Marriage portrayed with arrogance and prejudice

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Marriage portrayed with arrogance and prejudice，本文讲述《傲慢与偏见》是简·奥斯丁（Jane Austin）撰写的最伟大的著作之一，故事背景是19世纪末在英国的乡村，当时人们对爱情有着极其保守和固执的观念。根据传统观点，就智力和能力而言，女性被认为不如男性，女性也被视为男性的依附。当时，人们预计婚姻将包括一个完全听话的妻子，妻子被迫待在家里，而她的职责是处理家庭事务，这意味着婚姻是否基于爱情是微不足道的。但是，简·奥斯汀通过充分展示自己的见解来批评这种对爱情和婚姻的看法。她在小说中描述了几种不同类型的婚姻，但其中特别强调了其中三种，包括：为了金钱而结婚，为了生存而结婚和为了爱情而结婚。
Marriage portrayed with arrogance and prejudice
Marriage portrayed with arrogance and prejudicePride and Prejudice is one of the greatest books written by Jane Austin, and the story was set in Britain’s countryside at the end of 19th century when people hold an extremely conservative and obstinate concept of love. According to the traditional view, women were considered to be inferior to men in terms of intelligence and capacity, and women were taken as men’s dependency as well. At that time, marriage was expected to consist of a completely obedient wife who was forced to stay at home and her role was to deal with household affairs, which means it seems that whether the marriage was based on love is insignificant. However, Jane Austin criticized this kind of view towards love and marriage by amply demonstrating her own opinion. She described several different types of marriages in her novel, but three of them were especially highlighted, including marriage for money, marriage for living and marriage for love.
Mrs. Bennet and Mr. Bennet’s marriage can be seen as a marriage for money. The story began when Mrs. Bennet had already got married with Mr. Bennet, while her view of love can still be gleaned from her statements and actions when she step in her daughters’ love and marriage. When Mr. and Mrs. Benet talked about their disagreement in their daughters, Mrs. Bennet said: If a smart young colonel, with five or six thousand a year, should want one of my girls I shall not say nay to him (P38). It seems that she was absolutely indifferent to whether her daughter loves this man or not, the only thing that matter to her is the fortune. Moreover, when Elizabeth refused Mr. Collins’ proposal, she cried: If you take it into your head to go on refusing every offer of marriage in this way, you will never get a husband at all--and I am sure I do not know who is to maintain you when your father is dead. I shall not be able to keep you (P161). In Mrs. Bennet’s mind, money always outweighed other elements, including her daughter’s lifetime happiness.
Liz’s friend Charlotte marries Mr. Collins for a living. The couple of Charlotte and Mr. Collins is very impressive due to the tremendous contrast existed in Charlotte. At the very beginning of the story, Charlotte regarded happiness in marriage as a matter of chance. When talking about Jane’s love with Mr. Bingley, she said: if the dispositions of the parties are ever so well known to each other or ever so similar beforehand, it does not advance their felicity in the least (P28-29). At this time, she emerged as a figure who craved for love and for a marriage with the emotional foundation. Nevertheless, she married with Mr. Collins out of a sudden with the reason ---- “I am not romantic, you know; I never was. I ask only a comfortable home; and considering Mr. Collins's character, connection, and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people can boast on entering the marriage state (P174).” Her view of love and marriage transformed form “chance” to “necessity”, and finally she became an ordinary housewife in her future life. Interestingly, what perfectly matched with her concept towards love was that of Mr. Collins. When he proposed to Elizabeth, he said: My reasons for marrying are, first, that I think it a right thing for every clergyman in easy circumstances (like myself) to set the example of matrimony in his parish; secondly, that I am convinced that it will add very greatly to my happiness; and thirdly--which perhaps I ought to have mentioned earlier, that it is the particular advice and recommendation of the very noble lady whom I have the honor of calling patroness (P146). Both of this couple treated their marriage as an ordinary process in their life, they may be courteous in their marriage, but they definitely cannot be happy and satisfied.
As an ideal female representative, Elizabeth’s marries Mr. Darcy for love. There was a huge difference between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy apparently, fortune and social status in particular. However, they were similar to each other in their deep inside. Mr. Darcy believed that: there is meanness in all the arts which ladies sometimes condescend to employ for captivation. Whatever bears affinity to cunning is despicable (P58). He despised all that was spurious in life, especially the false love, which Elizabeth described as “a slight, thin sort of inclination, I am convinced that one good sonnet will starve it entirely away”. Mr. Darcy held an attitude of openness, he did not deny his feelings of Elizabeth and he did not deny his inferiority of Elizabeth’s connections, like he himself said: disguise of every sort is my abhorrence (P261). Although Elizabeth may recognize Mr. Darcy as arrogant and unreasonable, the similarity between their views of love and marriage left a hint that they were attracted by each other secretly. Just like what Elizabeth said in the last chapter but one: The fact is that you were sick of civility, of deference, of officious attention. You were disgusted with the women who were always speaking, and looking, and thinking for your approbation alone. I roused, and interested you, because I was so unlike them (P514). Their marriage was based on true love, or to be more specific, was based on similar value and personality, and that is why a marriage can last long and diverting.
By a discussion and comparison of the three different views of love and marriage, it is clear that Jane Austin eulogized the marriage based on mutual understanding and true love. Integrating Pride and Prejudice with the historical background, Jane Austin expressed her challenge to the traditional view of love and marriage, and the real meaning of this book in modern society is to stimulate human beings to pursue true love and happy marriage life.
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Kangxi Empire

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Kangxi Empire，本文讲述自秦朝以来，原称“应政”的帝国称自己为帝国，这意味着他的功绩远远超过古代中国的“三个君主”和“五个皇帝”，因此沿袭了帝国制度[Genxian Quan]，试图在此讨论帝国制度。 《中国》，中国学术期刊电子出版社：48。]。帝国制度明确了排他性地位，并遵循这样的观点，即上帝赋予了帝国权力，每个人都应该服从帝国。中国历史上有数百个帝国，但并不是每个人都像康熙帝国那样辉煌，他是中国领土的成功捍卫者，也是在这几个伟大帝国中中国清朝政策的重要建立者。康熙是中国清朝的第四帝国。他出生于1654年5月4日，并在父亲顺治去世后成为第二个帝国[Spence，Jonathan D.（2002），“康熙皇帝：修订历史”，
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor#Early_reign]（关于康熙父亲的争议很多，但官方声称他的父亲在康熙继位之前去世了）1661年，他只有7岁。从那以后，他开始统治中国61年，这是所有帝国中最长的统治时间。他抓住了摄政王中最强大的Oboi并亲自控制了帝国。并压制了以吴三桂为首的“三藩”的起义。而且，通宁王国被击败，台湾成为清朝的一部分。他扩大了领土，并喜欢诸如数学，艺术等西方知识。总的来说，他被认为是中国历史上最伟大的帝国。
康熙七年就位，但实际权力由摄政王索南，苏克萨哈，埃比伦和奥博伊控制，后者由太后孝庄太后任命。在谋杀Suksaha之后，Oboi成为了唯一而强大的摄政王。 1669年，康熙在经过特工的八年剥削之后，逮捕了Oboi，并在他14岁时亲自控制了国家。

Kangxi Empire

Since Qin dynasty, the original empire “Yingzheng” named himself as empire, which means his credits were far more than Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors in ancient china, the empire system was followed[Genxian Quan,”A attempt to discuss the empire system in China”, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 48.].The empire system pinpoints the exclusive status and follow the opinion that the god endow the power to empire and everyone should obedient to the empire. There are hundreds of empire in china’s history, but not everyone is as brilliant as Kangxi Empire, he was a successful defender of Chinese territory and also an important establisher in Chinese Qing dynastic policies among those few great empires. Kangxi was the fourth empire of in Qing dynasty of China. He was born in 4 May 1654, and became the second empire after his father Shunzhi‘s death[Spence, Jonathan D. (2002), "Kangxi Emperor: Revision history",
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor#Early_reign](there are many disputes about Kangxi’ father, but the official claim is that his father died before Kangxi’ succession) When he was only 7 years old in 1661. Since then, he began to rule over china for 61 years which was the longest ruling time among all the empires. He caught Oboi who was the most powerful of the regents and took control of the empire himself. And repressed the revolt of Three Feudatories, which was dominated by WuSangui. What’s more, Kingdom of Tungning was defeated and Taiwan became one part of Qing dynasty. He expanded the territory and was fond of western knowledge such as math, artistic. In general, he was regarded as the greatest empire in China history.
Although Kangxi was enthroned at 7, the actual power was controlled by regents, Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun, and Oboi who was appointed by Grand Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang. Oboi became the sole and powerful regent after murdering Suksaha. In 1669, after eight years exploiting by agents, Kangxi arrested Oboi and actually controlled the countries personally when he was just 14 years old.
In terms of Kangxi’s achievement, military success was a big part of it. The first one is the suppression of three feudatories[ Spence, "Kangxi Emperor: Revision history".]. In 1673, the south general Shang Kexi retired with requesting that his son to inherit his power, which stimulated a debate about the Feudatories problems, Kangxi thought that if the general of the Feudatory owned too much power, which would threaten the court and decided to remove feudatories. At the same year, Wu Sangui launched rebellions in Yunnan in the name of “against the Qing Dynasty and supporting the Ming Dynasty”. With the spread of rebellions, Kangxi dispatched lots of army to suppress the riots and when Wu died in 1678 and three years later, the army of Qing defeated the revolt.
Secondly, in 1681, the Tungning in Taiwan had a coup, which became a threat to Qing Dynasty. With the suggestion of Yao Qisheng, Kangxi appointed Shi Lang to attack Tai wan. At the battle of Penghu, Qing defeated the Tungning and since then, Taiwan became part of Qing Empire. In the following years, Kangxi strengthened the management of Tai Wan, which motivated the economy development of TaiWan. However, there are lots of disputes on the importance of Taiwan in Qing dynasty[Li Kong, “the 22th years of Kangxi Reign: the status of Taiwan in Qing dynasty”, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 61-62.]. Today many experts like to strengthen the Taiwan problems by suggesting that Taiwan has been a very significant problem since Qing Dynasty. Apparently, the opinion is not convincing. During Kangxi’s reigning, lots of territory problems existed, like Mongolia was one of the biggest threatens in Qing Dynasty. Thus lots of army and weapons was used to suppress Mongolia while there was just a little part aimed to Taiwan problems.
Thirdly, the conflicts between Russian and Qing dynasty continued since late-Ming dynasty. In 1685, in order to remove the invasion army of Russia out of Qing Dynasty, Kangxi appointed general Sa Busu to carry out the mission. Although the mission was completed, the second year, Russia invaded Qing territory again. The battle between both sides ended with the victory of Qing dynasty. Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed in 1689, which symbolized the strong capacity of Qing Dynasty, by that means, Kangxi expanded Qing territory to a new level.
Fourthly, during Kangxi’s reigning, Mongolia became part of Qing dynasty. There are several departs and all of them submitted to Qing Dynasty or had an intimate relationship with Qing Dynasty at the beginning. Kangxi took different policies to Mongolia[Anli Chen, “the policies and measures of Qing dynasty to Mongolia, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 55.], such as giving titles, holding marriage between each other, encouraging the development of stock farming. On the one hand, a conflict between the Khalkha and the Dzungars over the influence of Tibetan Buddhism led to Galdan Boshugtu Khan who was the Dzungar chief’s attack to Khalkha. Besides, the support of the Russian made Galdan ambitious toward the invasion. When the Khalkha was defeated and they searched for help of the Qing dynasty at the cost of submission. In 1688, Kangxi began to dispatch army to suppress Dzungars and he also took part in the battle personally in 1696[Qimu,”the Kangxi empire who first conquer Mongolia in person”, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 128.], which showed that he thought highly of the Mongolia problems. After about 10 years’ conflict, in 1698, the Dzungars was defeated by Kangxi and Galdan was forced to commit suicide. Since then, although there were several conflicts, Qing Dynasty won the battles continuously and most parts of Mongolia became the territory of Qing dynasty.
Finally, the Tibet problems continued because of Dzungars who was a strong power which supposed to locate in Mongolia. The Dzungars threatened the Qing dynasty and invaded Tibet, took control of Lhasa and removed Lha-bzang from power. In 1717 and until 1720, Kangxi retook the Tibet and defeated the Dzungars.
Most of the contributions of Kangxi mentioned above are territory problems and actually, with the conquer of those borders, the territory of Qing dynasty was expanded, which demonstrates Kangxi’s skill in making war strategies and expert in battles. Next, other aspects will be included to indicate the great of Kangxi.
Economy lays foundation for the development of other activities including culture, politics and army construction. During reigning of Kangxi, we can see the rapid growth of economy from the following figures”[Spence, "Kangxi Emperor: Revision history". ].
1668 (7th year of Kangxi): 14,930,000 taels
1692: 27,385,631 taels
1702–1709: approximately 50,000,000 taels with little variation during this period
1710: 45,880,000 taels
1718: 44,319,033 taels
1720: 39,317,103 taels
1721 (60th year of Kangxi, second last of his reign): 32,622,421 taels
Since 1668, the fortune of Qing dynasty continued to grow, although in the later years of Kangxi’s reign, there came to declining trend, but the fewest fortune in 1721 was more than twice compared from that in 1668. Besides, Kangxi reformed a series of land system, peasants were given more farm lands to cultivate and peasants could pay less taxes to exploit the virgin land. Those policies stimulated peasants’ enthusiasm to produce more food, to solve the basic starving problems, which contributed most to economic growth.
Besides, Kangxi was interested in western culture, which contributed to the early relationship between China and Western countries. Apart from interested in astronomy, mathematics, advanced technology and especially art, Kangxi devoted to study those western cultures and promoted its spread. Jesuits played a large role in the impartial court and some of them was endowed a title, became important officers in China. Matteo Ripa (1682-1745) who as a court painter was an example among those Jesuits[Dingping Shen,” Father Matteo Ripa‘s activities in court and his relationship with Kangxi. China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 83-88]. In the early time of Qing dynasty, western art began to popular during not only court but also ordinary people. Kangxi ordered to select skilled westerners in Macao, and in a letter to Roma pope, he stated that” please send those who are expert in astronomy, medical, mathematics and art to severe our country”. Ripa was one of those westerners. Both Kangxi and Ripa showed respect to each other. Because of his excellence in western Western copper engraving works and oil painting and his respect towards Kangxi, he got more appreciation than other Jesuits such as the establishment of court paint studios and accompanied Kangxi to participate in lots of court events. Another priest said when he first met Kangxi empire” the great empire is very kindly to us, he insists that we should stay in the palace and serve us with the best tea, giving us 100 gold coins which are the best manners for Chinese.”[JingZhu,”Kangxi and French Jesuits”, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 109.]. And Jesuits actually contributed a lot to Qing dynasty, to some extent, Jesuits also respected and submitted to Kangxi, which made Kangxi tolerate the spread of Christianity in China. However, in the late year of reigning, the pope began to intervene the Politics of Qing dynasty, which made Kangxi resist Christianity for fearing of losing power. In a word, Kangxi was tolerant to foreign cultures and to some extent encouraged the spread of foreign cultures. On the one hand, Kangxi wanted those Jesuits to serve him and country by using their skills. On the other hand, in order to consolidate his reigning, he didn’t want the Christianity to have impact on his people[JingZhu,”Kangxi and French Jesuits”.]. The subtle emotions contributed a lot to the stability of the Qing Dynasty.
In addition, Kangxi really deserved the title of the best empire. He was hardworking in dealing with affairs of the state, and he cared for the hardships of the people. Kangxi knew deeply that corruption led to perish, thus he focused on three aspects to suppress corruption[Xiaorong He,”The discussion of Kangxi’s measure toward corruption” China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 32. ]. The earliest emphasized instructions and issuing of imperial decrees, the second stages reinforced the propaganda and punished severely a number of corrupted officials. In the last stage, there was more kniency in dealing with corruption reprimanding the defects of upright officials. In a word, Kangxi had his own limitations and his insistence on suppressing the corruption and advocating of uprights was praise worthy. With the instructions of Confucian ideology, Kangxi inherited the central government system with important modifications. He was good at appointing officials and made them loyal to him, he tried to use talents to support his reigning[Mingzhi Wang, “Kangxi’s expert in governing officials”, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 55-57.]. Moreover, he was a great commander, during battles with Dzungar, he was excellent taking part in the battles personally. Controlling the rivers was another merit he had done[ Deren Liu, ”Discussion of Kangxi’s merits in river controlling”, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House:57-62.]. Flooding was a serious problem in every dynasty. Thousands of lands and houses were destroyed, thousands of people lost their lives. By learning from teachers, books, introducing western ways to resist flooding, Kangxi made great progress in flooding control, which led to the stability of Qing dynasty. Because of his dedication, the Kangxi Dictionary which was a vast encyclopedia and an even vaster compilation of Chinese literature was finished. He also learned from western cultures and was expert in mathematics, appreciating the western oil painting.
In general, as the longest rulers whose reigning came to 61 years, Kangxi deserved to the honor” one of the greatest empire in Chinese history”. Since enthroned at 7, he began to face lots of challenges. Firstly, he arrested a powerful regents- Oboi and took control of whole country at young age. Then he suppressed the biggest rebellions which cause by Wusangui, defeating Mongolia and Tibetans, driving Russians out of Qing territory, unifying Taiwan as part of China, encouraging the spread of western technology, focusing on economic growth, caring for ordinary people, working hard to keep the stability of the Qing dynasty, all those merits were brilliant. Therefore, Kangxi consolidated the Qing dynasty in his successful 61 years ruling. He not only brought to China a prosperous dynasty, but also set down a strong bases for later rulers.















Bibliography
(1)Genxian Quan,”A attempt to discuss the empire system in China”,China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 48.
(2) Spence, Jonathan D. (2002), "Kangxi Emperor: Revision history",
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor#Early_reign
(3) http://baike.baidu.com/view/50252.htm?fromtitle=康熙&fromid=130006&type=search
(4) Li Kong, “the 22th years of Kangxi Reign: the status of Taiwan in Qing dynasty”, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 61-62.
(5)Anli Chen, “the policies and measures of Qing dynasty to Mongolia, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 55.
(6)Qimu,”the Kangxi empire who first conquer Mongolia in person”, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 128.
(7) Dingping Shen,” Father Matteo Ripa‘s activities in court and his relationship with Kangxi. China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 83-88.
(8)JingZhu,”Kangxi and French Jesuits”, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 109.
(9)Xiaorong He,”The discussion of Kangxi’s measure toward corruption” China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 32.
(10)Mingzhi Wang, “Kangxi’s expert in governing officials”, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 55-57.
(11)Deren Liu, ”Discussion of Kangxi’s merits in river controlling”, China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House:57-62.

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Introduction by Karl Pearson

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Introduction by Karl Pearson，本文讲述  卡尔·皮尔森（Karl Pearson）本身就是一门严肃的科学学科，是统计学早期发展的主要参与者。他于1911年在伦敦大学学院成立了应用统计系（现为统计科学系）。它是世界上第一个大学统计系。目前的统计科学和计算机科学系，以及生物学和人类学的物理方面的遗传学和生物统计学小组，都是他对UCL留下的遗产的一部分。
  卡尔·皮尔森（Karl Pearson）于1857年3月27日出生于伦敦。卡尔·皮尔森（Karl Pearson）的母亲范妮·史密斯（Fanny Smith）和父亲威廉·皮尔森（William Pearson）都来自约克郡。威廉曾是内殿的大律师：他是一个才华横溢的人，具有非凡的精神和体力，并对历史研究特别感兴趣，他的儿子也表现出了一些特征（H M Walker）。
  威廉和范妮给他们的第二个孩子卡尔取了个名字，直到23岁时，他才改用卡尔。

Introduction by Karl Pearson

Biograph
Karl Pearson was a major player in the early development of statistics as a serious scientific discipline in its own right. He founded the Department of Applied Statistics (now the Department of Statistical Science) at University College London in 1911; it was the first university statistics department in the world. The present departments of Statistical Science and Computer Science, as well as the Genetics and Biometry group in Biology and the physical side of Anthropology are all part of his legacy to UCL.
Karl Pearson was born in London on the 27th March 1857. Karl Pearson's mother Fanny Smith and his father William Pearson were both from Yorkshire families. William was a barrister of the Inner Temple:He was a man of great ability, with exceptional mental and physical energy and a keen interest in historical research, traits which his son also exhibited(H M Walker).
William and Fanny named their second child Carl and he used this name until he was about 23 years old when he changed the spelling to Karl.
Karl, together with his one older brother and one younger sister, were brought up in an upper-middle class family. After being educated at home up to the age of nine years, he was sent to University College School, London. He studied there until he was sixteen, but he was then forced to leave due to illness. A private tutor was engaged to teach him at home and he took the Cambridge Scholarship Examinations in 1875 and, coming second in the examinations, he won a scholarship to King's College.He was educated privately at University College School, after which he went to King's College Cambridge to study mathematics. He then spent part of 1879 and 1880 studying medieval and 16th century German literature at the universities of Berlin and Heidelberg - in fact, he became sufficiently knowledgeable in this field that he was offered a post in the German department at Cambridge University.
Karl Pearson was born in London on the 27th March 1857. He was educated privately at University College School, after which he went to King's College Cambridge to study mathematics. He then spent part of 1879 and 1880 studying medieval and 16th century German literature at the universities of Berlin and Heidelberg - in fact, he became sufficiently knowledgeable in this field that he was offered a post in the German department at Cambridge University.
His next career move was to Lincoln's Inn, where he read law until 1881 (although he never practiced). After this, he returned to mathematics, deputizing for the mathematics professor at King's College London in 1881 and for the professor at University College London in 1883. In 1884, he was appointed to the Goldshmid Chair of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics at University College London. 1891 saw him also appointed to the professorship of Geometry at Gresham College; here he met W.F.R. Weldon, a zoologist who had some interesting problems requiring quantitative solutions. The collaboration, in biometry and evolutionary theory, was a fruitful one and lasted until Weldon died in 1906. Weldon introduced Pearson to Francis Galton, who was interested in aspects of evolution such as heredity and eugenics, and this was another very rewarding partnership, more for the developments in statistics it led to than for the eugenics, some of which is rather problematic for a modern reader with knowledge of subsequent developments.
Galton died in 1911 and left the residue of his estate to the University of London for a Chair in Eugenics. Pearson was the first holder of this chair, in accordance with Galton's wishes. He formed the Department of Applied Statistics, into which he incorporated the Biometric and Galton laboratories. He remained with the department until his retirement in 1933, and continued to work until his death in 1936.
Pearson married Maria Sharpe in 1890, and between them they had 2 daughters and a son. The son, Egon Sharpe Pearson, succeeded him as head of the Applied Statistics Department at University College.
Aside from his professional life, Pearson was active as a prominent free thinker and socialist. He gave lectures on such issues as "the woman's question" (this was the era of the suffragette movement in the UK) and upon Karl Marx. His commitment to socialism and its ideals led him to refuse an OBE (Order of the British Empire) when it was offered in 1920, and also a Knighthood in 1935.
Contributions to statistics
Pearson's work was all-embracing in the wide application and development of mathematical statistics, and encompassed the fields of biology, epidemiology, anthropometry, medicine and social history. In 1901, with Weldon and Galton, he founded the journal Biometrika whose object was the development of statistical theory. He edited this journal till his death. He also founded the journal Annals of Eugenics (now Annals of Human Genetics) in 1925.He published the Drapers' Company Research Memoirs largely to provide a record of the output of the Department of Applied Statistics not published elsewhere.
Pearson's thinking underpins many of the `classical' statistical methods which are in common use today. Some of his main contributions are:
(1)Linear regression and correlation
Pearson was instrumental in the development of this theory. One of his classic data sets involves the regression of sons' height upon that of their fathers'. Pearson built a 3-dimensional model of this data set (which remains in the care of the Statistical Science Department) to illustrate the ideas. The Pearson correlation coefficient is named after him.
(2)Classification of distributions
Pearson's work on classifying probability distributions forms the basis for a lot of modern statistical theory; in particular, the exponential family of distributions underling the theory of Generalized Linear Models.
And there are more examples of his contributions:
(3)Correlation coefficient.
The correlation coefficient (first conceived by Francis Galton) was defined as a product-moment, and its relationship with linear regression was studied.
Method of moments. Pearson introduced moments, a concept borrowed from physics, as descriptive statistics and for the fitting of distributions to samples.
(4)Pearson's system of continuous curves.
A system of continuous univariate probability distributions that came to form the basis of the now conventional continuous probability distributions. Since the system is complete up to the fourth moment, it is a powerful complement to the Pearsonian method of moments.
(5)Chi distance.
A precursor and special case of the Mahalanobis distance.
(6)P-value.
Defined as the probability measure of the complement of the ball with the hypothesized value as center point and chi distance as radius.
(7)Foundations of the statistical hypothesis testing theory and the statistical decision theory.
In the seminal "On the criterion..." paper,Pearson proposed testing the validity of hypothesized values by evaluating the chi distance between the hypothesized and the empirically observed values via the p-value, which was proposed in the same paper. The use of preset evidence criteria, so called alpha type-I error probabilities, was later proposed by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson.
(8)Pearson's chi-squared test.
A hypothesis test using normal approximation for discrete data.
(9)Principal component analysis.
The method of fitting a linear subspace to multivariate data by minimizing the chi distances.
(10)In the course of his studies of race, Pearson devised a Coefficient of Racial Likeness, calculated from several measurements of the human skull.
References
E S Pearson, Karl Pearson : An appreciation of some aspects of his life and work II, Biometrica29 (1938), 161-247.
E S Pearson, Some early correspondence between W S Gosset, R A Fisher and Karl Pearson,Biometrika 55 (1968), 445-457.
H M Walker, Karl Pearson, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences XI (New York, 1968), 496-503.
K Pearson, Old Tripos days at Cambridge, as seen from another viewpoint, Mathematical Gazette 20 (1936), 27-36.
Karl Pearson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Pearson
M Greenwood, Karl Pearson, Dictionary of National Biography, 1931-1940 (London, 1949), 681-684.

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History of China's tourism industry

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- History of China's tourism industry，本文讲述改革开放之前，中国的旅游业规模很小，主要集中在外交事务上。改革开放后，中国的旅游业开始以惊人的速度蓬勃发展。它已成为推动经济发展的主力军和工业的重要支柱。近年来，国内旅行和国际旅行的数量均猛增。 1982年，中国只有180万外国游客，占世界的0.7％，在世界上排名47。但是，这种情况在几年中发生了很大变化。 2002年，国内旅行达到8.78亿人；外国游客达到9,991万人，中国人出国旅游达到1,700万。具体来说，中国旅游业的整个过程分为三个阶段。

History of China's tourism industry

Before reform and opening up, the scale of China’s tourist industry was very small and it mainly focused on foreign affairs. After reform and opening up, China’s tourism began to boom at an astonishing speed. It has become a main force driving the development of economy and an important pillar of the industry. The number of both domestic travel and international travel soars in recent years. In 1982, there were only 1.8 million foreign travelers to China, which accounts for 0.7% of the world, ranking 47 in the world. However, this situation greatly changed in several years. In 2002, domestic travel has reached 878 million people; foreign travelers have reach 97.91 million, and Chinese people traveling abroad has reached about 17 million. Specifically , there are three stages during the whole process in China’s tourist industry.

In the early years, with the victory of the Korean War and the rapid recovery of the national economy, great achievements were made and new China's growing international prestige was paid attention. This not only prompted the requirement for a growing number of international friends to look at China's new face at the initial stage, but also the majority of overseas Chinese, Hong Kong and Macao compatriots would also like to return to visit relatives and friends. In order to meet the needs of such situation, the found of travel agencies, travel business was referred to carry out the country's affairs agenda.

With the development of China, the CPC Central Committee put forwarded the document to vigorously carry out tourism,and the State Council decided to invest in 360 million RMB to build tourist hotels, to purchase of vehicles and other transportation facilities to expand the reception capacity and to increase foreign exchange earnings for the country. The consequence is that these decisions effectively promoted the development of tourism. In 1978, the country's total number of inbound tourism reached 1,809,000 (of which 230,000 foreign tourists), breaking the previous record .

In modern China,tourism receive more attention and more measures were taken to improve the development of tourism such as rectifying the tourism market to improve the quality and competitiveness and accelerating the transition to a modern service industry. All this shows a bright future of tourist industry. China has turned out to be an great tourism country in both Asian region and the world.

There are several reasons contributing to the prosperity of tourism in China.First, attributed to the reform and opening policy, the living standard in China has been remarkably improved and traveling has become a symbol of being well-off. Increasing population has more chances to accept the popularity of the new staff outside. Just at this time, this policy accelerate the communication inside and outside and people could receive the most modern and trendy thoughts from the developed and the west countries.

Second, after entering the WTO, all industries in China has gained more chance to get in touch with the international community, including the tourism. Under this circumstance, tourist industry has a better environment to strengthen itself. With more foreign capital, the domestic tourism financing channel will be wider and new tourist attractions, scenic and projects will be endless. The exploration of domestic tourism resources will gradually increase with increasingly rich tourism products.

Third, China’s increasing international status and strengthening power also help to facilitate the development tourist industry. Traditionally ,it seems that China was neglected due to lagging economy and powerless international influence. No one believe that it is worthy to spend a treasure and their precious time to travel to a lagging country. However, as China increasingly catches the eyes of the world, the international community starts to be interested in China and more people pour more passion to travel in China and to appreciate its deeply rooted culture and history.

Fourth, as tourist industry gradually turns out to be a main driving force of China’s economy, Chinese government redoubles efforts to push forward the tourism. More capital was invested in the exploration of the tourist attractions , the improvement of the traffic( such as the road 、the subway、the railway and the air) , the infrastructure and the reception facilities (such as the shuttle bus and some emergency clinic). All of the reflect a fact that the tourism is receiving an increasingly significant attention in China, especially for the Chinese government.

Fifth, Modern information technology has become an important driving force to affect human life and economic activity. The rapid development and application of information technology has a profound impact for the future development of tourism---the information-based industries. Through the use of information technology, we can easily access more information on all aspects to arrange our own itinerary and to travel in a more scientific way. More importantly, it could provide internship scientific management, reduce operating costs and increase labor efficiency. Also, the information technology helps to improve the quality of tourism services, tourism product development, and innovative business philosophy to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises and accelerate the pace of structural adjustment. All of them do a lot favor to the development of tourism in China in the long run.

Sixth, Major event activity has increasingly become an important way to develop tourism, inspiring tourism economy. This is because such activities not only focus on the spread of mass media coverage but also rapidly improve the visibility and reputation of a tourist destination, thereby greatly enhancing tourism attractiveness and distinctive image of the city, by which i mean the social and economic significance , to some extent, is obvious.For example, the Olympic Games hold in the capital city of China, Beijing not only brought a treasure for this city in terms of hotels, restaurants and some related caring service industries but also improved the reputation of Beijing globally.


Source:
(1)A Brief Introduction of China’s Tourist Industry,
http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=8DpHESvcJRBn3a4V0CVi9TXIpmLVa8erY988SkIyuR-E8ReCSigdt8UNO84sov6_8YI9JL0TmYn4tclIzjAzJfpGt_426dfB5taHB8QIqHa

http://wenku.baidu.com/link?url=KPr992-KpPwaD04x8ZreHtx2eGAvSpEqlf1z0wZlYcaRwEa2enuq1MSOWqUz9xfp0o5KUd_TYZ0WPmRb3B5PWV8uO_uaNXcSWgGYCgj_KFq

(2) Development Situation of China’s Tourist Industry,
http://www.82222919.com/list_news/32pk0245.html



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Famous war history

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Famous war history，本文讲述罗伯特·麦克纳马尔（Robert McNamar）：“美国前国防部长兼世界银行行长，是越南战争的现场指挥官和坚决支持者，越南战争始于1959年，至1975年结束，导致58,000多名美国士兵死亡，其中包括不仅在美国，而且在世界历史上对战争的特殊而痛苦的记忆。战后他的积极支持引起了整个社会的许多批评。他开始反思自己在老年时的行为，死于2009年6月6日。”

Famous war history

Robert McNamar—“Former Secretary of Defense of the United States and president of the world bank, a field commander and strong supporter of Vietnam War which began in 1959 and ended in 1975 and led to over 58,000 American soldiers’ death, which consist of a special and painful memory of war not only in American but world history. His positive support got many critics of the whole society after war. He began to reflect on his actions in his older age, died in 6th Jane 2009.”

John F. Kennedy-“35 president of America from 1961 to 1963 when he was assassinated in 22th November in Dallas, the only one president who believed in Catholic and won a Pulitzer Prize. He was regarded as one of the greatest presidents in America and got the highest support of American people. His death have a significant influence on the trend of American politics and history.

Fidel Castro-“former chairman of State Committee, president of Ministers, first secretary of the Communist Party in Cuba, who believed in communist. He launched armed uprising against the dictatorial regime of Fulgencio Batista in 1953 and was captured. During exile, he found uprising army and revolution. And he toppled the dictatorial regime in 1959 and set up Communist Party. He is honored all over the world especially Latin Americans for struggling what he believes.

Cuban Missile Crisis-“a severe political and military missile crisis between America, Russia and Cuba during cold war period in 1962. As two super powers, America and Russia had different economy and political policies which made them become the opponent, both actions included the missile strategies to defeat each other immediately. The tense relationship between America and Cuba urge Cuba asked Russia for help. With the transport of the missiles to Cuba, the relationship between America and Russia became unprecedented tense which put the world into a missile crisis. Finally, two super powers came to an agreement that Russia carried missiles in Cuba back and America stopped invasion to Cuba and also transported missiles back in Turkey.

“Domino Theory-“a psychology effect, similar to butterfly effect, which means in an interconnected system, a small energy will cause a series chain effect and finally has an big effect on the system in general. The theory has been applied to many areas to explain the correlated Phenomenon.”

Vietnam War-“a war mainly happened in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia were also affected from 1955 to 1975. With the support of those anti-communist super powers like America, South Vietnam launched a war to North Vietnam and Vietnam Communist Party which was supported by Communist Party like China. Finally, America was defeated and the Vietnam achieved its unification. Vietnam War is the most significant war after Cold War.

Cold War-“a long-term political and military conflict between North Atlantic Treaty Organization led by America and the Warsaw Treaty Organization led by Russia from 1947 to 1991. During that period, the two superpowers competed with each other using cold ways like technology competence, arm races rather than causing world wars. With collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991and breakdown of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 2006, the cold war came to end. People get lots of lessons from cold war such as group politics and crisis control. The end of the cold war symbolizes that the world come into a more developing state after division and reconstruction for a century.

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