took to the stage, on a large number of opera and symphony plays an important role, recognized and appreciated by the music industry and even the society as a whole.

The development of the symphony in the 20th century has laid a solid foundation for the boom of the double bass in the 21st century. With the reform and the quality of the modern innovative new concept of the new injection, and making the unprecedented development of industry technology, makes some old concepts and impression of the bass has does not apply to reality, for the bass, this means that the beginning of a new era, inspire more people playing the bass, dissemination enterprise output.

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因果论文写作讲解

相信每一位留学生都曾经因为论文作业而烦恼过吧。在国外留学，每周总有杂七杂八的论文作业需要去完成。但不知道大家写作了这么多的论文作业，有没有遇到过因果论文呢？因果论文是国外大学非常特殊的一种作业形式，可能大家并不一定会遇到过，下面就给大家讲解一下。

一、什么是因果论文？

我们将简要地定义因果关系给你一个总体的想法。这是一种学术写作，它解释了各种物体，人物和事件相互关联的方式及其特点。

最好的因果论文主题遵循逻辑模式。这意味着学生应该决定论文的主题和大纲以赶上教师的最后期限。这样写作的主要目的是展示一件事或事件如何成为另一件事并列出结果。

这种类型的纸张可以以两种方式组织：

时间顺序：这种格式解释了什么行为，事件，决定等导致了某些后果。

反向时间顺序：这种风格需要从后果开始，并结束导致这些后果的事情（事件，决定，行动等）。

二、如何撰写因果论文？

在撰写论文时，因果论文通常以5段式essay格式编写。它要求学生对来源进行全面评估，并展示他们对该主题的认识，并在写作中运用他们的批判性思维和分析能力。选择与研究对象相关的因果论文思路。这个想法应该是有趣和最新的：最好坚持使用不超过

收集必要的证据来支持论文的论点。使用书籍，电子书，报纸，期刊，杂志，学术文章，网站等资源。避免使用维基百科或Quora等开源平台。

创建一个Hook

为了让观众在观看开场白之后能够继续阅读，我们必须尽可能发挥创造力，同时发展一个钩子。砰的一声打开你的文章！首先引用一位名人的名言，文学引用，隐喻，明喻，轶事，笑话，事实，统计，寓言等。应用不同的转换来显示文本的逻辑流程。

过渡词/短语有助于将每个新段落的开头句子与前面章节的结尾句子连接起来。那些是：因此，否则，如上所述，等等。坚持最新版格式指南的指导原则。包括引证来证明个人论点，但不要忘记根据MLA，APA，哈佛或其他格式引用和引用它们。

以上就是关于因果论文的写作讲解，如果同学们遇到了因果论文，那么就可以按照上面说的去写了。

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Paper代写：Financialization and crisis of capital

本篇paper代写- Financialization and crisis of capital讨论了资本的金融化与危机。金融化，指的是金融对资本经济的影响。在马克思主义资本论中，金融化危机是社会经济危机产生的预兆。随着社会经济的发展，经济的发展重心开始从实体企业生产逐渐转变为金融资本，经济领域的实体经济慢慢转变为虚拟经济，金融资本越来越远离为实体企业和经济服务，在资本垄断者的掌控下，资本金融化开始失去其所具有的价值。在资本经济中，金融资本的占比越来越大，已经超过了实体生产带来的价值，从而导致实体企业逐渐转变为金融企业，实体企业的发展逐渐走向虚拟化的发展道路或泡沫化的发展道路。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

The cause of the financial crisis is that the existence of monopoly capital makes a few individuals and enterprises in the society control the lifeblood of the production industry and financial industry. The main purpose of these monopoly financial capital is to seek huge profits for a few industrial monopolists and market oligarchs in the society. Enterprises in the real economy are unable to absorb more production surplus, which makes the economy stagnate. The inflated financial capital keeps this situation from becoming more and more serious. Therefore, economic development is more and more closely connected with financial capital, and economic growth is more and more dependent on financial means. But at the same time, the financialization process of capital also brings many crises to the economic field, which needs to be studied and analyzed.

In marxist capital theory, the financialization crisis is the omen of social and economic crisis, and the development of capitalist economy generally goes through four stages: depression, recovery, prosperity and crisis.

First, in the social and economic development of depression, the country's economic recession will lead to the malaise of market economy, the entity enterprise economic development can not get the powerful measures to adjust, the entity industry demand for social production and social imbalance, a contradiction, the real economy sector excess material production of the backlog of inventory is overmuch, cause a lot of money being used, this often leads to circulate on the market a lot of money can't play a role, which flow to the financial market, financial market expansion of funds, make capital transformation process difficult. At this time, the capital needed for social production is decreasing, and the monetary capital demand of real enterprises is also decreasing, which aggravates the contradiction between the loan capital of the financial industry and the real capital of the real industry. At this point, the government needs to the market by means of macro regulation and control, restore the entity enterprise production, stimulate the entity enterprise capital demand, makes the backlog for a long time, unable to play its value of the money in financial markets can play their role as well, so as to expand lending capital, with the market economy and the development and progress of social production, social wealth increasing, reasonable combination of both, realize the common development of loan capital and physical capital, this is the characteristics of the development of social economic boom. When the social and economic development to a certain stage, the enterprise's production cycle caused the economic crisis, the industry production environment, many companies need capital turnover, to resume production, leading to rising borrowing capital, affected by the economic environment, social contradictions are growing, many businesses have closed down, businesses can't repay bank borrowing money, make debt capital malaise, creates a financial crisis, leading to the outbreak of the economic crisis.

In order to ensure the balance of the development of market economy, countries continue to transform capital in various forms. As, prosperity and rapid development of social economy, the financialization of capitalism is developing in the direction of monopoly, in order to grab a huge benefit, a lot of absorb the social capital of the enterprises in the financial markets, through financial markets tools and government support and subsidies, complete capital accumulation, what's more, some companies through the channels of government fiscal or tax will possess a lot of money, so as to further enhance the ability of enterprise transformation financial capital, to grab the excess monopoly profits in the financial sector. Capital melting is actually a new form of capitalist exploitation.

Along with the development of social economy, the development of the economic center of gravity start from the real production gradually transformed into financial capital, the economy of the real economy slowly into the virtual economy, financial capital is more and more far away from for the entity enterprise and economic services, in the capital under the control of monopoly, as well as the value of the melt began to lose its capital. In the capital economy, the proportion of financial capital is increasing and has exceeded the value brought by real production, which leads to the gradual transformation of real enterprises into financial enterprises, and the development of real enterprises gradually moves towards the development road of virtualization or bubble, which will have a very adverse impact on the domestic economic development.

In the speculative market, many capitalists misuse of financial instruments, through the ways and means such as stock, futures and options to maximize their own interests, these behavior contributed capital financialization of momentum, making financial capital out of the function of serving for the real production, a lot of money into financial markets, market makes the lack of funding support for the development of the real economy, hindered the entity enterprise productivity development, so as to make the country's overall impeded economic development, economic development is slow.

Monopoly capital is a hegemonic behavior in the economic field. The financialization of capital has been excessively separated from the development of real market economy and belongs to bubble finance. The cause of the financial crisis is that the existence of monopoly capital makes a few individuals and enterprises in the society control the lifeblood of the production industry and financial industry. The main purpose of these monopoly financial capital is to seek huge profits for a few industrial monopolists and market oligarchs in the society. If capital financialization of hindered the development of market economy, especially for the development of the real economy in trouble, and the consequences of monopoly capitalism is more serious, the monopoly power through financial means to seize large profits, including entity production of surplus value and through the virtual financial ways and means to get to great wealth. The melting of capital makes the overall index of the market economy keep growing, but the excessive melting of capital makes the original accumulation mode of market capital change, and at the same time violates the general law of the development of market economy, making the market development in trouble. Say so, the hegemony of monopolistic finance is the biggest crisis that capital melts.

The root cause of foreign financial crisis lies in capitalist economic system and mode of production. The basic social and economic contradictions of capitalism burst out in the long-term accumulation, resulting in the surplus of commodities and financial storms. The unbridled expansion of capital and greed of foreign assets have led to excess productivity. Capitalist economic crisis is the inevitable product of capitalist economic system and mode of production.

Virtual economy, as its name implies, relies on virtual capital to carry out certain economic activities. At the present stage, finance has become the core content of economy, and the rapid development of financial economy plays a positive guiding role in the development of real economy. However, marxist economic theory tells us: virtual economy is only a form of real economy, virtual economy can not be completely unlimited from the real economy to operate. The existence of virtual economy is to actively promote the real economy, leaving the real support of the real economy, virtual capital and virtual economy is a bubble after all. In the process of economic development, China has well handled the relationship between the virtual economy and the real economy, maintaining a moderate proportion of existence and development, and avoiding the crisis of bubble wealth to some extent.

There is nothing wrong with the fact that the essence of capital is to seek more profits. However, under the condition of socialist market economy, to develop the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics, we must restrict and control the violent behavior of financial capital. In the process of deepening the reform of the financial system, we should actively guide investors to have correct values and reasonably make healthy investment. Strengthen the examination and verification of the qualification of financial personnel and limit the remuneration of senior executives in the financial industry; We will crack down on speculation and profiteering, crack down on financial crimes, and punish criminals for profiting from their illegal investments.

To sum up, the financialization of capital at the present stage is a manifestation of the development of the world economy to a certain extent, and also a specific form and feature of the continuous expansion of financial capital. Meanwhile, financial crisis is also an objective law of the development of capitalist economy. The proportion of financialized capital in market economy is increasing. If the proportion relationship between financial capital and real economy capital is not balanced well, it will inevitably lead to a new wave of economic crisis. Therefore, the relationship between financial capital and real economic capital needs to be paid attention to and adjusted by intervention, so as to balance the development of virtual economy and real economy, prevent the occurrence of economic crisis, ensure the stability and good development of national economy, and promote the continuous progress and development of the country and society.

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Essay代写：Means of earnings management

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Means of earnings management，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了盈余管理手段。盈余管理是指管理当局可选择对其本身有利的会计政策，构造虚假的交易事项，偏离公允反映的实质，合理变更会计估计，造成会计信息失真，误导财务报告的使用者，做出错误决策，并且对会计信息的披露进行管理，来达到平滑利润、增加薪酬等目的，使管理当局利益最大化。对于固定资产来说，企业可以对固定资产使用的折旧方法进行选择，加速折旧可以使利润升高、合理避税。除此之外固定资产的使用年限、净残值率都有较大的主观性从而达到操纵盈余的目的。另外，企业通过自主销售成本调整增加利润，从而实现盈余管理的目标。

Earnings management has always been a hot topic of research. The research on earnings management originated from western capitalist countries. These developed countries, relying on their developed capitalist markets, have made many outstanding theoretical research achievements and formed a relatively comprehensive theoretical research system. With the continuous growth of China's economy, many listed companies begin to pay attention to earnings management. As the capital market is profit-driven and uncertain, listed companies, in order to achieve their own interests and avoid the risk of delisting, modify financial information appropriately through earnings management, mislead investors and regulators, and make wrong judgments on corporate profits. For example, "showering" is a common tactic used by listed domestic companies to avoid delisting. The study of earnings management has become a frontier subject of modern accounting theory. However, due to the late formation of China's capital market, relevant theoretical research is also a step behind, which also leads to this phenomenon more and more common. At present, most listed companies in China have the phenomenon of earnings management. With the mature development of securities market regulation and trading system, there will be less and less financial fraud means of listed companies without any cover, while earnings management, which is a relatively hidden means, becomes more and more common.

Earnings management refers to the management authorities can choose accounting policies to its own advantage, construct a false transactions, deviating from the fair reflection of the essence, reasonable accounting estimate change and accounting information distortion, mislead users of financial reports, making the wrong decision, and disclosure of accounting information for management, to achieve smooth margins, and pay increases, benefit maximization the management authorities.

For fixed assets, enterprises can choose depreciation methods for fixed assets. Accelerated depreciation can increase profits and avoid tax reasonably. In addition, the service life and net salvage value of fixed assets are subjective to achieve the purpose of manipulating the surplus.

For intangible assets, it is difficult to accurately divide the research and development stages of the research and development process, and the enterprise can capitalize the expenditure as much as possible through certain means. In addition, enterprises can also carry out earnings management through the amortization of intangible assets. Amortize fixed number of year concrete a few years to exist bigger subjectivity likewise.

As the income from asset disposal is included in the current profit, when necessary, the enterprise will sell long-term assets and invest in time to increase the income and increase the profit, so as to achieve the target surplus or smooth surplus. In reality, there are various ways for corporate holding companies to transfer enterprise resources and provide and sell products with different prices.

By increasing the scale of production, enterprises allocate fixed costs to more products so as to reduce unit costs, increase marginal revenue, and finally improve the annual report profit. Period expenses affect the long-term operating performance of the enterprise, which cannot bring income immediately. If it is included into current profit and loss, it is equivalent to directly reduce cash flow and current profit at the same time. For example, due to the large investment in r&d, the failure rate is high and the return is late. For the management who wants to conduct earnings management, this is undoubtedly the most expenditure to be reduced. Such spending is often discretionary and can easily be temporarily cut to increase surpluses. And, the enterprise still can use certain method to enlarge the range of interest expenditure of special loan and general loan as far as possible, manipulate profit then. Perhaps already completed in construction project does not turn tardy solid, can continue the accrual expense that produces basic change, once turn solid the plan that means depreciation is carried out, unreal increase profit.

By providing temporary sales price discounts and relaxing credit conditions, we can increase distribution channels and sales force, bring forward the sales of the next year to the current year, promote the increase of sales volume, and naturally increase the current earnings and increase the earnings level of the accounting report. Although the easing of credit terms is mainly to increase receivables and increase cash flow, the increase of receivables will undoubtedly make the earnings report look more beautiful. Enterprises increase profits through independent selling cost adjustment, so as to achieve the goal of earnings management.

In addition to the common means mentioned above, managers can also control the net cash flow of operating activities through early recovery of occupied funds and deferred payment.

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