The shortcomings of American two-party politics

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The shortcomings of American two-party politics，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国两党政治的弊端。中美之间最大的区别是政治和社会制度。美国人以“美国是当今世界上最强大的国家”为基础，吹嘘美国的政治和社会制度是世界上最先进、最杰出的。这种观点主要来源于美国的优越感，其中包含着许多偏见。一起来看看吧

The biggest difference between China and America is political and social systems. Americans boast that America's political and social system is the most advanced and outstanding in the world, based on the fact that "America is the most powerful country in the world today". This view mainly comes from the American sense of superiority, which contains many prejudices.
To understand the American political system, your countrymen need to know about America's political parties. The political parties in America are quite different from those in China. My American friends include both Democrats and republicans. According to them, there is no special procedure for joining a political party, just fill in the party column and vote for the candidate. If you want to participate in more activities, you can volunteer at the local party department. "Volunteers" perform well, gain the trust and appreciation of the party, and may be selected as party workers to enter politics. Ordinary party members have nothing more to do than vote for their party. Whether to attend the party's rally, whether to donate money when the party raises funds, but also by their own will, according to the effort. If you don't want to vote for your party's candidate, you can leave your party out at the voter registration. Thus, political parties in the United States can be said to be a loose "political club" operating around the election.
In the United States, there is no party that represents a single class, that is, there is no party of the working class or of the peasantry, and there is no party of the working people. Both the republican and democratic parties are political alliances representing many classes and strata.
The republican party is mainly represented by big entrepreneurs, big financiers, big corporations, church forces such as Catholicism and Christianity, and conservative people. So they are called "conservatives" and "neoconservatives."
The political platform of the republican party mainly includes the political and diplomatic aspects, maintaining the sole super position of the United States in the world, constantly developing and strengthening the military force, implementing the power politics, hegemony and unilateralism, and promoting the democratic and free system of the United States throughout the world. On the fiscal and economic front, we will safeguard the interests of large corporations, large entrepreneurs, large financiers and the wealthy, implement tax cuts and privatize social security funds. In terms of social policy, we should uphold the right of private gun ownership, oppose homosexuality, oppose abortion, advocate religious beliefs and value family values.
The Democratic Party represents mainly civilian businesses and small and medium-sized enterprises, white-collar workers, laborers, women, and minorities.
The Democratic Party's political platform mainly includes: in politics and diplomacy, it tends to be peaceful, is not as militant as the republican party, advocates multilateralism and attaches more importance to the international image and cooperation of the United States. In terms of financial economy, more attention is paid to labor interests and social welfare, and the tax cuts are opposed. In terms of social policy, it advocates strict control and control of private guns, safeguarding the rights of homosexuality and free abortion, safeguarding the rights of women and minorities, and advocating freedom of thought and sexual liberation.
Party politics in America is, in effect, a "bipartisan monopoly". The republican and democratic parties, founded in the early days of the United States, have a long history, social foundation and abundant political resources. They are like two big trees, intertwined and flourishing, occupying almost all of American politics. It is hard for other parties to get a foothold. American politics is a two-party monopoly with many drawbacks.
As American politics is dominated by two major political parties, there is a paradox in American politics: every citizen enjoys full political freedom according to the constitution and laws of the United States. This is what the American media is all about all day long. But in fact, political freedom for U.S. citizens is limited.
To participate in the political activities of mainstream American society, you have to join one of the two major parties, because it is useless to join other small parties. If one is not to participate, which party "solo" campaign, but in vain, like tang ? [as ridiculous. Once participating in either of the two major political parties, both must and can only obey their party platforms, and there is no "political freedom" one
Second, the platform of the republican party or the Democratic Party can only be accepted or abandoned, with no freedom of partial choice. Every presidential election is a choice between two candidates. When one of them is elected, the nation must "fully accept" all of his policies, whether or not it votes for him. This will inevitably appear unreasonable phenomenon. For example, surveys have shown that most americans are dissatisfied with the war in Iraq. In a new Washington post/ABC news poll, 57 percent disapproved of the President's handling of Iraq and 56 percent said the war was "not worth fighting." But that did nothing for bush. Mr Bush remains stubbornly persistent and propagandistic: his war in Iraq and his whole policy towards it were right, according to his re-election as President, as proof that the American people supported his Iraq policy. In fact, anyone who knows anything about American politics knows that's not the case. In the recent election, democratic presidential contenders John kerry won in both east and west coasts, while bush won in Central America. Most voters in the midlands voted for bush not for the war in Iraq, but for his social policies: for private gun ownership, for religious beliefs, against homosexuality and sexual liberation. This is just like Chinese people buying "round goods", good and bad match, buy not to buy at will, "want to buy take all, do not pick". After Mr Bush's re-election, many in New York were disappointed, especially in the lower and middle classes, to sigh: "the Iraq war has got to drag on! "" a difficult life will take another few years!
The republican and democratic parties of the United States, representing different classes and interest groups, have been engaged in a struggle for more than 200 years. They have formed a deep stereotype on a number of issues, which cannot be treated objectively and calmly and correctly. Private rearms, for example, is the leading cause of prevalence of violent crime in the United States, however, private gun ownership is the tradition of the United States, the United States constitution protection, the United States the rural has a large number of gun owners, the association of American gun has strong power, so when the session of congress, maintenance of the members of the private ownership of guns "unreasonable also want to get three points", make the ban on private gun ownership legislation to pass.
For another example, the tax cut is only beneficial to the wealthy because of the progressive individual income tax system in the United States. The poorest people are exempt from taxes. The low-income people pay less taxes and the wealthy pay more taxes. The United States also has a heritage tax system. The poor do not have much inheritance and do not need to pay the estate tax at all. The republicans' version of the tax cuts does not do the poorest any good, the lower-income ones very little good, and the rich pay much less in taxes. In particular, repealing the estate tax benefits only the wealthy. Tax cuts reduce the income of the country. In order to save money, the government must reduce social welfare at the same time. The people who suffer the most are the poor and the lower middle class. But as long as the republicans are in office, there will be talk that tax cuts are good for everyone, and that the President and majority in congress will be used to push them through.
There are some problems, as long as the Democrats claim, the republicans will oppose; Democrats, in turn, will oppose any republican claim. In fact, the objection may not be true. For example, the relationship between the United States and north Korea, which the Democratic Party's Bill Clinton advocates through bilateral negotiations; Mr Bush, a republican, is fiercely opposed. When he came to power, he declared that north Korea was part of an "axis of evil" and stopped negotiating with the north. We must return to the path of peaceful settlement, accept China's proposal and participate in the six-party talks.
During the campaign, the candidates announce their policy agenda, and voters decide who to vote for. As a matter of principle, every candidate should be responsible for the platform he or she announced, and carry out his or her promises carefully after being elected. When the circumstances change and the implementation fails, the voters should also be explained to account. But the lack of checks and oversight on whether candidates are serious about running their campaigns is a big hole in the American system. Therefore, hu boasted during the election campaign, making false promises and opening "empty checks", can not be prosecuted, and will not be punished.
The American campaign, in a sense, is about spending money. If the candidate himself has no money, he must find money and "donors" to support his campaign. Running for office in the United States costs money in the following ways:
Television is the most powerful propaganda tool. It is the most pervasive, swift and influential. People with low education do not like to read newspapers but watch TV. Remote areas do not read the newspaper in time, but can see the television in time. However, access to television is very high, in terms of seconds, the last television often tens of thousands of dollars, a large cost.
Advertising and printing campaign literature is also expensive. The New York times, for example, charges $150,000 for a full-page AD.
Hold a rally and make a campaign speech. It costs tens of thousands of dollars just to rent and furnish the venue. Not to mention the incalculable economic costs such as time and delay.
Campaign travel expenses for the candidate, his aides and entourage, including airfare, hotel rooms, receptions and so on.
Expenses of the campaign headquarters and its staff. During the campaign, these workers were hard workers, running around in the rain and sunshine, advertising on the street, visiting homes, handing out leaflets, and so on. Many of them were "volunteers", but they were not allowed to offer themselves to others, and they were given allowances. That's another big expense.
It is the "law" of the campaign to "elevate oneself and disparage an opponent". The more intense the campaign, the more repeated propaganda, formalism, ostentation, "exaggerating yourself, belittling your opponent" and so on, the more wasteful it is.
The so-called "political turmoil" means that with the replacement of the ruling party, the policies and guidelines are not necessarily changed, resulting in heavy losses and waste.
First of all, it is not conducive to the implementation of the correct policy and policy, so that it is subject to undue interference, even interruption and "premature"; Second, it is not conducive to the accumulation, summary and inheritance of policy experience and lessons. Many valuable experience and lessons may be dismissed as "worthless" by their successors. Third, it leads to adverse consequences and negative effects. For example, George Bush senior left office with a budget deficit of $100 billion. Eight years of the Clinton administration not only covered all the deficits, but also left hundreds of billions of dollars in surplus. Arguably, George w. bush took office should seriously review succession Clinton's successful experience, however, the republicans have the republican traditional finance and economy idea, George w. bush goes back to the Reagan and bush's finance idea, would rather borrowed heavily to cut taxes, four years, America's deficit has been up to more than $four thousand, more than twice as high than the bush era.
George h.w. bush was friendly to China. During his presidential campaign, Bill Clinton lashed out at George h.w. bush, saying that his China policy was "kowtowing" and so on. After Clinton took office, he relaxed his policy toward Taiwan, which led to lee teng-hui raising his head and setting off the 1996 Taiwan missile crisis. Clinton had no choice but to adjust the China policy, and proposed the establishment of "strategic partnership" between China and the United States and the implementation of the "three no" policy on Taiwan. For a while, Taiwan independence forces have been more restrained.
When George w. bush was running for President, he lashed out at Clinton's China policy, saying that China was a "strategic competitor" to the United States and had "three improvements" in Taiwan. Results "SanDiGao embolden the Taiwan independence", Chen shui-bian has thrown the theory of "one country on each side", pursuing ", name, constitutional referendum ", etc., to cross-strait situation worse, have the danger of war, the bush administration had to declaring "oppose unilateral changes in the status quo in the Taiwan strait", "Taiwan is not independent country, it is a part of China", "" the Taiwan relations act does not require troops to defend Taiwan in the", etc. The specific reasons and backgrounds of the American policy toward China have varied, but one thing is clear. Such "efforts" will not benefit either China or the United States, nor will they have a positive impact on the situation in the asia-pacific region.
The other drawback of American bipartisan politics is that "everyone is a party" and "one son of heaven and one courtier".
Elected officials and members of parliament of the state are paid by all citizens and are "public servants" of all citizens. However, as a result of the implementation of two-party politics in the United States, elected officials and lawmakers have a strong partisanship. Whichever party comes to power, it will only appoint its own people. People of the opposite party will automatically resign and "make way", if they do not voluntarily resign, they will be removed and vacated. Every President, governor, and mayor is a great shift, regardless of their accomplishments.
Not to mention, every mayor, governor, and especially presidential candidate has his or her own inner circle, "staff" and even "staff". These confidants and "" headliners" "were his" "staff" "and" "campaign staff" "during the campaign. If you are elected, you will be rewarded for your accomplishments, assigned your duties and appointed.
Of course, elected presidents, governors and mayors are generally cautious about the appointment of officials in crucial positions. We must elect reliable and competent people, otherwise we will not be able to deliver our achievements or even "poke our holes". However, when it comes to the appointment of personnel who are not in an important position, it is not uncommon to see favoritism, cronyism and the phenomenon of taking the appointment as "rewards" and "rewards".

What is the American Juvenile Justice System

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- What is the American Juvenile Justice System，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的少年司法制度。青春期是指生命的一个阶段，它的外在表现为一个连续的年龄阶段。从本质上讲，它是指生命中心理和生理发展的一个特殊时期。从青春期在生活中的地位来看，青春期是人一生的基本时期。少年司法制度是成人社会对未成年人的特殊保护。它将未成年人犯罪纳入独立的司法程序，关注儿童的福利。

Adolescence refers to a period of life, which is externally manifested as a continuous age stage. In essence, it refers to a special period of psychological and physical development in life. From the position of adolescence in life, adolescence is the basic period of one's life. Juvenile justice system is a special protection given to juveniles by adult society. It puts juvenile delinquency into an independent judicial process and pays attention to the welfare of children.
As a result of the characteristics of young people, from the family up to the country are responsible for the growth and development of young people. Juvenile delinquency is not only their own responsibility, the state, society and family should bear the corresponding responsibility, but especially the responsibility of the state. The establishment of the juvenile justice system in the United States, from the initial "campaign to save the children", the movement makes the United States established the first juvenile court in the world - Illinois juvenile court, at the same time, the unattended, neglects discipline and offence young encounter and regulatory ordinance passed and effective, philanthropists and children's welfare home are supported by protecting the ideals of the youth was confirmed by law, as a result, the juvenile court in defending children's rights, protection established on the basis of the ideas of the young, and as a basis to develop and to form the system of juvenile justice in the United States.
The state parental right is gradually transformed from the parental right, which has experienced a process from the absolute dominance of parental right to the dominance of parental right, the state parental right as a supplement to the state parental right as a supplement.
The concept of state parental rights has three influences on the American juvenile justice system. Through the application of the concept of state parental rights, the intervention of the state in juvenile events has the legitimacy, and the juvenile justice system has jurisdiction over cases involving child welfare, which makes the juvenile justice system have the characteristics of welfare. The concept of parental rights of the state rejects the adoption of punishment for juveniles and advocates the treatment of juvenile delinquents by means of correction, which promotes the development of juvenile correction system in the juvenile justice system. National consortium philosophy pursuit of individualized, juvenile justice, the individualized is in order to realize the correction of juvenile and youth welfare requirements, it also makes the juvenile justice system and ordinary adult criminal justice system exclusion individualized punishment of pursuit is the essential difference between, but also established the American concept of individualized punishment of juvenile justice system.
The concept of children's innocence and public responsibility is established with the discovery of childhood and the formation of children's concept. Childhood is formed in the Renaissance to the enlightenment during this period, when people began to realize that the external environment has an important influence on children's growth, the childhood of children's physical and psychological development is not perfect, in the period of rapid development, need a lot of knowledge and experience from the outside world, adopted mainly rely on the behavior of the children's learning and imitation, if children to implement illegal and criminal behavior, so much to ask their growth environment and the education responsibility, this is the children's innocence and public responsibility concept of a process. "Children are innocent" supports that children can only be partially responsible for their behaviors, and that the environment in which they live and the people who conduct education should also be held responsible, which of course sets up another concept -- the concept of "public responsibility". It is because the childhood was found that children's characteristics are known, the formation of the transition, makes "young innocent" and "public responsibility" concept formation, and the formation of the two concepts, requirements for the implementation of the illegal crime of teenager is not treated as ordinary adult illegal and criminal, but using a special, in line with the youth quality system to deal with. Therefore, "children are innocent" and "the concept of public responsibility" is an important basis for the emergence of the American juvenile justice system, but also the juvenile justice system for the special protection of children.
The idea of individualization of social defense and penalty in American juvenile justice system is formed by the viewpoint of positivist criminal school.
In terms of social defense, the theory of positivist school of crime believes that the first thing to change is to regard punishment as a means of social defense, and to change the traditional concept of punishment as a pure punishment tool. Secondly, to realize the function of penalty as society, we should take eliminating the personal danger of criminals as the key point and enlarge the correction function of penalty. Thirdly, the improvement of social environment should be emphasized as a way to reduce crime. Finally, for those non-criminals who have physical danger, security measures should be taken to realize social control and social defense.
Positivist school of crime on the cause of crime and the view of social defense requires the realization of the individualization of punishment, so the idea of the individualization of punishment is the inevitable result of the formation of the concept of the cause of crime and the concept of social defense. Penalty individualization refers to the opposition to leave the actor's criminal behavior itself as the standard, to the division of the unified penalty, in accordance with the individual circumstances of the criminal division and the corresponding different penalties. So that criminals can return to the idea of society.
Based on the concept of individualized punishment, criminal positivism school criminal positivism school advocates separating the juvenile and adult illegal and criminal violation of criminal, set up independent institutions and juvenile courts judge, specialization, juvenile justice mechanism in order to avoid the young illegal criminal affected by adult illegal and criminal, at the same time set up independent juvenile correctional institutions, in order to achieve reduce juvenile criminal opportunities by bad influence, can be very good to prevent and reduce crime. This concept is very obvious in the American juvenile justice system, from the early shelter to the later community correction, which reflects the positivist school of crime this claim.

The effect of mental state on singing positive and negative

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The effect of mental state on singing positive and negative，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了心理状态对歌唱的影响。歌唱活动总是在一定的心理背景下进行的，心理对歌唱者总是有积极或消极的影响。培养良好的歌唱心理，需要建立适度的自信、高度的关注和坚强的意志力，使一部作品在这些方面得到充分的调整，才能轻松地完成。在声乐教学中，人们往往更注重歌唱的各种技能、技巧、情感表达等方面的训练，而容易忽视另一个重要问题，即心理素质对歌唱教学的作用和影响。从心理学的角度看，歌唱是一种情绪和情感的艺术，是歌唱者的内在思想和情感表达。

Singing is one of the manifestations of human activities, which is always carried out in a certain psychological background, and psychology always has a positive or negative impact on the singers. To cultivate a good singing psychology requires the establishment of moderate self-confidence, high attention and strong willpower, so that a work can be easily performed when fully adjusted in these aspects.
In vocal music teaching, people often pay more attention to the training of various skills, skills, emotional expression and other aspects of singing, while it is easy to overlook another important issue, that is, the role and influence of psychological quality on singing and teaching. From the point of view of psychology, singing is the art of mood and emotion, and is the inner thought and emotional expression of the singer.
The human brain governs all human activities, and the functions of the brain include the mind. Singing is a combination of various actions that are coordinated by human respiration, vocalization, resonance, language, hearing and so on. All these activities are controlled and coordinated by human's advanced nervous system, namely human brain, and are performed through the coordination of the whole. Singing needs to prepare the resonant cavity body, so that those muscles that can make the resonant sound in a stable state can coordinate activities with the vocal cords. They should be flexible and accurate, and learn to relax themselves at the same time. Therefore, the good and bad psychological state or quality of people in singing will play a very important and decisive role in the training, learning and the perfect singing effect. Therefore, we must set up correct ideas and concepts, cultivate good singing psychology, relax and be nervous, nervous and relaxed, which is an important prerequisite for learning singing and an important method for singers to grasp and practice hard.
There are many psychological factors related to vocal music singing, which are affected by everyone's personality, emotion, volitional songs and other aspects. The relationship between psychological factors and vocal music singing is discussed in the following aspects.
Psychologically speaking: personality is an important aspect of people's personality and psychological characteristics. In terms of personality characteristics, extroverted people are more lively, cheerful, active and communicative. This kind of personality people are not easy to develop stage fright for a long time. And introverted person, on the other hand, because the singers of the introverted, timid, is not a good performance in front of the public and to show their personality psychological characteristics, and the face of the people singing psychological stress in singing performance because the singer made a failure experience, after failure of reaction is very sensitive, fear a repeat in singing and ideological pressure big, form the psychological barrier singing. Most people who engage in vocal music are in the middle of both types.
The emotion of the singer - joy, anger, sadness, music and other aspects, directly or indirectly affect his vocal performance. Emotion is a subjective psychological activity based on physiology. When singing, the vocal organs of the singers are completely normal, but when they have abnormal emotions, it is difficult to sing a song successfully and completely. Therefore, emotion has a great influence on singing. Singers if you can keep the mood optimistic, of course, also have to have good professional skills, so that both together will be in high spirits, and even photographed, on the other hand because the singer to his own expectations too high, or vanity and other distractions, lest slip in singing and make the mental burden, cause psychological extremely nervous. Will bring about the mood of depression, play is bound to be lost in training at the right time. Therefore, when the emotion has the hindrance, the singer should correct the singing psychology, put aside all the thoughts that have nothing to do with singing, mobilize the positive emotion factor, try to adjust himself to the best singing state.
Will is the psychological quality of regulating and controlling one's actions. Will has a great influence on singing. In the field of vocal music performance, the most prominent performance is the singer's mental state. As mentioned above, there are some singer although have excellent singing skills, techniques, and sober mind, the thoughts and feelings expressed by the music will also be able to fully understand, but because of the will is not strong enough, thought too nervous, like a taut strings, with each stage or in class to highly tense mood, cannot play at normal levels. Over time, psychological barriers will form, even serious, which will inevitably affect normal singing. Therefore, in singing, we must combine the "conscious" control with the "subconscious" control that has a certain purpose and becomes a natural habit. In the usual singing training class, to strengthen the "subconscious" control of the training, the natural formation of the "subconscious" over time.
There is no doubt that the strength of confidence is closely related to a person's knowledge, skills, and proficiency. In the cultivation and exercise of good psychological quality of singing, the better psychological quality is also the motivation to develop skills and skills. People with professional vocal training tend to have more confidence than people without training, and people with high vocal skills tend to have more confidence than people with poor vocal skills. The more confidence, the more relaxed the mind, the higher the singing level; The less confidence, the more nervous the mind, the worse performance. Practice has proved that only when you master vocal music skills can you have confidence, have confidence and be calm and calm.
Before each performance, it is very important for the singers to prepare well and practice hard. In particular, they must be very skilled in the songs they want to sing. In addition, music should be added to the accompaniment, so as to achieve tacit cooperation with music or the accompaniment, so as to avoid the panic caused by the disconnection with music in singing. In particular, the singer must choose the right song according to his singing ability and vocal condition. Especially when performing on the stage for the first time, it is best to choose songs that are often sung, which are not difficult, familiar to the audience and have good singing effects. In the performance of skills, we should leave enough room for ourselves.
In addition, must strive to participate in the singing practice, so that they psychologically adapt to music performance environment. If you are ready to perform on the stage, you should not hesitate. As long as you are fully prepared, you should believe in yourself, relax your mind and body completely, remove unnecessary thoughts and worries, and establish the confidence that "I will sing successfully". And once you've had a successful performance, your confidence will build up and you won't be afraid of the stage. Therefore, we say that confidence is one of the spiritual strength and spiritual support for a person's success and one of the healthy psychological qualities.
In the process of singing performance, attention must be highly focused. In the scene of music, attention should always be focused on the emotional expression of the song. "Having me" is to create the character from the perspective of self, and to capture the image of the character "without me". It is to turn the singer into a character when entering the specified scene, and use the real feelings to reflect the character's emotions and emotions.
Strong will power is also the most powerful magic weapon to eliminate tension. It has been proved by practice that the strong-willed and brave people are more generous, decisive, calm and calm when they perform on the stage. They can be bold and open to perform. On the contrary, people with weak willpower and cowardice, when performing on the stage, will panic and hesitate, and their performance will be completely different from that of ordinary people. This shows that singing requires a strong will.
Most artists at home and abroad have a persistent pursuit and strong emotion for their career, which started from interest. It can be said that any successful singer is full of love for music and has a strong singing desire to pursue his goals. The strong desire of singing can make all parts of the function fully mobilize the excitement, what the singers think of is to express the thoughts and feelings of the song rather than the skills and techniques of vocal music. It can be said that singing from the heart and full of passion is the bridge to the highest level of vocal performance art creation, and it can also help you forget tension, restraint and cowardice. With a strong desire to sing, it is natural to dilute the tension of singing.
In the training and training of good psychological quality of singing, singing with emotion also plays an active role. Due to the excitement of the singing is a kind of art creation activity, so when the singer's voice and sincere emotion, and the feelings of work required to perform with his feelings, his facial expression will focus on singing without any other thoughts, all has nothing to do with the singing of anxiety, vanity, etc because of its reveling in the stage of art emotion and thrown in, so as to get rid of the psychological stress caused by physical tension, thus in the excited state of mind with ease to use their voice, sing a wonderful song.
In conclusion, a good mental state of singing plays a vital role in the study of vocal music. Only on the premise of a good mental state can the study of vocal music be conducive to mastering the skills and skills of singing. As an old saying goes, "to convey emotion with sound" and "to bring emotion with emotion" to achieve "to convey emotion with emotion", it is obvious that "sound" refers to the physiological performance of the finger, while "emotion" refers to the rich psychological activities. It can be seen that a good mental state of singing can not only enable us to better master vocal music skills, but also more correct, standardized and perfect performance of vocal music art.

Essay on language

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Essay on language，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了语言。语言是人类的重要组成部分，是人类交流的桥梁。有了正确的语言，人们就能恰当地表达自己的思想，从而缩短人与人之间的距离。语言在人类生活中是不可或缺的，但大多数人对语言的规律知之甚少。事实上，随着人类历史的推移，语言的数量和规模也在不断变化。在全球化进程中，强势语言迅速传播，弱势语言则随着语言功能使用者的不断减少而逐渐濒临灭绝。如何在各种语言中选择最通用的语言，如何在复杂的语言分布迁移中实现准确的结果预测，如果以上两个问题都得到了回答，结果是令人鼓舞的。本文建立了一个多因素连续语言种群模型，进行时间序列分析，应用logistic回归算法和随机梯度下降法得到模型解，并给出了结果分析。

Language is an important part of human beings and a bridge of human communication. With the right language, people can express their thoughts properly, which can shorten the distance between people. Language is indispensable in human life, but most people don't know much about the laws of language. In fact, the number of languages and the scale of languages are constantly changing with the passage of human history. In the process of globalization, strong languages spread rapidly, while weak ones gradually become endangered and die out with the declining number of speakers of language functions. How to select the most versatile among the various languages, how to achieve accurate result prediction in the intricate distribution transfer of language, and if the above two questions are answered, the results are encouraging. In this paper, we establish a multi-factor continuous language population model, carry out time series analysis, apply logistic regression algorithm and stochastic gradient descent to achieve the model solution, and give the result analysis.
In order to predict the language distribution and change trend, we established a model to predict the distribution of various language users over time and the number of language users changes within 50 years, and judged whether the languages in the list of top 10 languages were still in the top 10. In addition, the distribution of language is predicted and described in the context of the global population migration.
As shown in the figure, language users of a region can be divided into three states, and the changes of each state are given the state transition parameters. They constitute the basic model, and there is a state transition relationship between them.
In the continuous model, we use the transformation parameter to calculate the change of the number of speakers of each language in a region after a time step, and then predict the change of the number of speakers over time. The definition required for model parameters is given in figure 2.
As for the number of non-official speakers in the region, it can be seen that the conversion comes from people moving in from n-speaking countries and people who do not have a second language in the region.
Considering the different influences of political economy, culture and society in different regions, we introduced the transformation parameter ki and the judgment factor aN. Ki represents the influence of I district government promotion, school use and social pressure on the second language. If language N is the second language promoted by the local government, then aN=1 =1, otherwise 0. Therefore, we get formula B as follows:
Where possible, we use real data to provide appropriate estimates for these parameters. This method of providing parameters for parameters provides a real basis for language changes in the model.
As the implementation of the second language is mainly realized through education, which is positively correlated with education investment and the calculation formula obtained by referring to relevant literature, c is the influencing factor that integrates policy, social pressure and international trade
Since no reliable data can be used to determine C, their values are defined as anthropological data. This ensures that our model is accurate and allows C as part of the solution to provide predictions of language change in the world.
As time goes on, Chinese, English and punjabi occupies the proportion of increase gradually, we think that because of China's big population base, the new birth population is much, so to master the high proportion of Chinese and the language of the developed countries such as Britain, the United States is English, because of high international standing in the developed countries, the language high liquidity, most countries are willing to speak English as a second language. As punjabi is the common language of Africa, africans gradually began to explore the African market over time and began to learn punjabi.
In terms of the proportion of total language use, the proportion of Bengali has been decreasing continuously in the past 50 years, which has been kicked out of the top 10 languages and replaced by German. The reason is analyzed, and we believe that the number of German is higher due to the strong demand of German industrial production, good economic situation and positive attitude of the market.
Overall, European languages have been languishing, possibly because of Europe's low birth rate associated with an aging society.
In our analysis, we considered independent of the government, schools, social pressure influence on language, at the same time testing the birth rate and mortality rates change over time of three conditions: population growth, population constant, population growth, in the short term and the medium to longer term take different demographic change pattern, enables us to determine the factors underlying language change, analyze the practical significance of the language change to better improve our model, at the same time, we got the following qualitative conclusions.

Essay on British medical insurance system

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Essay on British medical insurance system，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的医疗保险制度。在英国，医疗体系主要以公共医疗服务为基础，辅以私人医疗服务。尤其是国民健康保险制度，是这个国家的骄傲。英国国民健康保险制度对英国所有公民开放，在英国合法居住半年以上的外国人也有权在英国诊所和医院享受免费医疗。在资金来源上，国家卫生服务有以下来源：中央财政投入、公民缴费、病人自费和参保人享受较高医疗服务的费用；国民医疗服务按预算毛额支付；享受条件和标准尊重，一般按规定支付费用，公民和家庭均可享受规定的医疗待遇。

In Britain, the medical system is mainly based on public medical services and supplemented by private medical services. The NHS, in particular, is the country's pride.
The NHS is open to all citizens in the UK, and foreigners who have been living legally in the UK for more than half a year are also entitled to free medical treatment in UK clinics and hospitals. In terms of sources of funds, the national health service has the following sources: central financial input, premiums paid by citizens, out-of-pocket expenses of patients and expenses paid by the insured for enjoying higher medical services; The NHS is paid on a gross budget basis; Enjoy condition and standard respect, general by regulation pay cost, citizen and family can enjoy the medical treatment that sets. In addition to the cost of dental surgery, vision tests and glasses, other expenses such as medical treatment and hospital stay are covered by the national health service, with individuals paying only a fraction of what they should be responsible for. Because the government is involved in the medical insurance system, low income and social vulnerable groups can also enjoy preferential treatment in terms of drug costs. In terms of the medical and health system, the United Kingdom adopts a hierarchical system, and there are three levels of health care institutions, and three levels of institutions are developed to provide medical services for British residents. In terms of management system, the UK adopts the uniform vertical management of the government for the NHS, and the ministry of health is the highest authority, which adopts the vertical leadership through regional health bureau and district health bureau, a total of three levels. In Britain, too, medicine is divided into clinics and hospitals.
In addition, private health services are complementary to universal health services and part of the UK's health care system. The service object of private medical treatment is the population with higher income and higher demand for medical service. British regulations allow the private sector to exist. Due to the existence of the NHS, the development of private medical services was limited at the beginning, but at present, due to the inefficiency of the NHS, many citizens also consider the private medical services, which has made it a substantial development.
China's medical security system needs to learn from the experience of the development of the British medical security system, alert the disadvantages of the British medical insurance system, and constantly improve and reform it.
From the point of view of the British healthcare system, the universal coverage of medical services is universal, the welfare level is high, and the operation of the NHS makes the government's financial burden too heavy. Benefits are rigid, and once set high, it is not easy to come down. From this aspect, it gives us an inspiration to establish a reasonable level of medical security in accordance with China's national conditions and reality. China has a large population and a vast territory. Although its economic development level is high in total, its per capita economic level is lower than that of the UK, which, in a certain sense, determines that China should establish a reasonable level of security. Level still needs with our country productivity level and the bearing capacity of each ginseng protect crowd to suit, want to proceed from actual, step by step raise level.
The distinctive feature of the British medical security system is that the government ACTS throughout the whole medical and health process, which has its obvious advantages. The government may reasonably allocate medical resources and fairly provide medical services for the whole population. In addition, the government can adjust the supply and demand of health services, and the unified allocation of medical funds to purchase medical services can effectively control the rise of medical costs. Therefore, China should strengthen management, assume the corresponding responsibility, intervene in the management of medical and health care, allocate medical resources, reasonably allocate medical resources, and improve fairness. Moreover, the government should take economic responsibility to increase subsidies and care for the elderly and other vulnerable groups and ensure that every citizen can enjoy the medical treatment they deserve.
The medical security system establishes the medical insurance fund an important goal is disperses the risk. Among them the scale of insurance fund is bigger, the anti - risk ability of insurance system is stronger. The British medical insurance fund is mainly the tax fund raised by the government by law, which is relatively undiversified. Therefore, the British government is under great financial pressure, and the government provides medical funds and pays wages, so the hospital staff are not highly motivated and the medical efficiency is low. Given the shortcomings of the UK, this should be a lesson for our country's health insurance fund. China should raise funds for medical insurance through multiple channels, relying on governments, enterprises and individuals to jointly raise funds and fulfill their responsibilities, so as to better demonstrate China's development of medical security towards the goal of universal medical insurance.
Britain's health-care system is fair but inefficient. China's medical security system should refer to its advantages, and in view of unfair treatment, it should speed up the establishment of a path to integrate the urban medical insurance, urban medical insurance and the new rural medical insurance system, which cannot be accomplished overnight. It should take into account China's national conditions and actual conditions, make overall plans and step by step promote the realization of universal medical insurance. One of the problems with Britain's health care system is that it is inefficient, hospitals operate inefficiently and their regulations are lax. In China, due to the lack of effective supervision mechanism, medical service institutions or designated medical insurance pharmacies have already appeared the situation of being independent, which has restricted the efficiency of medical service and wasted resources. We should learn from the British medical insurance system and establish a reasonable and effective service, management and supervision mechanism.