Artificial Intelligence Course Research Report

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Artificial Intelligence Course Research Report，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了人工智能的课程。随着人工智能的发展，如今人工智能已成为了一门崭新的学科。而人工智能课程教导的是知识和推理，还有人工智能的应用。前者是人工智能的重要基础，后者主要介绍了人工智能的应用系统。另外，课程还应该包括一些人工智能应用的实例，将实践和理论紧密结合起来。一起来看看吧！

AI is a branch of computer science, is a subject that is developing rapidly in science and technology, new ideas, new ideas, new theories and new technologies, which belong to an interdisciplinary subject, which is also a subject which is intersected by many disciplines, including linguistics, philosophy, psychology, neurophysiology, System theory, information theory , cybernetics, Computer science, mathematics, etc. At present, artificial intelligence has been a compulsory course of computer-related majors in many colleges and universities, which is an important basic curriculum in the fields of science and technology, which mainly includes natural language comprehension, computational intelligence, problem solving and searching algorithms, knowledge representation and inference mechanism, expert system and machine learning, etc. Many universities at home and abroad are aware of its importance and have started teaching and research on it. The AI course contains many disciplines, with the characteristics of content abstraction, theoretical strong, knowledge point and so on, the algorithm is complex, but the teaching mode adopted by most colleges and universities is still the traditional classroom teaching method, namely "Teacher talk, student listens" teaching pattern, this kind of information one-way transmission teaching mode takes teacher as main body, Students are only passively receiving knowledge, the existence of too much emphasis on theoretical teaching, ignoring the practice of teaching activities, resulting in education content can not be connected with society; Artificial intelligence teaching materials are too theoretical, students often feel boring in the course of learning, and then lost enthusiasm for learning the course, over time, Not only the teaching quality and effect of AI courses can not meet the expectations, even students will also produce weariness psychology. In view of the existing problems in artificial intelligence course, the author combines the experience of enriching artificial intelligence teaching, referring to the characteristics of artificial intelligence course and teaching goal, discusses and sums up the artificial intelligence from many aspects, including teaching content, textbook choice, teaching method and examination form, etc.
AI is a new subject. Starting this course is to determine the content of the teaching. Generally speaking, the content of AI is composed of two parts, specifically: one is knowledge representation and inference, the other is the application of artificial intelligence. The former is an important foundation of artificial intelligence, the latter mainly introduces several artificial intelligence application systems, including automatic planning and machine vision, machine learning, expert system and so on. In addition, the course content includes some examples of artificial intelligence applications, combining practice and theory.
With the development of the Times and the progress of science and technology, the science of artificial intelligence has made great progress. Based on this, the subject of artificial intelligence should keep pace with the times, update the curriculum of artificial intelligence and further improve its teaching content. The revised AI syllabus divides AI into two parts, the basic part and the extended application part. The former includes computational intelligence, search principle, knowledge representation, etc., which include intelligent robot, intelligence control, multi-agent, natural language understanding, automatic planning, machine learning, knowledge engineering, etc.
The selection and determination of teaching content should consider a number of factors, not only to pay attention to basic knowledge, but also to pay attention to new, with the progress of science and technology to keep pace with the times, the teaching content should be in line with the needs of the reality, can be connected with the society, the Theory and practice Only in this way can the teaching quality and effect of artificial intelligence courses be more effective.
Because the artificial intelligence curriculum has the complex algorithm, the content abstraction, the theory strong, the knowledge point many characteristics, the traditional teaching pattern already cannot satisfy the artificial intelligence curriculum demand, the teacher should explore more effective teaching pattern and the method, guarantees the artificial intelligence curriculum to obtain the good teaching quality and the teaching effect. The means and methods of specific reform and innovation of AI courses include the following:
Inspire students ' interest in learning whether experience or common sense tells us that each of the best teachers is interested, students only a subject of interest, will be more active in learning the course, so as to obtain good teaching results. For example, the author first played a famous director Spielberg's "Artificial Intelligence" in the beginning of the course, by the film students know the existence of artificial intelligence robot, students with the development of film plot deeply moved, At the same time, what do teachers ask students to think and talk about AI? What is the meaning of studying artificial intelligence? It is found that adding film factors to the classroom can greatly improve students ' attention, make students focus on teaching tasks, and effectively improve students ' enthusiasm and initiative in exploring artificial intelligence. In addition, in the teaching can use the animation, the video, the picture and so on means will reflect the artificial intelligence newest research and the Application Achievement display, lets the student more intuitive experience the artificial intelligence the secret, thus invests more enthusiasm to study the artificial intelligence curriculum.
In the course of curriculum education, students should be paid attention to individualized teaching, combining the characteristics of students according to aptitude. For example, in the day-to-day teaching to observe the situation of students, encourage those who still exist after teaching tasks to explore deeper courses and related knowledge, while friendly face the students with poor learning, analysis of the difficulties in their learning process, targeted to take countermeasures to help their continuous progress In the course of teaching, let the students think in the form of reading report, encourage the students to think in a divergent way, encourage the students to explore deeply, and the teachers should help students with new ideas or arguments to transform their wisdom into the results of scientific papers and published articles.
It is a common teaching method to focus on the training of comprehensive ability in the research-oriented teaching, whose central orientation is the task and the students are absorbing and mastering the knowledge while accomplishing the task. Generally speaking, the steps of the teaching method are: Teachers put forward the task → teachers and students together analysis to achieve the completion of the task of the method and steps → appropriate explanation or self-study, collaborative learning → complete the task → exchange and summary. "This teaching model not only helps to cultivate students ' innovative ability and consciousness, but also can cultivate students ' ability to solve practical problems and improve their comprehensive strength." Not only that, because the teaching mode is usually conducted in a group collaboration, the teacher gives the scope of the study, students voluntarily knot groups and select specific topics, after analysis and discussion in the form of programming or paper collaboration to complete the study. It can be concluded that the students are in the team to solve the problem, which is very testing the team cooperation ability of students, for the training of the spirit of teamwork is very important, and in the process of completing the task students need to consult a large number of data, over time, students to collect information and innovation ability will be promoted
Using heuristic teaching Artificial intelligence, many of the problems are more abstract, the requirements of students ' comprehension is higher, therefore, in the actual teaching process, teachers should consciously put forward relevant questions on the course content, so that students can think independently, encourage students to put forward their own ideas and solutions. Then return to the curriculum, comparative analysis of textbook solutions and students ' own solutions, so not only to cultivate the ability of independent thinking, but also increase students ' awareness of participation in teaching activities, improve students ' enthusiasm for learning. For example, when it comes to the more abstract "genetic algorithm", ask a question, "How is the genetic algorithm used to optimize the computation?" "And then, starting with" Darwin's biological Evolutionism ", we discuss" heredity "," mutation "and" choice ", then give examples to inspire students to think about the realization of" heredity "," mutation "and" choice ", and finally, the basic steps of the genetic algorithm to optimize the calculation are derived. So the goal of teaching genetic algorithm is not only completed, but also the ability of students ' logical thinking, teaching effect is good.
In the past, the curriculum assignments are a single written exercise, the development of the curriculum has been changed, more diverse, including the need to be given to teachers to review the written homework and do not have to give teachers the extra-curricular thinking topic, oral arrangement of questions or reading materials and large-scale work. Through the network can be completed to hand over the work, and teachers to mark the work can also be returned to students through the network, the realization of networking. The examination method of the course has changed more than before, strengthened the examination of the thinking ability, paid more attention to the training of the students ' ability of experiment and practice, and it is no longer an absolute test result, but the result of adding 30% in the grade of the score, so not only to lighten the student's final burden Also force students to pay more attention to the normal study thinking, conducive to the improvement of the quality of curriculum teaching.
This paper discusses the teaching reform of AI courses in the aspects of teaching system, teaching content, teaching methods and examination methods in order to improve teaching quality, and sums up some reform measures in teaching and practice of this course. These measures in line with the requirements of 21st century college teaching, can support teachers to improve the level of the modernization of teaching methods, at the same time to more closely match the learning needs of students. As a teacher of this course, teachers should always keep on renewing the teaching content and diversifying the teaching methods in order to arouse students ' interest in learning, cultivate their ability of thinking innovation and technology innovation, and finally improve the teaching quality of this course. From the feedback of students, the teaching practice summed up by the author has obvious teaching effect. However, there are still many aspects not enough, in the future will continue in the teaching process to continue to summarize the successful experience, learn from the lessons of failure.

The positive and negative effects of interior design on environmental art

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The positive and negative effects of interior design on environmental art，这篇论文讨论了室内设计对环境艺术的影响。室内艺术设计是一个很复杂、很繁琐的过程，而结合环境艺术是当下室内环境艺术设计中的重点，要求设计者具有相当的审美能力和较好的设计功底，而且还需要综合去解决使用功能以及环境氛围等多项要求。室内环境设计作为室内环境设计意境创造的关键手段，设计师要通过渲染环境，将居住者的审美感知与理解结合起来。一起来看看吧 ！

Interior art design is a complicated and tedious process, want to combine environmental art, interior design is the key to the design of indoor environment art and requires the designer with considerable aesthetic ability and good design skills, but also need to be integrated to solve the use function and environment requirements. As the key means of interior design, our designers should combine the aesthetic perception and understanding of the inhabitants by rendering the environment. Use the image of space environment to rely on a certain feeling of dweller, create a kind of artistic conception beauty of space.
The development of each industry requires a heavy cultivation of soil, especially the technology-related disciplines serving the public. The development of the later strength comes from the general public concern and recognition. Public understanding and identification will greatly affect the development of the industry. Indoor environment art education needs the multi-purpose of talent cultivation, and it is an important way to improve the public quality and public recognition. Therefore, the development of the industry inevitably requires the expansion of education scale. At the same time, the growth of professional development and practitioners will inevitably lead to the refinement of social division of labor, and also derive different research directions and fields. And this kind of development also merges the related subject content of architecture, urban planning, landscape and so on. The environmental art design gradually divides into the interior design and the landscape design two main body specialized research direction. The system of environmental art education also evolved. Indoor environment increasingly mature art during this period, the education is no longer a single level focus on functionality, people-oriented, ecology, but incorporates interdisciplinary talents, to seek the origin of art education and overall development.
The overall indoor environment is the general impression that the indoor environment presents to people. The space of different function and nature should have different character content, namely have certain personality characteristic. The space of different personality characteristic can let people produce different impression, if lively, solemn, elegant and so on. In the indoor environment design practice, the space type is complex and changeable, from the whole to the part to every detail, can form a certain atmosphere or influence the atmosphere's tendency and the space personality. In the design practice, designers should think about positioning in terms of the nature, use, use object and marketing strategy of space, so as to create the environment atmosphere of different feelings.
Indoor environment on the aesthetic level requirement is for the creation of interior meaning, its performance for indoor environment in the material and spiritual two aspects of the impact of people, through psychological can realize two-way communication, and the people on indoor environmental awareness and environmental effects on people, and the design is in a particular language to contribute to this table righteousness. Therefore, the interior environment designer should consider the functional requirements while considering the functional requirements. The artistic expression of indoor environment design refers to the two attributes of the connotation form when organizing and shaping space: one is the inner meaning and the other is the explicit way. The inner meaning is to show the aesthetic feeling through the overall indoor environment, indoor environment psychological perception and indoor artistic conception. The explicit mode refers to the use of the formal beauty law of a moderate, balanced, metrical, harmonious, through the form of explicit way to present the aesthetic feeling.
Interior decoration and practical besides satisfy the requirement of aesthetic feeling, also need to ensure it has reasonable and efficient basic characteristic. Along with the improvement of science and technology level, the designer to apply advanced technology to the interior decoration, such as in the previous measurement of surveying and mapping, the use of computer technology to realize this can accurately understand the interior space size, offers a reliable basis for the subsequent design. In the process of design, designers should combine science and art together, and can integrate different cultures in the process of concrete design. Because the representation of interior design is a kind of beauty, so if the introduction of the culture in the process of design concept, will inevitably bring a feeling of profound culture, on the basis of innovation, blend in residents living habits, the personalized to show the basic features. What's more, you should also pay attention to the color matching. Every link of interior design should maintain rationality, let habitant understand stylist's true idea. Interior design in the process, should be comprehensive consideration of the environment, culture and other factors, can't stick to traditional design concept and method, not copying other design method and mode, otherwise the same design is bound to arouse people's antipathy.
Innovation is one of the themes of social development, and colleges and universities focus on cultivating students' innovation and entrepreneurship ability, laying the foundation for China's construction to become an entrepreneurial power. Innovation comes from life, and higher than life, we make full use of innovative thinking, draw the outline of the building outline of belong to us, at the same time, we also have to learn to cultivate good at discovering the surrounding beauty habits, make full use of existing resources. For example, we can remodel abandoned car tyres. Can first on the tire surface bound the cloth of all sorts of color, then set up a metal support frame under the tires, firmly support it up, then will tire into a big cushion, such a disused tires became available for people on leisure chairs. Or: we can use the broken walnuts on the tarmac, covered with a layer of soft sand, and it's effect, the decoration and unique when people walking on the above, will feel the comfortable, reach the purpose of foot massage. There are a lot of similar perfect designs that need to be found to be innovative.
In conclusion, in the process of realizing indoor environmental art design, it is necessary to pay more attention to the aesthetic level and style of the owner. Therefore, no matter what the design status is, it will be more and more important for consumers' aesthetic needs in the future development process, and will cater to their aesthetic standards as the premise of development.

Salary management structure of American companies

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Salary management structure of American companies，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国企业的薪酬管理。在美国企业经理特别是高级管理人员的薪酬结构中，股票期权所占比例非常大，这与高级管理人员的水平成正比。水平越高，股票期权在整个薪酬中所占的比例就越高。这也是美国企业经理获得世界最高薪水的主要原因。

Compensation refers to various forms of remuneration or acknowledgement received by employees for providing labor or services to their enterprises. Salary mode refers to the composition and combination of salary. The design of compensation mode needs to highly follow the enterprise strategy. The compensation mode without strategic guidance equals to blind direction without direction, which will hinder the development of the enterprise. The design of compensation should be fair and reasonable, and the failure to achieve a fair and reasonable compensation model will lead to the misprision of military personnel of "unclear reward and punishment, unfair reward and punishment", which will definitely affect morale and cause civil unrest. The American compensation model is a typical representative of the modern compensation system in western countries.
In the United States, wages are negotiated by both labor and labor representatives, and collective contracts are signed to determine pay levels and standards. The contract is generally valid for two years, specifying the amount of wage growth over a two-year period in stages, as well as the relevant standards of benefits and benefits. The federal government generally does not intervene in the specific affairs of enterprises except to set the minimum wage and overtime wage by law.
The salary income of worker is made up of base salary and floating salary commonly. Base salary is a relatively stable remuneration based on job evaluation and market factors, which generally takes the form of hourly wage rate or monthly salary. In American enterprises, managers are usually paid, such as chairman, President, general manager, supervisor, technicians and other managers. The worker executes hour salary to make commonly, pay according to the number of hours that its work namely, also have an enterprise to execute piece work wage system. Base salary is measured by labor post to decide the wage coefficient of different post first, the price that decides by market labor supply and demand decides certain key post to sort, post grade, element is compared wait a moment. No matter which kind of method, its essence is to want to distinguish the different requirement of different labor position to laborer intelligence, physical ability, responsibility and labor condition different, reflect laborer's different pay thereby on the difference of labor remuneration. Variable wages include incentives and benefits. The main purpose of basic wage is to attract and stabilize qualified labor force, and stimulating wage is to stimulate the enthusiasm of workers by means of increasing wages. The so-called stimulus wage is a variety of wage forms based on higher than the specified level of productivity. Sharp wage payment by piece or by unit of work, also have according to the production of more than quota bonuses paid, also is the remuneration linked to output, float salary as production, to stimulate the workers to increase production, generally speaking, the labor costs accounted for the total cost of large, competitive, worker individual production is easy to distinguish between industry, the role of stimulating salary is bigger, this kind of wages in the clothing, textile, shoes and some common metal manufacturing.
Since the 1980s, due to the economic recession, many American companies have adopted some flexible wage forms, such as knowledge payment plan, employee stock ownership plan, profit sharing plan and productivity benefit sharing system, in order to reduce labor costs and increase corporate profits.
According to the plan of knowledge payment, this is a means of attaching importance to knowledge in the era of knowledge economy. Pay according to knowledge plan refers to pay according to the degree of knowledge or technology mastered by workers. Employees start from getting basic salary. With the continuous mastering of new technology, the salary is also constantly improved, from level 1 to level 7. In essence, this system links the salary with the individual's skills and knowledge, and the wage level depends on the workers' knowledge and skills. For employers, this means greater flexibility in hiring, reduced staffing and turnover, fewer miners and higher productivity. For the workers, this system has a certain incentive effect, making the workers' quality continuously improve, making them feel that as long as they study hard and acquire more knowledge and skills, they can constantly get higher pay and improve their situation, and at the same time improve labor relations.
Currently, more than 100,000 companies in the United States implement profit-sharing programs, which give employees a portion of their profits as bonuses or shares. Profit sharing programs are divided into cash sharing programs and deferred plans. The former is the immediate cash distribution of profits, work performance and pay can be linked directly. The latter is credited to the employee's account and deferred until the employee retires. In the United States, there are two different views on profit-sharing programs. The other is that it puts employees at risk by shifting some of their relatively stable wages and salaries to pay based on the company's profits. The productivity benefit sharing system is actually a kind of worker participation system. Workers, from the general manager to the general worker, share in the benefits of increased productivity, not only through the efforts of workers, but also through the renewal of plant equipment and other factors.
Employee stock ownership plan is a trust fund set up by the employee stock system which is allocated by the company on a regular basis. The trustee USES the fund annually to buy a percentage of the business owner's stock, which is then distributed under each employee's name, depending on the annual salary of the participating employee. When the employee leaves or retires, the trustee can ask the employer to contribute money to buy back the stock.
Since the 1980s, more than 100 companies in the United States have adopted employee stock ownership schemes to improve their poor performance. Currently, the number of companies with employee stock ownership plans in the United States has grown to around 10,000. American economists believe that employee stock ownership plans, which provide incentives to build a more productive cooperative economy, create more opportunities for employees to participate in all levels of affairs, and provide more sources of income for most workers, are the positive direction American companies should choose. By means of employee participation in management, every employee has a sense of ownership of part of the enterprise, and thus CARES more about the fate of the enterprise.
From the perspective of the company, the employee stock ownership plan has the following advantages: as the employee stock ownership system emphasizes "people-oriented", it is conducive to improving the ownership spirit of the majority of employees or the enthusiasm of employees, thus improving labor productivity. According to the statistics, execute the company of worker stock system, average profit wants to be higher than similar enterprise 1/2, its labor productivity wants to be higher than similar enterprise 1/3. Provide a convenient stock market for companies and provide companies with a cheap source of capital. Play the role of tax avoidance. Under a U.S. law, companies with employee-owned stock ownership plans are given credit and tax breaks. In 1984, the direct tax cut law provided that the interest income of enterprises performing loans to employee stock ownership plans could be reduced by 50%.
In the United States, the compensation mode for managers is usually in the form of base salary and performance accounting plus stock. The basic salary is generally determined according to the average price of the talent market, such as hiring a senior manager of corresponding level from $100,000 to $200,000, and the price positioning of ge is 75% of the market cap, based on the consideration that ge's performance remains in the top 25 of multinational companies. The performance provision is generally presented as year-end bonus, which is used as short-term incentive to emphasize the evaluation of the annual work goal and annual performance in the operation, emphasize the concern of senior managers for the annual performance, and usually determine the amount of bonus according to the coefficient of the completion of individual goals and tasks.
In the compensation structure of American business managers, especially senior managers, stock options account for a very large proportion, which is directly proportional to the level of senior executives. The higher the level, the higher the proportion of stock options in the whole compensation. This is also the main reason why American business managers receive the highest salaries in the world.
As a basic means to realize the rational allocation of human resources compensation plays a very important role in the development and management of human resources. On the one hand, salary represents the quantity and quality of different labor abilities that the laborer can provide, and reflects the basic situation of labor supply; on the other hand, it represents the type, quantity and degree of human resource needs of employers, and reflects the situation of labor demand. Salary management is to use salary as the most important economic parameter in human resources to guide human resources to move in a reasonable direction, so as to maximize the organizational goal. In this regard, the compensation model of American enterprises has a certain reference role for Chinese enterprises.
At present, China's enterprise management has a wide range of compensation models, including annual salary system, monthly salary system and equity incentive. Some listed companies and senior executives of state-owned enterprises often have annual salaries of tens of millions of yuan, which cannot play an incentive role. It is suggested that the compensation of the management of Chinese enterprises should learn from the compensation model of American enterprises and adopt the form of base salary performance measurement stock to link the remuneration of enterprise managers with their work performance and the enterprise's economic benefits, so as to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of managers. At the same time, they should be punished for their dereliction of duty in their work and the losses caused by the enterprise.
The compensation mode of employees in Chinese enterprises is also not satisfactory, which cannot truly reflect the ownership awareness of employees in the enterprise, and thus cannot maximize the motivation of employees. It is suggested that national enterprises should learn from the salary model of American enterprises and adopt the mode of paying according to knowledge, employee stock ownership, profit sharing and productivity benefit sharing. The hourly wage system and piece work wage system can also be tried out. The advantage of doing so: it is full reflect the principle of distribution according to work that much work much get, be helpful for breaking up the traditional salary mode of doing more work and less work, doing and not doing the same thing, maximally mobilize the labor enthusiasm and innovation spirit of enterprise employee; Second, it is beneficial to link the interests of enterprise employees to the interests of the enterprise, fully reflect the ownership of enterprise employees; Third, it is conducive to attracting and retaining talents.

Essay on economic governance

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Essay on economic governance，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了经济治理。近年来，学者提出的理论不仅提高了人们对非市场制度的理解，还为市场不完善条件下的经济治理提供了合适的解决方案。在金融危机的背景下，政策制定要兼顾各方利益，培育社会资本，强化民间组织的作用，一次为市场配置资源创造良好的条件，并要认清企业边界的决定条件，合理调控企业规模 话不多说 一起来欣赏这篇文章吧 ！

The 2009 Nobel Prize in economics was awarded to ostrom and Williamson for their contributions to economic governance. Ostrom pointed out a feasible path for public resource management and collective cooperation; Williamson provides a reasonable explanation and an easy to operate research method for the existence of enterprises and the determination of enterprise boundaries. Their research has improved people's understanding of non-market system and provided suitable solutions for economic governance under imperfect market conditions. In the background of the financial crisis, their theory has a strong inspiration for China's economic development: policy making should take into account the interests of all parties and make decisions on the land. We should cultivate social capital and strengthen the role of non-governmental organizations. We should create favorable conditions for market allocation of resources. The determination of enterprise boundary and reasonable regulation of enterprise scale should be recognized.
The 2009 Nobel Prize in economics was awarded to Eleanor bremington, a political scientist at indiana university. Ostrom and the economists of new institutional economics at the university of California, Berkeley E oliver Williamson, two people for analysis of excellence in the field of economic governance. According to the royal Swedish academy of sciences, ostrom won the prize for a special analysis of public resource management, which laid out the evidence for why user associations were able to manage public property. Williamson won for his special analysis of the company's boundaries, explaining why some deals are done inside the company rather than in the market. The two scholars greatly improved people's understanding of the non-market system. Based on the perspective of real economy governance in the context of financial crisis, this paper explains the academic contributions of two scholars and their enlightenment to China's economic and social construction.
Ms ostrom has written more than 200 papers, most of them in political science or public management journals, but few in economics, so many economists are unfamiliar with her. Her important work in the way of "public affairs management, the evolution of the system of collective action" has been translated into multinational, including Chinese words, such as "the ideological crisis of public administration", "the political theory of compound republic" and other important works, in political science, political economy, public administration, public policy, development research and other fields has a very high academic reputation, first of its kind of political theory and policy analysis and research has been recognized as one of the three American public choice school. The main research directions of ostrom include: how to use the research achievements in understanding science to establish models to discuss and explain the selection of human beings under different institutional arrangements; How each system produces information that helps individuals make decisions; What kind of deviation and adjustment exist in the collective decision-making process of different ways; How different preferences are amplified and corrected in the interactive process within the various institutional frameworks. Specifically speaking, ostrom's academic contribution is mainly reflected in the following aspects.
Mr Ostrom's combination of politics and economics is unique and legitimate. Because economics is a science of how material interests are distributed, it is never possible to exclude the political settlement of conflicts of interest. The combination of political science and economics is the only way to find the right way to allocate resources without breaking away from reality. By means of field experience, detailed investigation and experimental methods, ostrom has made a lot of development in the research and obtained many new achievements. Starting in the early 1990s, ms ostrom and her colleagues developed laboratory techniques to predict human behavior in social paradoxes under laboratory conditions, and to compare them with empirical findings. Despite her research method was mocked as "return to the literary tradition of economics", although she is not that kind of extensive use of mathematical or statistical model of "high technology" economists, but still got out of her research, she now American art and academy of sciences and the national academy of sciences, and served as the chairman of the American politics, which is proved. On September 27, 1997, in the political economics prize awarding meeting, seidman Kennedy Eleanor commented: "professor ostrom's contribution is comprehensive politics and economics at the same time, beyond the politics and economics. The political solution to market failure is far more than the simple idea of new hobbesian welfare economics.
The externality of public resources will not only cause market mechanisms to fail here, but also the government's visible hand will tremble here, causing the government to fail. Staunch market fundamentalists raise the flag of coase's theorem, arguing that externalities are no longer hard to solve as long as property rights are clear. However, transaction cost is an unavoidable obstacle to clear property rights, and the efficient resource management mode of "no property right" caused by zero transaction cost can only be a mirage forever. Anti-market people believe that nationalization is an effective way to solve the dilemma of public resource management. The direct management of resources by the government can not only effectively play the role of economies of scale, but also curb the erosion of resources by private interests and ensure that the utilization of resources is in line with the maximization of social interests. However, the public choice school has long pointed out that the government is not all "benevolent", but also has its own interest demands, which can easily be captured and become the spokesman of interest groups. As becker puts it: all political systems have succumbed to special interest groups trying to use political influence to boost welfare. Mr Ostrom offers a possible solution to this dilemma: self-governance, which means managing public resources in a way that suits local traditions. It can be purely civil, it can be completely government, and it can be a sort of combination of the two. It is necessary to build a communication mechanism between private and government, which is dangerous and harmful, to foster cooperation between the two. Mr Ostrom used satellite images to analyse the management of the grasslands along the border between Russia and China. He found that the grasslands on the border between China and Russia, which had been managed by state co-operation and privatisation, were now severely degraded, while the grasslands, which had been managed by nomadic herders for centuries, remained intact. From this, she concludes that socialization and privatization are often more likely to lead to bad consequences than collective self-management. It is also believed that resource users themselves can often develop effective mechanisms for making decisions and implementing management.
When analyzing the characteristics of economic man, mainstream economics overemphasizes the rational and self-interested characteristics of economic man and ignores the existence of mutual trust and mutual dependence within social groups. If people are rational and self-interested, then there is bound to be what olson calls the collective action dilemma, and the larger the organization, the more common the cheap hitchhikers, and the more difficult the cooperation. In fact, people can get satisfaction from caring about others and the interests of groups. This kind of trust between people, the relationship network built by trust and the interpersonal interaction norms existing in the network are social capital. In the opinion of the author, economic people rich in social capital carry out a lot of cooperation through the social ethics system, and replace the passion, desire and tyrannical tendency with a wise, loyal and rational way to pursue the maximum benefit or utility. Neoclassicism's fiction of "rational economic man", the concept of dependence on equilibrium, and the insistence that price is the main determinant of market behavior are inconsistent with our reality, while the hypothesis of "ethical economic man" just makes up for the defects brought to human society by "economic man's only greed for wealth". Just like physical capital and human capital, social capital is an indispensable part of people's pursuit of goals. Moreover, the existence of social capital is also conducive to the performance of other capital efficiency. It is because of the existence of social capital that self-organization can produce a set of rules, and individuals in the organization can make use of the code of conduct, supervision and punishment mechanism to make public resources serve the common and long-term interests of the organization. The successful management of self-organization stems from the active participation of the members in the creation and implementation of the rules. If the rules are imposed and enforced by external or internal powerful figures, the effect will be greatly reduced. Mr Ostrom also found that oversight by insiders worked better than by outsiders, in keeping with the general view that oversight and punishment should be enforced by public authority. Through experiments, ostrom found that many people were willing to pay a private cost in order to punish hitch-hiking. It can be seen that intra-group cooperation is fundamental, which provides evidence on the level of individual behavior for self-organization management. Self-organizing self-governance model provides promising solutions for public resource management, enabling people to achieve lasting common benefits in the face of the temptation of free riding, avoiding responsibility or other opportunistic behavior. This is undoubtedly a modest compromise solution under realistic constraints.
Williamson's research shows that markets and bureaucratic organizations, including companies, represent different governance structures and take different approaches to resolving conflicts of interest. The defects of the market structure lie in the frequent disputes and disagreements. The defects of the company structure lie in the fact that power can reduce disputes but will be abused. Competitive markets work better because buyers and sellers can switch to other trading partners if they disagree. However, if the market competition is restricted or regulated, the company as a structure can better solve the conflict of interest than the market. One of the key predictions that has been empirically proved in Williamson's theory is that economic individuals with decision-making abilities tend to trade within company boundaries the more specific the relationship of assets.
Coase was the first to discuss the nature and boundary of the enterprise. Coase believes that the nature of the enterprise is the enterprise as an institution different from the market mechanism. Enterprise and market are two different ways to organize trading activities. Transaction costs can be generated through market mechanism and transaction by enterprises. The reason why enterprises and markets coexist is that some types of activities are completed through the market with lower costs, while some activities are completed through enterprises with lower costs. The market mechanism is formed when the transaction activity occurs between different individuals or organizations through the price mechanism. As an alternative to the market price mechanism, enterprises can "save some market operating costs by forming an organization and allowing certain authorities to control resources". As a matter of fact, transaction cost is the friction in the economy. Once the cost of market transaction is on the rise, enterprises will try to find alternative means of transaction. The smaller the market transaction cost, the more enterprises tend to trade marketization. The boundary of an enterprise depends on the comparison of transaction costs between the two organizations. When the marginal costs of both are equal, the boundary of an enterprise is determined. Williamson first referred to the new institutional economics as "transaction cost economics", which shows his emphasis on the core concept of transaction cost. It is because of Williamson's emphasis on and in-depth study of transaction costs that coase's transaction costs theory has become an emerging faction in modern economics, which has gathered a large number of interdisciplinary and academic innovations including organization theory, law and economics, and gradually developed into a new branch of contemporary economics. From the 1960s to the 1980s, Williamson made a deep and unique exploration of the nature and boundary of enterprises, and mainly solved three problems.
In general, the research of ostrom and Williamson is aimed at finding appropriate solutions to economic governance problems in realistic constraints. If the conditions are met, the market mechanism will be the most efficient in the allocation of resources, which is demonstrated repeatedly by mainstream economists with a large number of sophisticated models, and it is their efforts to elevate economics to a prominent position in social science. However, the reality is always unsatisfactory, and the conditions for the market mechanism to fully play its role are always not met. Therefore, the exquisite model and scientific language will not help solve the problems of real economy and society, instead, it is suspected of being "subordinate to the state". Putting aside the gaudy "science" of economics and looking for a more appropriate solution might be a smart way to deal with the shock of the current financial crisis. The move by the royal Swedish academy of sciences to award the Nobel Prize in economics to ostrom and Williamson could be interpreted as a "corrective" to market fundamentalism. As the Nobel Prize in economics is presented each year, there is a debate over who should win and who should win. And once the results are made public, there will be people singing the praises and some derision. The really meaningful discussion, in our view, is to revisit the direction in which the Nobel Prize committee has suggested that economic theory should lead.

Essay on economic governance

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Essay on economic governance，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了经济治理。近年来，学者提出的理论不仅提高了人们对非市场制度的理解，还为市场不完善条件下的经济治理提供了合适的解决方案。在金融危机的背景下，政策制定要兼顾各方利益，培育社会资本，强化民间组织的作用，一次为市场配置资源创造良好的条件，并要认清企业边界的决定条件，合理调控企业规模 话不多说 一起来欣赏这篇文章吧 ！

The 2009 Nobel Prize in economics was awarded to ostrom and Williamson for their contributions to economic governance. Ostrom pointed out a feasible path for public resource management and collective cooperation; Williamson provides a reasonable explanation and an easy to operate research method for the existence of enterprises and the determination of enterprise boundaries. Their research has improved people's understanding of non-market system and provided suitable solutions for economic governance under imperfect market conditions. In the background of the financial crisis, their theory has a strong inspiration for China's economic development: policy making should take into account the interests of all parties and make decisions on the land. We should cultivate social capital and strengthen the role of non-governmental organizations. We should create favorable conditions for market allocation of resources. The determination of enterprise boundary and reasonable regulation of enterprise scale should be recognized.
The 2009 Nobel Prize in economics was awarded to Eleanor bremington, a political scientist at indiana university. Ostrom and the economists of new institutional economics at the university of California, Berkeley E oliver Williamson, two people for analysis of excellence in the field of economic governance. According to the royal Swedish academy of sciences, ostrom won the prize for a special analysis of public resource management, which laid out the evidence for why user associations were able to manage public property. Williamson won for his special analysis of the company's boundaries, explaining why some deals are done inside the company rather than in the market. The two scholars greatly improved people's understanding of the non-market system. Based on the perspective of real economy governance in the context of financial crisis, this paper explains the academic contributions of two scholars and their enlightenment to China's economic and social construction.
Ms ostrom has written more than 200 papers, most of them in political science or public management journals, but few in economics, so many economists are unfamiliar with her. Her important work in the way of "public affairs management, the evolution of the system of collective action" has been translated into multinational, including Chinese words, such as "the ideological crisis of public administration", "the political theory of compound republic" and other important works, in political science, political economy, public administration, public policy, development research and other fields has a very high academic reputation, first of its kind of political theory and policy analysis and research has been recognized as one of the three American public choice school. The main research directions of ostrom include: how to use the research achievements in understanding science to establish models to discuss and explain the selection of human beings under different institutional arrangements; How each system produces information that helps individuals make decisions; What kind of deviation and adjustment exist in the collective decision-making process of different ways; How different preferences are amplified and corrected in the interactive process within the various institutional frameworks. Specifically speaking, ostrom's academic contribution is mainly reflected in the following aspects.
Mr Ostrom's combination of politics and economics is unique and legitimate. Because economics is a science of how material interests are distributed, it is never possible to exclude the political settlement of conflicts of interest. The combination of political science and economics is the only way to find the right way to allocate resources without breaking away from reality. By means of field experience, detailed investigation and experimental methods, ostrom has made a lot of development in the research and obtained many new achievements. Starting in the early 1990s, ms ostrom and her colleagues developed laboratory techniques to predict human behavior in social paradoxes under laboratory conditions, and to compare them with empirical findings. Despite her research method was mocked as "return to the literary tradition of economics", although she is not that kind of extensive use of mathematical or statistical model of "high technology" economists, but still got out of her research, she now American art and academy of sciences and the national academy of sciences, and served as the chairman of the American politics, which is proved. On September 27, 1997, in the political economics prize awarding meeting, seidman Kennedy Eleanor commented: "professor ostrom's contribution is comprehensive politics and economics at the same time, beyond the politics and economics. The political solution to market failure is far more than the simple idea of new hobbesian welfare economics.
The externality of public resources will not only cause market mechanisms to fail here, but also the government's visible hand will tremble here, causing the government to fail. Staunch market fundamentalists raise the flag of coase's theorem, arguing that externalities are no longer hard to solve as long as property rights are clear. However, transaction cost is an unavoidable obstacle to clear property rights, and the efficient resource management mode of "no property right" caused by zero transaction cost can only be a mirage forever. Anti-market people believe that nationalization is an effective way to solve the dilemma of public resource management. The direct management of resources by the government can not only effectively play the role of economies of scale, but also curb the erosion of resources by private interests and ensure that the utilization of resources is in line with the maximization of social interests. However, the public choice school has long pointed out that the government is not all "benevolent", but also has its own interest demands, which can easily be captured and become the spokesman of interest groups. As becker puts it: all political systems have succumbed to special interest groups trying to use political influence to boost welfare. Mr Ostrom offers a possible solution to this dilemma: self-governance, which means managing public resources in a way that suits local traditions. It can be purely civil, it can be completely government, and it can be a sort of combination of the two. It is necessary to build a communication mechanism between private and government, which is dangerous and harmful, to foster cooperation between the two. Mr Ostrom used satellite images to analyse the management of the grasslands along the border between Russia and China. He found that the grasslands on the border between China and Russia, which had been managed by state co-operation and privatisation, were now severely degraded, while the grasslands, which had been managed by nomadic herders for centuries, remained intact. From this, she concludes that socialization and privatization are often more likely to lead to bad consequences than collective self-management. It is also believed that resource users themselves can often develop effective mechanisms for making decisions and implementing management.
When analyzing the characteristics of economic man, mainstream economics overemphasizes the rational and self-interested characteristics of economic man and ignores the existence of mutual trust and mutual dependence within social groups. If people are rational and self-interested, then there is bound to be what olson calls the collective action dilemma, and the larger the organization, the more common the cheap hitchhikers, and the more difficult the cooperation. In fact, people can get satisfaction from caring about others and the interests of groups. This kind of trust between people, the relationship network built by trust and the interpersonal interaction norms existing in the network are social capital. In the opinion of the author, economic people rich in social capital carry out a lot of cooperation through the social ethics system, and replace the passion, desire and tyrannical tendency with a wise, loyal and rational way to pursue the maximum benefit or utility. Neoclassicism's fiction of "rational economic man", the concept of dependence on equilibrium, and the insistence that price is the main determinant of market behavior are inconsistent with our reality, while the hypothesis of "ethical economic man" just makes up for the defects brought to human society by "economic man's only greed for wealth". Just like physical capital and human capital, social capital is an indispensable part of people's pursuit of goals. Moreover, the existence of social capital is also conducive to the performance of other capital efficiency. It is because of the existence of social capital that self-organization can produce a set of rules, and individuals in the organization can make use of the code of conduct, supervision and punishment mechanism to make public resources serve the common and long-term interests of the organization. The successful management of self-organization stems from the active participation of the members in the creation and implementation of the rules. If the rules are imposed and enforced by external or internal powerful figures, the effect will be greatly reduced. Mr Ostrom also found that oversight by insiders worked better than by outsiders, in keeping with the general view that oversight and punishment should be enforced by public authority. Through experiments, ostrom found that many people were willing to pay a private cost in order to punish hitch-hiking. It can be seen that intra-group cooperation is fundamental, which provides evidence on the level of individual behavior for self-organization management. Self-organizing self-governance model provides promising solutions for public resource management, enabling people to achieve lasting common benefits in the face of the temptation of free riding, avoiding responsibility or other opportunistic behavior. This is undoubtedly a modest compromise solution under realistic constraints.
Williamson's research shows that markets and bureaucratic organizations, including companies, represent different governance structures and take different approaches to resolving conflicts of interest. The defects of the market structure lie in the frequent disputes and disagreements. The defects of the company structure lie in the fact that power can reduce disputes but will be abused. Competitive markets work better because buyers and sellers can switch to other trading partners if they disagree. However, if the market competition is restricted or regulated, the company as a structure can better solve the conflict of interest than the market. One of the key predictions that has been empirically proved in Williamson's theory is that economic individuals with decision-making abilities tend to trade within company boundaries the more specific the relationship of assets.
Coase was the first to discuss the nature and boundary of the enterprise. Coase believes that the nature of the enterprise is the enterprise as an institution different from the market mechanism. Enterprise and market are two different ways to organize trading activities. Transaction costs can be generated through market mechanism and transaction by enterprises. The reason why enterprises and markets coexist is that some types of activities are completed through the market with lower costs, while some activities are completed through enterprises with lower costs. The market mechanism is formed when the transaction activity occurs between different individuals or organizations through the price mechanism. As an alternative to the market price mechanism, enterprises can "save some market operating costs by forming an organization and allowing certain authorities to control resources". As a matter of fact, transaction cost is the friction in the economy. Once the cost of market transaction is on the rise, enterprises will try to find alternative means of transaction. The smaller the market transaction cost, the more enterprises tend to trade marketization. The boundary of an enterprise depends on the comparison of transaction costs between the two organizations. When the marginal costs of both are equal, the boundary of an enterprise is determined. Williamson first referred to the new institutional economics as "transaction cost economics", which shows his emphasis on the core concept of transaction cost. It is because of Williamson's emphasis on and in-depth study of transaction costs that coase's transaction costs theory has become an emerging faction in modern economics, which has gathered a large number of interdisciplinary and academic innovations including organization theory, law and economics, and gradually developed into a new branch of contemporary economics. From the 1960s to the 1980s, Williamson made a deep and unique exploration of the nature and boundary of enterprises, and mainly solved three problems.
In general, the research of ostrom and Williamson is aimed at finding appropriate solutions to economic governance problems in realistic constraints. If the conditions are met, the market mechanism will be the most efficient in the allocation of resources, which is demonstrated repeatedly by mainstream economists with a large number of sophisticated models, and it is their efforts to elevate economics to a prominent position in social science. However, the reality is always unsatisfactory, and the conditions for the market mechanism to fully play its role are always not met. Therefore, the exquisite model and scientific language will not help solve the problems of real economy and society, instead, it is suspected of being "subordinate to the state". Putting aside the gaudy "science" of economics and looking for a more appropriate solution might be a smart way to deal with the shock of the current financial crisis. The move by the royal Swedish academy of sciences to award the Nobel Prize in economics to ostrom and Williamson could be interpreted as a "corrective" to market fundamentalism. As the Nobel Prize in economics is presented each year, there is a debate over who should win and who should win. And once the results are made public, there will be people singing the praises and some derision. The really meaningful discussion, in our view, is to revisit the direction in which the Nobel Prize committee has suggested that economic theory should lead.