共通テスト英語はセンター試験英語と比較して大幅に量が増えたものの、読解力と聴解力があれば確実に点が取れる試験です。そのためには、語彙と語順を身につけることが欠かせません。
センター試験の過去問から共通テスト英語攻略のための整序＆英英挟み撃ち問題をお届けします。整序問題は文意が通じるように並べて、英英挟み撃ち問題は青字の英英定義を参照して単語を文脈に合う形に完成させてください。青字の英英定義はすべて大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語に収録されたものです。
英英辞典に普段から親しんで和訳せずに理解できる部分を増やしていくと、共通テスト英語で時間が足りないという悩みを大幅に解消できます。
1995-(5)改題
□We ①sur---- 【to continue to live in spite of difficult circumstances】 by controlling our environment, and control is made possible by information. If we lack this, we feel insecure and ②(that / come / feel / to) any knowledge is better than none. In an experiment, white rats repeatedly had to choose path A or path B. They always had a 50% chance of finding food in a box at the end of each path. But on path B, just before the box, there was a signal ③(whether / not / indicating / or) food was present. After some days of training, all the rats developed a preference for path B, the side where they ④obt---- 【to get something】 information.
□Humans show the same sort of preference for knowledge about an ⑤out---- 【the final result of an action or event】 which is uncertain but unavoidable. Our ⑥anx---- 【the feeling of being very worried that something is going to happen】 about the future can be so great that bad news is preferable to an absence of information. Regardless of the nature of the news, and in spite of the fact that we get no ⑦adv---- 【something that helps you to be more successful】 from it, we would prefer to know and thus reduce our insecurity. There can hardly be a more inaccurate saying than “No news is good news.”
□And yet people do not always demand a state of complete certainty. Indeed much ⑧(human beings / our success / of / as) is based on our ability to cope with environmental changes and our tendency to seek out new and challenging experiences. The popularity of pastimes such as mountaineering and motor racing is ⑨evi---- 【the facts or objects which cause you to believe that something exists or is true】 of man's need for some uncertainty and risk. Nevertheless, when these reach too high a level, we once more desire to have information about the future and a ⑩(control / of / over / feeling) it.
解答)①survive②(come to feel that)③(indicating whether or not)④obtained⑤outcome⑥anxiety⑦advantage⑧(of our success as human beings)⑨evidence⑩(feeling of control over)
【全訳】
□私たちは環境をコントロールすることで生き残り、情報によってコントロールが可能になる。これがないと、不安になり、どんな知識でも何もないよりはましだと感じるようになる。実験では、ラットは繰り返し経路Aまたは経路Bを選択する必要があった。彼らは常に各経路の終わりにある箱の中の食べ物を見つける可能性が50％あった。しかし、経路Bの箱の直前に、食べ物が存在するかどうかを示す信号があった。数日間の訓練の後、すべてのラットは、情報を得た側である経路Bを好むようになった。
□人間は、不確実であるが避けられない結果についての知識に対して同じ種類の好みを示す。将来に対する私たちの不安は非常に大きいので、情報がないよりも悪いニュースが望ましい。ニュースの性質に関係なく、そして私たちがそれから利益を得られないという事実にもかかわらず、私たちは知って不安を減らすことを好む。「ニュースないのは良いニュース」ということわざほど不正確なものはない。
□それでも、人々は常に完全な確実性の状態を要求するわけではない。実際、人間としての成功の多くは、環境の変化に対処する能力と、新しく挑戦的な経験を模索する傾向に基づいている。登山やモーターレースなどの娯楽の人気は、ある程度の不確実性とリスクに対する人間の必要性の証拠である。しかしながら、これらが高すぎるレベルに達すると、私たちはもう一度未来についての情報とそれを支配する感覚を持ちたいと思う。
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は上記長文中の語彙を以下のように網羅的にカバーしています。
1995-(5)
□We survive by controlling our environment, and control is made possible by information. If we lack this, we feel insecure and come to feel that any knowledge is better than none. In an experiment, white rats repeatedly had to choose path A or path B. They always had a 50% chance of finding food in a box at the end of each path. But on path B, just before the box, there was a signal indicating whether or not food was present. After some days of training, all the rats developed a preference for path B, the side where they obtained information.
□Humans show the same sort of preference for knowledge about an outcome which is uncertain but unavoidable. Our anxiety about the future can be so great that bad news is preferable to an absence of information. Regardless of the nature of the news, and in spite of the fact that we get no advantage from it, we would prefer to know and thus reduce our insecurity. There can hardly be a more inaccurate saying than “No news is good news.”
□And yet people do not always demand a state of complete certainty. Indeed much of our success as human beings is based on our ability to cope with environmental changes and our tendency to seek out new and challenging experiences. The popularity of pastimes such as mountaineering and motor racing is evidence of man's need for some uncertainty and risk. Nevertheless, when these reach too high a level, we once more desire to have information about the future and a feeling of control over it.
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は、８００の例文と大学受験生向けに新作した８００の英英定義文の中に２０００語以上の共通テストのキーワードになる英単語・熟語を網羅的に組み込み、以下のような四択問題２００問と英英挟み撃ち問題８００問からなる練習問題にしました。
①obey【oubéi】(Ex:Should soldiers always *obey orders?)
②pray【préi】(Ex:We *prayed for peace.)
③melt【mélt】(Ex:What is the best way to *melt snow?)
④select【silékt】(Ex:He was *selected for the Japan National Team.)
(A)to cause something to change from solid to liquid
(B)to do what you are told to do
(C)to speak to a higher being in order to give thanks or to ask for help
(D)to choose someone or something carefully from among others
①obey【従う】(Ex:兵士はいつでも命令に従うべきなのだろうか)
②pray【祈る】(Ex:われわれは平和のために祈った)
③melt【溶かす】(Ex:雪を溶かす一番いい方法は何だろうか)
④select【選ぶ】(Ex:彼は日本代表チームに選ばれた)
(A)何かを固体から液体に変化させること
(B)言われたことをすること
(C)感謝を捧げたり助けを求めたりするためにより高い存在に話しかけること
(D)誰かあるいは何かを他の中から注意深く選ぶこと
解答）①B②C③A④D
①Should soldiers always obe------- orders?
【to do what you are told to do】
②We pra------- for peace.
【to speak to a higher being in order to give thanks or to ask for help】
③What is the best way to mel------- snow?
【to cause something to change from solid to liquid】
④He was sel------- for the Japan National Team.
【to choose someone or something carefully from among others】
解答）①obey ②prayed ③melt ④selected
予備校の授業で採用したところ、共通テスト試行 調査問題の正解率が5割以下だった受験生が半年弱で8~9割正解できるまでの 成果が出ています。
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語に準拠した共通テストキーワード８００語を定義→単語→例文の順で英語字幕を見ながら書き取る穴埋め式ディクテーション用紙は無料提供しています。
毎日２０～３０分×５０日で、A４表裏５０枚の穴埋めを完成させて
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語で意味を確認すると英語力は飛躍的に向上します。
以下は英語字幕を表示できる無料画像と穴埋め式ディクテーション用紙のサンプルです。穴埋め式ディクテーション用紙をプリントアウトしてスマホでQRコードをなぞると画像が表示され、数秒で消える英語字幕を速読する訓練を通して読解力も養成できます。
ー視聴するだけでみるみる語彙力が伸びるー大学入学共通テスト 英英直読英単語・熟語(753)～(768)
(753)the ( ) that is ( ) to someone or something
by newspapers, magazines, television, etc. ＝( )
She received a lot of ( ) after her ( ) in the film.
(754)a ( ) of natural ( )
that is ( ) to look at＝( )
Using the beautiful ( ) of our town in more ( ) ways would encourage people to come and live here.
(755)the people or animals ( )( )( ) a particular place＝( )
Antarctica is the only continent on Earth without ( ) human ( ).
(756)a ( ) of something that is a ( ) of the ( )
＝( )
The ( ) of Americans who do not tip in restaurants
is ( ) to be less than 2 percent.
(757)able to ( ) good judgements ( )( )( )
rather than ( )＝( )
It would have been more ( ) to save) money than to spend it all on clothes.
(758)very good, beautiful, or ( )＝( )
The mountains of North Carolina ( )( ) views.
(759)able to be ( ) or ( )＝( )
( ) websites are the ones that are updated regularly and do not have any ( ) information.
(760)important and very ( )＝( )
Two ( ) sources of noise ( ) are construction and transportation.
(761)to ( ) loudly with a lot of ( ),
often ( ) damage or injury＝( )
A bomb has ( ) outside the Greek parliament in Athens.
(762)to ( )( ) the most important facts or
( ) of something＝( )
Is ( ) books a copyright ( )?
(763)to ( )( )( ) something＝( )
Emotional and physical hunger are both ( ) of emptiness which you try to ( ) with food.
(764)to ( ) someone to lose ( ) to do something
＝( )
Further ( ) in the price of gasoline would ( )
him from driving his car.
(765)to ( ) something＝( )
The need to ( ) and ( ) employee productivity is a reality no business can ( ).
(766)to be the most ( ) or ( ) part of something
＝( )
Occupations in which women workers ( )
tend to ( ) lower in ( ) of earnings.
(767)to ( ) an ( )( ) someone or something after thinking about them carefully＝( )
It is necessary that teachers ( ) a student's ability from ( ) aspects.
(768)to ( ) the examinations that are ( ) to do a particular profession＝( )
I am studying hard to ( ) as a ( ) public accountant.
ー視聴するだけでみるみる語彙力が伸びるー大学入学共通テスト 英英直読英単語・熟語(769)～(784)
(769)a ( ) of people of the same ( ), and with the same language, customs, and ( ), especially in a ( ) country＝( )
How does deforestation affect ( )( ) in the Amazon rainforest?
(770)the ( ) that ( ) someone or something different from others
＝( )
It has long been thought that one of the ( )
which ( ) humans from other animals is the ability to ( ).
(771)the most important thing that you have to ( )( )
＝( )
People with serious illness have other ( )
( ) simply ( ) their lives.
(772)an angry ( ) or ( ) between two or more people
＝( )
( ) after a ( ) is not always easy.
(773)money ( ) from someone who is ( )
for doing something ( )＝( )
If the train you are travelling on is delayed, you are ( ) to ( ).
(774)the ( ) of ( ) from one ( ) to another
＝( )
The ( ) to an industrial society started in the 18th century,
largely ( ) by ( ) in science and technology.
(775)a ( ) good way of ( )＝( )
God will certainly reward ( ) and punish ( ).
(776)a ( ) of being very ( )＝( )
Muscle ( ) is a normal ( )( ) of exercise.
(777) ( ) or ( ) in large quantities＝( )
Japan used to be famous for its ( ) supplies of clean, fresh water.
(778) ( ) or unreasonable＝( )
He says he was taken by aliens, but no one believes such a ( ) story.
(779)able to ( )( ) new and ( ) ideas＝( )
Our coach is ( ) and often ( )( )( ) new plans.
(780)behaving in a ( ) and ( ) way＝( )
I believe we're ( ) enough to use a computer appropriately.
(781)to ( ) that something will ( )＝( )
( ) the demand for the products and services that your business offers ( ) many factors.
(782)to officially ( ) your marriage ( ) your ( )＝( )
What ( ) the couples who choose to ( ) married
from those who choose to ( )?
(783)to ( ) something ( ) in order to ( ) it
＝( )
Genetically ( ) food is food produced from plants or animalswhose DNA has been ( ) through genetic engineering.
(784)to ( ) something＝( )
I could not ( ) meeting him ( )( ).
ー視聴するだけでみるみる語彙力が伸びるー大学入学共通テスト 英英直読英単語・熟語(785)～(800)
(785)to ( ) that something is ( ) true＝( )
Freud ( ) that laughter releases ( )
and ( ) mental frustration.
(786)to ( ) someone ( ) doing something ( ),
especially something that is not very ( )＝( )
Some have ( ) that lying can never be ( ) under any circumstances.
(787)to ( ) that you have been ( )
and will ( ) fighting＝( )
The robber finally ( ) and ( ) his hostage.
(788)to ( ) an action or a process ( ) or more ( )
to happen＝( )
The role of the interpreter is to ( )
( ) communication between people who use different languages.
(789)actions or opinions that ( ) your strong ( )
with a plan or ( )＝( )
( ) to United States ( ) in the Vietnam War began with demonstrations in 1964.
(790)one half of the ( ) or ( )＝( )
People in mild climates in the northern ( ) sometimes experience periods of very hot and ( ) weather.
(791)a ( ) service or other ( ) that is always performed in the same way＝( )
Shinto festivals generally ( )( )( )
with joyful celebration.
(792)a ( )( )( ) you look at something＝( )
Whether it's a still shot or a movie, camera ( )( )
the look, feel and mood of that story.
(793)an idea which ( ) to ( ) something
but has yet to be ( ) to be ( )＝( )
Conducting an experiment without a ( ) is like starting a road trip just ( ) the ( ) of driving.
(794)the ( ) made by many people ( ) their hands to ( ) their ( ) or enjoyment＝( )
It was such an ( ) movie
that the director received thunderous ( ) from the audience.
(795)the ( ) that something will happen＝( )
No matter how security ( ) you are, the ( ) of
thieves ( )( ) your home is always a worrying possibility.
(796)a situation that is strange, funny, or sad because things ( )
in the ( )( ) to what you would expect＝( )
The White House Press Secretary described the ( ) of people buying guns after shooting attacks as a“( )( ).”
(797) ( ) of doing something
in an ( ) or ( ) way＝( )
Candidates whose faces look ( ) enjoy an electoral advantage.
(798)not ( ) to ( ) your ideas＝( )
When your elderly parents need help but become ( ), it can be a difficult situation.
(799) ( ) but able to be ( )＝( )
The room is spacious and comfortable, ( ) the air-conditioning is a bit noisy
but is ( ).
(800) ( ) or ( ) to a particular situation
or person＝( )
Students must be able to select ( ) information from a lecture or text.
最終(785)～(800)はやや難しい単熟語も含んでいるものの、英英定義選択問題と英英挟み撃ち問題に取り組むと確実に習得できます。
※以下は大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語の最終章で全体の１/５０です。
左頁
単語にあった定義を選んでください。
(197)
①assert【əsə'ːrt】(Ex:Freud *asserted that laughter *releases *tension and *liberates *mental *frustration.)(785)
②excuse【ekskjúːz】(Ex:Some have *argued that *lying can never be *excused under any *circumstances.)(786)
③surrender【səréndər】(Ex:The *robber *finally *surrendered and *released his *hostage.)(787)
④facilitate【fəsílətèit】(Ex:The *role of the *interpreter is to *facilitate *accurate *communication between people who use different *languages.)(788)
(A)to *admit that you have been *defeated and will stop fighting
(B)to *forgive someone for doing something wrong, especially something that is not very *serious
(C)to make an *action or a *process easier or more likely to happen
(D)to *state that something is *certainly true
(198)
①opposition【ɑ`pəzíʃən】(Ex:*Opposition to United States *involvement in the Vietnam War began with *demonstrations in 1964.)(789)
②hemisphere【hémisfìər】(Ex:People in mild *climates in the northern *hemisphere sometimes experience *periods of very hot and *humid *weather.)(790)
③ritual【rítʃuəl】(Ex:Shinto festivals *generally *combine *solemn *rituals with joyful *celebration.)(791)
④angle【ǽŋgl】(Ex:Whether it's a still shot or a movie, camera *angles *influence the look, feel and mood of that story.)(792)
(A)a *position from which you look at something
(B)one half of the *globe or *brain
(C)*actions or opinions that show your strong *disagreement with a plan or *policy
(D)a *religious service or other *ceremony that is always *performed in the same way
右頁
(197)
①assert:断言する(Ex:フロイトは、笑いは緊張を発散し精神的欲求不満を解放すると断言した。)(2010センター追試)
②excuse:許す(Ex:どんな状況においても嘘は決して許されないと主張する人々もいた。)(1999センター)
③surrender:降服する(Ex:.強盗はついに降服し、人質を解放した。)
④facilitate:容易にする(Ex:通訳の役割は、異なる言語を使用する人々の間の正確な意思疎通を容易にすることである。)
(A)負けたことを認めて戦うのをやめると言うこと
(B)何か悪いこと、特にそれほど深刻ではないことをした誰かを許すこと
(C)行為または過程をより簡単に、またはより起こりやすくすること
(D)何かが確かに真実であると述べること
①(D)②(B)③(A)④(C)
(198)
①opposition:反対(Ex:米国のベトナム戦争への関与に対する反対は、1964年のデモで始まった。)
②hemisphere:半球(Ex:北半球の穏やかな気候の人々は時には非常に暑くて高湿の天候の時期を経験することがある。)(2003センター)
③ritual:儀式(Ex:神道の祭は一般的に、厳粛な儀式と楽しい祝典を結びつける。)
④angle:角度(Ex:静止画であろうと映画であろうと、カメラの角度はそのストーリーの外見、感覚、雰囲気に影響する。)
(A)何かを見る位置
(B)地球あるいは脳の半分
(C)計画または方針に対する強い不同意を示す行動または意見
(D)常に同じ方法で行われる宗教的勤めやその他の儀式
①(C)②(B)③(D)④(A)
左頁
単語にあった定義を選んでください。
(199)
①hypothesis【haipɑ'θəsis】(Ex:*Conducting an *experiment without a *hypothesis is like starting a road trip just for the sake of driving.)(793)
②applause【əplɔ'ːz】(Ex:It was such an *excellent movie that the director received thunderous *applause from the *audience.)(794)
③prospect【prɑ'spekt】(Ex:No matter how *security *conscious you are, the *prospect of *thieves breaking into your home is always a *worrying *possibility.(795)
④irony【áiərəni】(Ex:White House Press Secretary *described the *phenomenon of people buying guns after shooting *attacks as a“*tragic *irony.”)(796)
(A)the *possibility that something will happen
(B)an idea which *attempts to *explain something but has yet to be *proved to be *correct
(C)a *situation that is strange, funny, or sad because things happen in the *opposite way to what you would *expect
(D)the sound made by many people hitting their hands to show their *approval or enjoyment
(200)
①competent【kɑ'mpətənt】(Ex:*Candidates whose faces look *competent enjoy an *electoral *advantage. )(797)
②stubborn【stʌ'bərn】(Ex:When your elderly parents need help but become *stubborn, it can be a difficult situation.)(798)
③tolerable【tɑ'lərəbl】(Ex:The room is *spacious and *comfortable, though the air-conditioning is a bit *noisy but is *tolerable.)(799)
④relevant【réləvənt】(Ex:Students must be able to *select *relevant information from a *lecture or text.)(800)
(A)*unpleasant but able to be *accepted
(B)important or *necessary to a *particular situation or person
(C)not willing to change your ideas
(D)*capable of doing something in an *efficient or *effective way
右頁
(199)
①hypothesis:仮説(Ex:仮説なしで実験を行うのは、運転のためだけに道路旅行を始めるようなものだ。)
②applause:喝采(Ex:素晴らしい映画だったため監督は観衆から雷鳴のような喝采を受けた。)(2015共立女子大)
③prospect:見込み(Ex:どれほど防犯意識が高くても、家に泥棒が侵入する見込みはいつでも心配な可能性である。)
④irony:皮肉(Ex:記者会見でホワイトハウスの報道官は、銃撃の後で人々が銃を購入する現象を「悲劇的な皮肉」と描写した。)
(A)何かが起こるであろう可能性
(B)何かを説明しようと試みるが、まだ正しいと証明されてはいない考え
(C)物事が期待するのとは逆のあり方で起こる奇妙な、面白い、または悲しい状況
(D)多くの人が手をたたいて承認や楽しさを示すための音
①(B)②(D)③(A)④(C)
(200)
①competent:有能な(Ex:有能そうに見える顔の候補者は選挙での優位を享受する。)
②stubborn:頑固な(Ex:高齢の両親が助けを必要とするが頑固であると、それは難しい状況になり得る。)
③tolerable:耐えられる(Ex:部屋は広く快適で、エアコンがややうるさかったが耐えられた。)
④relevant:関連のある(Ex:生徒は講義や教科書から関連ある情報を選択できなければならない。)
(A)不快だが受け入れられる
(B)特定の状況や人に重要あるいは必要な
(C)自分の考えを変えようとしない
(D)効率的または効果的な方法で何かを行うことができる
①(D)②(C)③(A)④(B)
左頁
※英英定義を読んで例文を完成させてください。
(785)Freud ass------ that laughter releases tension and liberates mental frustration.
【to state that something is certainly true】
(786)Some have argued that lying can never be exc------ under any circumstances.
【to forgive someone for doing something wrong, especially something that is not very serious】
(787)The robber finally sur------ and released his hostage.
【to admit that you have been defeated and will stop fighting】
(788)The role of the interpreter is to fac------ accurate communication between people who use different languages.
【to make an action or a process easier or more likely to happen】
(789)Opp------ to United States involvement in the Vietnam War began with demonstrations in 1964.
【actions or opinions that show your strong disagreement with a plan or policy】
(790)People in mild climates in the northern hem------ sometimes experience periods of very hot and humid weather.【one half of the globe or brain】
(791)Shinto festivals generally combine solemn rit------ with joyful celebration.
【a religious service or other ceremony that is always performed in the same way】
(792)Whether it's a still shot or a movie, camera ang------ influence the look, feel and mood of that story.
【a position from which you look at something】
(785)asserted(786)excused(787)surrendered(788)facilitate
(789)Opposition(790)hemisphere(791)rituals(792)angles
右頁
※英英定義を読んで例文を完成させてください。
(793)Conducting an experiment without a hyp------ is like starting a road trip just for the sake of driving.
【an idea which attempts to explain something but has yet to be proved to be correct】
(794)It was such an excellent movie that the director received thunderous app------ from the audience.
【the sound made by many people hitting their hands to show their approval or enjoyment】
(795)No matter how security conscious you are, the pro------ of thieves breaking into your home is always a worrying possibility.
【the possibility that something will happen】
(796)White House Press Secretary described the phenomenon of people buying guns after shooting attacks as a“tragic iro------ .”
【a situation that is strange, funny, or sad because things happen in the opposite way to what you would expect】
(797)Candidates whose faces look com------ enjoy an electoral advantage.
【capable of doing something in an efficient or effective way】
(798)When your elderly parents need help but become stu------ , it can be a difficult situation.
【not willing to change your ideas】
(799)The room is spacious and comfortable, though the air-conditioning is a bit noisy but is tol------ .
【unpleasant but able to be accepted】
(800)Students must be able to select rel------ information from a lecture or text.
【important or necessary to a particular situation or person】
(793)hypothesis(794)applause(795)prospect(796)irony
(797)competent(798)stubborn(799)tolerable(800)relevant
センター試験の過去問から共通テスト英語攻略のための整序＆英英挟み撃ち問題をお届けします。整序問題は文意が通じるように並べて、英英挟み撃ち問題は青字の英英定義を参照して単語を文脈に合う形に完成させてください。青字の英英定義はすべて大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語に収録されたものです。
英英辞典に普段から親しんで和訳せずに理解できる部分を増やしていくと、共通テスト英語で時間が足りないという悩みを大幅に解消できます。
1995-(5)改題
□We ①sur---- 【to continue to live in spite of difficult circumstances】 by controlling our environment, and control is made possible by information. If we lack this, we feel insecure and ②(that / come / feel / to) any knowledge is better than none. In an experiment, white rats repeatedly had to choose path A or path B. They always had a 50% chance of finding food in a box at the end of each path. But on path B, just before the box, there was a signal ③(whether / not / indicating / or) food was present. After some days of training, all the rats developed a preference for path B, the side where they ④obt---- 【to get something】 information.
□Humans show the same sort of preference for knowledge about an ⑤out---- 【the final result of an action or event】 which is uncertain but unavoidable. Our ⑥anx---- 【the feeling of being very worried that something is going to happen】 about the future can be so great that bad news is preferable to an absence of information. Regardless of the nature of the news, and in spite of the fact that we get no ⑦adv---- 【something that helps you to be more successful】 from it, we would prefer to know and thus reduce our insecurity. There can hardly be a more inaccurate saying than “No news is good news.”
□And yet people do not always demand a state of complete certainty. Indeed much ⑧(human beings / our success / of / as) is based on our ability to cope with environmental changes and our tendency to seek out new and challenging experiences. The popularity of pastimes such as mountaineering and motor racing is ⑨evi---- 【the facts or objects which cause you to believe that something exists or is true】 of man's need for some uncertainty and risk. Nevertheless, when these reach too high a level, we once more desire to have information about the future and a ⑩(control / of / over / feeling) it.
解答)①survive②(come to feel that)③(indicating whether or not)④obtained⑤outcome⑥anxiety⑦advantage⑧(of our success as human beings)⑨evidence⑩(feeling of control over)
【全訳】
□私たちは環境をコントロールすることで生き残り、情報によってコントロールが可能になる。これがないと、不安になり、どんな知識でも何もないよりはましだと感じるようになる。実験では、ラットは繰り返し経路Aまたは経路Bを選択する必要があった。彼らは常に各経路の終わりにある箱の中の食べ物を見つける可能性が50％あった。しかし、経路Bの箱の直前に、食べ物が存在するかどうかを示す信号があった。数日間の訓練の後、すべてのラットは、情報を得た側である経路Bを好むようになった。
□人間は、不確実であるが避けられない結果についての知識に対して同じ種類の好みを示す。将来に対する私たちの不安は非常に大きいので、情報がないよりも悪いニュースが望ましい。ニュースの性質に関係なく、そして私たちがそれから利益を得られないという事実にもかかわらず、私たちは知って不安を減らすことを好む。「ニュースないのは良いニュース」ということわざほど不正確なものはない。
□それでも、人々は常に完全な確実性の状態を要求するわけではない。実際、人間としての成功の多くは、環境の変化に対処する能力と、新しく挑戦的な経験を模索する傾向に基づいている。登山やモーターレースなどの娯楽の人気は、ある程度の不確実性とリスクに対する人間の必要性の証拠である。しかしながら、これらが高すぎるレベルに達すると、私たちはもう一度未来についての情報とそれを支配する感覚を持ちたいと思う。
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は上記長文中の語彙を以下のように網羅的にカバーしています。
1995-(5)
□We survive by controlling our environment, and control is made possible by information. If we lack this, we feel insecure and come to feel that any knowledge is better than none. In an experiment, white rats repeatedly had to choose path A or path B. They always had a 50% chance of finding food in a box at the end of each path. But on path B, just before the box, there was a signal indicating whether or not food was present. After some days of training, all the rats developed a preference for path B, the side where they obtained information.
□Humans show the same sort of preference for knowledge about an outcome which is uncertain but unavoidable. Our anxiety about the future can be so great that bad news is preferable to an absence of information. Regardless of the nature of the news, and in spite of the fact that we get no advantage from it, we would prefer to know and thus reduce our insecurity. There can hardly be a more inaccurate saying than “No news is good news.”
□And yet people do not always demand a state of complete certainty. Indeed much of our success as human beings is based on our ability to cope with environmental changes and our tendency to seek out new and challenging experiences. The popularity of pastimes such as mountaineering and motor racing is evidence of man's need for some uncertainty and risk. Nevertheless, when these reach too high a level, we once more desire to have information about the future and a feeling of control over it.
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語は、８００の例文と大学受験生向けに新作した８００の英英定義文の中に２０００語以上の共通テストのキーワードになる英単語・熟語を網羅的に組み込み、以下のような四択問題２００問と英英挟み撃ち問題８００問からなる練習問題にしました。
①obey【oubéi】(Ex:Should soldiers always *obey orders?)
②pray【préi】(Ex:We *prayed for peace.)
③melt【mélt】(Ex:What is the best way to *melt snow?)
④select【silékt】(Ex:He was *selected for the Japan National Team.)
(A)to cause something to change from solid to liquid
(B)to do what you are told to do
(C)to speak to a higher being in order to give thanks or to ask for help
(D)to choose someone or something carefully from among others
①obey【従う】(Ex:兵士はいつでも命令に従うべきなのだろうか)
②pray【祈る】(Ex:われわれは平和のために祈った)
③melt【溶かす】(Ex:雪を溶かす一番いい方法は何だろうか)
④select【選ぶ】(Ex:彼は日本代表チームに選ばれた)
(A)何かを固体から液体に変化させること
(B)言われたことをすること
(C)感謝を捧げたり助けを求めたりするためにより高い存在に話しかけること
(D)誰かあるいは何かを他の中から注意深く選ぶこと
解答）①B②C③A④D
①Should soldiers always obe------- orders?
【to do what you are told to do】
②We pra------- for peace.
【to speak to a higher being in order to give thanks or to ask for help】
③What is the best way to mel------- snow?
【to cause something to change from solid to liquid】
④He was sel------- for the Japan National Team.
【to choose someone or something carefully from among others】
解答）①obey ②prayed ③melt ④selected
予備校の授業で採用したところ、共通テスト試行 調査問題の正解率が5割以下だった受験生が半年弱で8~9割正解できるまでの 成果が出ています。
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語に準拠した共通テストキーワード８００語を定義→単語→例文の順で英語字幕を見ながら書き取る穴埋め式ディクテーション用紙は無料提供しています。
毎日２０～３０分×５０日で、A４表裏５０枚の穴埋めを完成させて
大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語で意味を確認すると英語力は飛躍的に向上します。
以下は英語字幕を表示できる無料画像と穴埋め式ディクテーション用紙のサンプルです。穴埋め式ディクテーション用紙をプリントアウトしてスマホでQRコードをなぞると画像が表示され、数秒で消える英語字幕を速読する訓練を通して読解力も養成できます。
ー視聴するだけでみるみる語彙力が伸びるー大学入学共通テスト 英英直読英単語・熟語(753)～(768)
(753)the ( ) that is ( ) to someone or something
by newspapers, magazines, television, etc. ＝( )
She received a lot of ( ) after her ( ) in the film.
(754)a ( ) of natural ( )
that is ( ) to look at＝( )
Using the beautiful ( ) of our town in more ( ) ways would encourage people to come and live here.
(755)the people or animals ( )( )( ) a particular place＝( )
Antarctica is the only continent on Earth without ( ) human ( ).
(756)a ( ) of something that is a ( ) of the ( )
＝( )
The ( ) of Americans who do not tip in restaurants
is ( ) to be less than 2 percent.
(757)able to ( ) good judgements ( )( )( )
rather than ( )＝( )
It would have been more ( ) to save) money than to spend it all on clothes.
(758)very good, beautiful, or ( )＝( )
The mountains of North Carolina ( )( ) views.
(759)able to be ( ) or ( )＝( )
( ) websites are the ones that are updated regularly and do not have any ( ) information.
(760)important and very ( )＝( )
Two ( ) sources of noise ( ) are construction and transportation.
(761)to ( ) loudly with a lot of ( ),
often ( ) damage or injury＝( )
A bomb has ( ) outside the Greek parliament in Athens.
(762)to ( )( ) the most important facts or
( ) of something＝( )
Is ( ) books a copyright ( )?
(763)to ( )( )( ) something＝( )
Emotional and physical hunger are both ( ) of emptiness which you try to ( ) with food.
(764)to ( ) someone to lose ( ) to do something
＝( )
Further ( ) in the price of gasoline would ( )
him from driving his car.
(765)to ( ) something＝( )
The need to ( ) and ( ) employee productivity is a reality no business can ( ).
(766)to be the most ( ) or ( ) part of something
＝( )
Occupations in which women workers ( )
tend to ( ) lower in ( ) of earnings.
(767)to ( ) an ( )( ) someone or something after thinking about them carefully＝( )
It is necessary that teachers ( ) a student's ability from ( ) aspects.
(768)to ( ) the examinations that are ( ) to do a particular profession＝( )
I am studying hard to ( ) as a ( ) public accountant.
ー視聴するだけでみるみる語彙力が伸びるー大学入学共通テスト 英英直読英単語・熟語(769)～(784)
(769)a ( ) of people of the same ( ), and with the same language, customs, and ( ), especially in a ( ) country＝( )
How does deforestation affect ( )( ) in the Amazon rainforest?
(770)the ( ) that ( ) someone or something different from others
＝( )
It has long been thought that one of the ( )
which ( ) humans from other animals is the ability to ( ).
(771)the most important thing that you have to ( )( )
＝( )
People with serious illness have other ( )
( ) simply ( ) their lives.
(772)an angry ( ) or ( ) between two or more people
＝( )
( ) after a ( ) is not always easy.
(773)money ( ) from someone who is ( )
for doing something ( )＝( )
If the train you are travelling on is delayed, you are ( ) to ( ).
(774)the ( ) of ( ) from one ( ) to another
＝( )
The ( ) to an industrial society started in the 18th century,
largely ( ) by ( ) in science and technology.
(775)a ( ) good way of ( )＝( )
God will certainly reward ( ) and punish ( ).
(776)a ( ) of being very ( )＝( )
Muscle ( ) is a normal ( )( ) of exercise.
(777) ( ) or ( ) in large quantities＝( )
Japan used to be famous for its ( ) supplies of clean, fresh water.
(778) ( ) or unreasonable＝( )
He says he was taken by aliens, but no one believes such a ( ) story.
(779)able to ( )( ) new and ( ) ideas＝( )
Our coach is ( ) and often ( )( )( ) new plans.
(780)behaving in a ( ) and ( ) way＝( )
I believe we're ( ) enough to use a computer appropriately.
(781)to ( ) that something will ( )＝( )
( ) the demand for the products and services that your business offers ( ) many factors.
(782)to officially ( ) your marriage ( ) your ( )＝( )
What ( ) the couples who choose to ( ) married
from those who choose to ( )?
(783)to ( ) something ( ) in order to ( ) it
＝( )
Genetically ( ) food is food produced from plants or animalswhose DNA has been ( ) through genetic engineering.
(784)to ( ) something＝( )
I could not ( ) meeting him ( )( ).
ー視聴するだけでみるみる語彙力が伸びるー大学入学共通テスト 英英直読英単語・熟語(785)～(800)
(785)to ( ) that something is ( ) true＝( )
Freud ( ) that laughter releases ( )
and ( ) mental frustration.
(786)to ( ) someone ( ) doing something ( ),
especially something that is not very ( )＝( )
Some have ( ) that lying can never be ( ) under any circumstances.
(787)to ( ) that you have been ( )
and will ( ) fighting＝( )
The robber finally ( ) and ( ) his hostage.
(788)to ( ) an action or a process ( ) or more ( )
to happen＝( )
The role of the interpreter is to ( )
( ) communication between people who use different languages.
(789)actions or opinions that ( ) your strong ( )
with a plan or ( )＝( )
( ) to United States ( ) in the Vietnam War began with demonstrations in 1964.
(790)one half of the ( ) or ( )＝( )
People in mild climates in the northern ( ) sometimes experience periods of very hot and ( ) weather.
(791)a ( ) service or other ( ) that is always performed in the same way＝( )
Shinto festivals generally ( )( )( )
with joyful celebration.
(792)a ( )( )( ) you look at something＝( )
Whether it's a still shot or a movie, camera ( )( )
the look, feel and mood of that story.
(793)an idea which ( ) to ( ) something
but has yet to be ( ) to be ( )＝( )
Conducting an experiment without a ( ) is like starting a road trip just ( ) the ( ) of driving.
(794)the ( ) made by many people ( ) their hands to ( ) their ( ) or enjoyment＝( )
It was such an ( ) movie
that the director received thunderous ( ) from the audience.
(795)the ( ) that something will happen＝( )
No matter how security ( ) you are, the ( ) of
thieves ( )( ) your home is always a worrying possibility.
(796)a situation that is strange, funny, or sad because things ( )
in the ( )( ) to what you would expect＝( )
The White House Press Secretary described the ( ) of people buying guns after shooting attacks as a“( )( ).”
(797) ( ) of doing something
in an ( ) or ( ) way＝( )
Candidates whose faces look ( ) enjoy an electoral advantage.
(798)not ( ) to ( ) your ideas＝( )
When your elderly parents need help but become ( ), it can be a difficult situation.
(799) ( ) but able to be ( )＝( )
The room is spacious and comfortable, ( ) the air-conditioning is a bit noisy
but is ( ).
(800) ( ) or ( ) to a particular situation
or person＝( )
Students must be able to select ( ) information from a lecture or text.
最終(785)～(800)はやや難しい単熟語も含んでいるものの、英英定義選択問題と英英挟み撃ち問題に取り組むと確実に習得できます。
※以下は大学入学共通テスト 時間内で解ける力がつく英英直読英単語・熟語の最終章で全体の１/５０です。
左頁
単語にあった定義を選んでください。
(197)
①assert【əsə'ːrt】(Ex:Freud *asserted that laughter *releases *tension and *liberates *mental *frustration.)(785)
②excuse【ekskjúːz】(Ex:Some have *argued that *lying can never be *excused under any *circumstances.)(786)
③surrender【səréndər】(Ex:The *robber *finally *surrendered and *released his *hostage.)(787)
④facilitate【fəsílətèit】(Ex:The *role of the *interpreter is to *facilitate *accurate *communication between people who use different *languages.)(788)
(A)to *admit that you have been *defeated and will stop fighting
(B)to *forgive someone for doing something wrong, especially something that is not very *serious
(C)to make an *action or a *process easier or more likely to happen
(D)to *state that something is *certainly true
(198)
①opposition【ɑ`pəzíʃən】(Ex:*Opposition to United States *involvement in the Vietnam War began with *demonstrations in 1964.)(789)
②hemisphere【hémisfìər】(Ex:People in mild *climates in the northern *hemisphere sometimes experience *periods of very hot and *humid *weather.)(790)
③ritual【rítʃuəl】(Ex:Shinto festivals *generally *combine *solemn *rituals with joyful *celebration.)(791)
④angle【ǽŋgl】(Ex:Whether it's a still shot or a movie, camera *angles *influence the look, feel and mood of that story.)(792)
(A)a *position from which you look at something
(B)one half of the *globe or *brain
(C)*actions or opinions that show your strong *disagreement with a plan or *policy
(D)a *religious service or other *ceremony that is always *performed in the same way
右頁
(197)
①assert:断言する(Ex:フロイトは、笑いは緊張を発散し精神的欲求不満を解放すると断言した。)(2010センター追試)
②excuse:許す(Ex:どんな状況においても嘘は決して許されないと主張する人々もいた。)(1999センター)
③surrender:降服する(Ex:.強盗はついに降服し、人質を解放した。)
④facilitate:容易にする(Ex:通訳の役割は、異なる言語を使用する人々の間の正確な意思疎通を容易にすることである。)
(A)負けたことを認めて戦うのをやめると言うこと
(B)何か悪いこと、特にそれほど深刻ではないことをした誰かを許すこと
(C)行為または過程をより簡単に、またはより起こりやすくすること
(D)何かが確かに真実であると述べること
①(D)②(B)③(A)④(C)
(198)
①opposition:反対(Ex:米国のベトナム戦争への関与に対する反対は、1964年のデモで始まった。)
②hemisphere:半球(Ex:北半球の穏やかな気候の人々は時には非常に暑くて高湿の天候の時期を経験することがある。)(2003センター)
③ritual:儀式(Ex:神道の祭は一般的に、厳粛な儀式と楽しい祝典を結びつける。)
④angle:角度(Ex:静止画であろうと映画であろうと、カメラの角度はそのストーリーの外見、感覚、雰囲気に影響する。)
(A)何かを見る位置
(B)地球あるいは脳の半分
(C)計画または方針に対する強い不同意を示す行動または意見
(D)常に同じ方法で行われる宗教的勤めやその他の儀式
①(C)②(B)③(D)④(A)
左頁
単語にあった定義を選んでください。
(199)
①hypothesis【haipɑ'θəsis】(Ex:*Conducting an *experiment without a *hypothesis is like starting a road trip just for the sake of driving.)(793)
②applause【əplɔ'ːz】(Ex:It was such an *excellent movie that the director received thunderous *applause from the *audience.)(794)
③prospect【prɑ'spekt】(Ex:No matter how *security *conscious you are, the *prospect of *thieves breaking into your home is always a *worrying *possibility.(795)
④irony【áiərəni】(Ex:White House Press Secretary *described the *phenomenon of people buying guns after shooting *attacks as a“*tragic *irony.”)(796)
(A)the *possibility that something will happen
(B)an idea which *attempts to *explain something but has yet to be *proved to be *correct
(C)a *situation that is strange, funny, or sad because things happen in the *opposite way to what you would *expect
(D)the sound made by many people hitting their hands to show their *approval or enjoyment
(200)
①competent【kɑ'mpətənt】(Ex:*Candidates whose faces look *competent enjoy an *electoral *advantage. )(797)
②stubborn【stʌ'bərn】(Ex:When your elderly parents need help but become *stubborn, it can be a difficult situation.)(798)
③tolerable【tɑ'lərəbl】(Ex:The room is *spacious and *comfortable, though the air-conditioning is a bit *noisy but is *tolerable.)(799)
④relevant【réləvənt】(Ex:Students must be able to *select *relevant information from a *lecture or text.)(800)
(A)*unpleasant but able to be *accepted
(B)important or *necessary to a *particular situation or person
(C)not willing to change your ideas
(D)*capable of doing something in an *efficient or *effective way
右頁
(199)
①hypothesis:仮説(Ex:仮説なしで実験を行うのは、運転のためだけに道路旅行を始めるようなものだ。)
②applause:喝采(Ex:素晴らしい映画だったため監督は観衆から雷鳴のような喝采を受けた。)(2015共立女子大)
③prospect:見込み(Ex:どれほど防犯意識が高くても、家に泥棒が侵入する見込みはいつでも心配な可能性である。)
④irony:皮肉(Ex:記者会見でホワイトハウスの報道官は、銃撃の後で人々が銃を購入する現象を「悲劇的な皮肉」と描写した。)
(A)何かが起こるであろう可能性
(B)何かを説明しようと試みるが、まだ正しいと証明されてはいない考え
(C)物事が期待するのとは逆のあり方で起こる奇妙な、面白い、または悲しい状況
(D)多くの人が手をたたいて承認や楽しさを示すための音
①(B)②(D)③(A)④(C)
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①competent:有能な(Ex:有能そうに見える顔の候補者は選挙での優位を享受する。)
②stubborn:頑固な(Ex:高齢の両親が助けを必要とするが頑固であると、それは難しい状況になり得る。)
③tolerable:耐えられる(Ex:部屋は広く快適で、エアコンがややうるさかったが耐えられた。)
④relevant:関連のある(Ex:生徒は講義や教科書から関連ある情報を選択できなければならない。)
(A)不快だが受け入れられる
(B)特定の状況や人に重要あるいは必要な
(C)自分の考えを変えようとしない
(D)効率的または効果的な方法で何かを行うことができる
①(D)②(C)③(A)④(B)
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※英英定義を読んで例文を完成させてください。
(785)Freud ass------ that laughter releases tension and liberates mental frustration.
【to state that something is certainly true】
(786)Some have argued that lying can never be exc------ under any circumstances.
【to forgive someone for doing something wrong, especially something that is not very serious】
(787)The robber finally sur------ and released his hostage.
【to admit that you have been defeated and will stop fighting】
(788)The role of the interpreter is to fac------ accurate communication between people who use different languages.
【to make an action or a process easier or more likely to happen】
(789)Opp------ to United States involvement in the Vietnam War began with demonstrations in 1964.
【actions or opinions that show your strong disagreement with a plan or policy】
(790)People in mild climates in the northern hem------ sometimes experience periods of very hot and humid weather.【one half of the globe or brain】
(791)Shinto festivals generally combine solemn rit------ with joyful celebration.
【a religious service or other ceremony that is always performed in the same way】
(792)Whether it's a still shot or a movie, camera ang------ influence the look, feel and mood of that story.
【a position from which you look at something】
(785)asserted(786)excused(787)surrendered(788)facilitate
(789)Opposition(790)hemisphere(791)rituals(792)angles
右頁
※英英定義を読んで例文を完成させてください。
(793)Conducting an experiment without a hyp------ is like starting a road trip just for the sake of driving.
【an idea which attempts to explain something but has yet to be proved to be correct】
(794)It was such an excellent movie that the director received thunderous app------ from the audience.
【the sound made by many people hitting their hands to show their approval or enjoyment】
(795)No matter how security conscious you are, the pro------ of thieves breaking into your home is always a worrying possibility.
【the possibility that something will happen】
(796)White House Press Secretary described the phenomenon of people buying guns after shooting attacks as a“tragic iro------ .”
【a situation that is strange, funny, or sad because things happen in the opposite way to what you would expect】
(797)Candidates whose faces look com------ enjoy an electoral advantage.
【capable of doing something in an efficient or effective way】
(798)When your elderly parents need help but become stu------ , it can be a difficult situation.
【not willing to change your ideas】
(799)The room is spacious and comfortable, though the air-conditioning is a bit noisy but is tol------ .
【unpleasant but able to be accepted】
(800)Students must be able to select rel------ information from a lecture or text.
【important or necessary to a particular situation or person】
(793)hypothesis(794)applause(795)prospect(796)irony
(797)competent(798)stubborn(799)tolerable(800)relevant
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