Financing risk

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Financing risk，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了企业筹资风险。在一定的社会经济环境中，企业生产经营过程中面临的如宏观经济政策变化、生产效率下降以及诉讼纠纷等各种不确定的风险的存在有可能使得企业的资金周转发生困难，现金流量发生逆转，无法支付各种资金成本，这种可能性就是筹资风险。企业筹集到的全部资金按照其来源可分为从债权人那儿获得的债务资金和从股东那儿获得的权益资金，因此筹资风险也分为债务筹资风险和权益筹资风险。

As the market subject, the enterprise must deal with the domestic and foreign competition pressure as well as the internal management pressure, faces various risks. In order to survive and develop in such a complex environment, it is inevitable to expand business scope and seek diversified development methods. Therefore, raising funds has become an indispensable link for enterprises. However, business operators and financial staff should correctly understand the financing risk of enterprises, including debt financing risk and equity financing risk, and take corresponding measures to prevent and avoid such risk.

In certain social economic environment, the enterprises face in the process of production and operation, such as macroeconomic policy changes, the enterprise new product development, production efficiency decreases, failure product unsalable, and the existence of the risk of lawsuits and other various uncertainty is likely to make the enterprise capital turnover difficult, cash flow reversal, unable to pay the cost of capital, the possibility is the financing risk.

The total funds raised by an enterprise can be divided into debt funds obtained from creditors and equity funds obtained from shareholders according to its source. Therefore, financing risks can be divided into debt financing risks and equity financing risks. Different from the equity financing method, if the enterprise adopts the debt financing method, it must assume the obligation of paying principal and interest on a regular basis. Regardless of the business performance of the enterprise, this fixed expenditure is inevitable. If a business is in a recession, it may be forced to liquidate or restructure because of insolvency. The higher the asset-liability ratio, the greater the likelihood of insolvency. Therefore, the risk of debt financing is reflected in whether the enterprise can repay the principal and interest at maturity. As for the equity financing method, the risk is the uncertainty of the income obtained after its use. If the use efficiency of this fund is too low to meet the expectation of shareholders, it will cause shareholders to sell a large number of shares, directly affecting the stock price of the listed company. If the company wants to raise funds in the future, it will have to pay a greater cost.

By self-accumulation to achieve development, enterprises will have a large limit on the scale and level of development, which may make them have to give up investment projects with high rate of return due to the lack of funds. Moreover, in different periods of enterprise development, the amount of capital input required is constantly changing, so it is difficult for enterprise financial staff to accurately predict the amount of capital required by sudden affairs in a long period of time in the future. Therefore, it is very important to raise a certain amount of external borrowing. However, the scale of borrowing is not as large as possible. If the scale of liabilities is too large, the amount of assets of enterprises will be far lower than the level of liabilities, which will eventually lead to bankruptcy liquidation of enterprises.

In a market economy, money has a price, like a commodity in circulation, which is the rate of interest paid on borrowing. Interest rate represents the price that the enterprise needs to pay to obtain the right to use the unit capital from the capital market. If the price required by a certain method of raising funds is too high, it will increase the financing risk of the enterprise.

On the one hand, if the proportion of short-term liabilities is much higher than that of long-term liabilities, it will be very difficult for the enterprise to raise funds to cover the fund loopholes that should be paid back in the short term after the short-term liabilities mature. On the other hand, long-term borrowing is slower than short-term borrowing to raise funds, and the cost of capital is higher. Annual fixed interest expense accounts for a large proportion, and the year-end repayment of enterprises is under great pressure, which will lead to cash flow breakdown.

If decisions are made correctly and managed properly, the funds raised by the enterprise will be used efficiently and generate more benefits. However, this is only a hypothetical condition. It is possible that a decision error of the enterprise may lead to poor use of capital and the expected return of the owner of capital contribution is not achieved. For a listed company, shareholders will abandon the stock, which will directly affect the stock price of the company and increase the financing cost of the company in the later stage.

Managers with risk preference inside the enterprise will be more inclined to take risks and adopt the increased proportion of debt financing to increase the net income, but the enterprise will have to endure higher risks.

As an objective existence, operation risk exists in any production and operation mode. After all, the market is unpredictable. It is not equal to the financing risk of the enterprise, but will affect the size of financing risk.

Changes in financial market will also have a great impact on corporate financing. For example, changes in interest rate and exchange rate will affect corporate financing risk to some extent. In addition, if a period of time when the market is short of funds, supply will cause the cost of capital increase.

The interest expense of debt financing has a certain tax deduction effect, while the dividend distribution is after tax, which cannot make the income tax deductible. Therefore, relatively speaking, the benefit of borrowing financing is greater, and the enterprise will consider debt financing more.

For enterprises with low or high debt amount, the expected actual capital demand of enterprises should be taken as the standard amount, and moderate debt should be adopted to achieve the optimal capital structure. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the reasonable arrangement of term structure and interest rate structure of long-term and short-term debt to avoid the risk of cash flow breaking.

First, priority should be given to the funds raised for production and distribution projects; Second, the capital will be given priority to projects with good economic benefits, and a higher output ratio will be achieved to ensure that the enterprise can repay capital and interest on time. Third, the debt funds should be used for projects with rapid capital turnover, and try to avoid the shortage of funds to compensate for unsold goods.

Pay debt in time, pay attention to the credibility of the enterprise. Once a good reputation is established, companies will get more preferential treatment from it, creating conditions for further financing.

Strengthen the risk awareness of enterprise management personnel, use interest expense to deduct tax at the same time pay attention to prevent risk, control debt ratio.

Try to broaden the financing channels of enterprises. The single financing channel makes it more time for enterprises to raise funds, and the cost is higher. After the expansion of capital source channels, enterprises can choose relatively low-cost financing methods and do not have to worry about the difficulty of financing in the case of capital shortage.

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Australian occupation education

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Australian occupation education，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了澳洲职业教育。TAFE是澳大利亚引以为荣的独特教育系统，由各澳大利亚各州和地区政府负责和管理。目前，TAFE每年培养出一百多万有技能的学生走上社会或进入大学。澳大利亚的职业教育网络遍布全国，各地都有职业教育与培训学院。其中绝大部分职业培训课程是由政府的技术与继续教育学院来提供。现在的澳大利亚职业教育，反映了当今西方最好的培训系统。

There are 85 TAFE colleges and 1,132 campuses in six Australian states and two territories. In 2000, 1.3 million people participated in TAFE, accounting for 7.1 percent of the total population. The TAFE, administered and administered by Australian state and territory governments, is Australia's proud unique education system. Currently, TAFE produces more than a million skilled students a year who go out to society or enter college, a ratio of 7:3 for TAFE students and college students.

According to the education department of the Chinese embassy in Australia, the number of Chinese students studying abroad is mainly in 38 universities, TAFE colleges, high schools and language schools in Australia. According to the statistics in 2002, only 9.8 percent of the Chinese students who came to Australia received professional education and training.

Australia has a network of professional education across the country, with professional education and training institutes all over the country. Most of these vocational training courses are offered by the government's technical and continuing education colleges.

Australia's professional education system has been overhauled over the past 19 years. Before embarking on reforms, a three-way delegation was sent abroad to study education trends and reforms in other major western countries, including the UK, the us, Canada and some European countries, and to collect data. When the delegation returned from its work, it began to analyze and discuss the data. Since then, Australia's career education reform started.

It can be said that the current Australian education system reflects the best training system in the west today. Western countries like the United States, many Asian countries, and many countries around the world have recognized Australia's certification training. At the same time, Australian teachers and training teachers are welcomed all over the world to teach in various countries and contribute to the education cause all over the world.

TAFE combined academic education with post training, breaking through the limitations of traditional one-off education, and established the "learning-work-learning-re-work" multi-cycle lifelong education model. More skills than theory, the aim is to develop students who can be accepted into the job market.

TAFE courses are widely accepted across Australia. The government department that oversees the career education system is ANTA. TAFE sets national standards for all credit courses, which means national recognition for things like plumbers, electricians or any other profession. This saves the states a lot of time spent on training and exams brought about by different standards, provides ample time for training institutions and individuals, and reduces expenses. To meet this standard and ensure Quality, TAFE is developed strictly under The guidance of The Australian Quality Training Framework government document. The document was perfected during the national tripartite representative talks.

AQTF is mainly characterized by national certification. First, each industry sector, through state and national industry representatives, determines its own standards of work.

Second, improve the national labor standards. The standards of each department and occupation in a field of work will be confirmed by the ANTA council. The document is officially approved if it meets AQTF requirements and the industry recognizes the standard. The document then serves as an industry "training course package" that includes standards and evaluation guidance. Usually the document can be used for 5 years, and after 5 years the standard must be improved according to the actual changes in the technology and industry at that time.

Third, industry standards subsequently become the reference for all training and improvement courses. That is, in order for the curriculum to be widely accepted, all courses and industries must be incorporated into this standard. Once approved by ANTA, the course will be marked with the ANTA mark, indicating that it has been approved. Therefore, those who are interested in learning can safely choose courses that meet the Australian quality standards. The other part of the outreach effort is to come up with an appropriate method of reviewing qualifications as an outline of the industry recognized standards.

National standards are the foundation of all training courses: what a person can do on the job. Standards have to be developed by the industry, not by education organizations or associations. The approved courses/training are developed according to national standards. The evaluation outline is part of the submission of ANTA's approval document.

To complete the assessment of courses/subjects in accordance with national standards, students' learning skills can be applied to the work they will be engaged in, that is, to develop ability training. Most courses have "practice" and "theory" components. This is detailed in the approval document. In some cases, if feasible, students may be able to carry out practical operations in a simulated environment. The latter does not require special "practice" training, which will be indicated in the approval document. Practical and theoretical training is designed to ensure that students learn both knowledge and technology in the course they study.

In order to gain practical experience, many working staff and students come to TAFE for part-time or full-time study, and companies in the industry will agree to give students "work experience". This is flexible in the training system.

Some people are very familiar with the industry and have a wealth of work experience, but have no formal training or vocational certificates. These people may be willing to get such formal training, as well as a vocational certificate or study related courses. They may be well suited to take the form of assessment of knowledge and skills that they believe they have mastered. The TAFE institution that accepts their application will evaluate them on the basis of the exact evidence. Applicants must take some formal assessment tests. If the student succeeds in obtaining RPL approval, he or she will be granted a senior qualification in the subject.

A mechanical operator can easily change jobs to become an aviation mechanic, and a refrigeration mechanic needs to learn the necessary modules to change jobs. Of course, some students may study modules in multiple elective courses to adapt their technology to the market.

Similarly, IT courses will also build a core module and related elective courses, such as software development, hardware development, LAN management, and so on.

The main group of TAFE learners in Australia are adults over 18 who think they need to learn or want to learn, and even those over 50 who want to retrain or learn something new. TAFE also offers some diploma programs for high schools, and students who graduate successfully from the program will have an advantage in more advanced TAFE programs.

Students who have participated in the training are very popular in the work position, and their practical ability enables them to quickly enter the role in the work. TAFE is particularly attractive to young people because they can take classes at work, which provides technical support for them to have more options at work. At the same time, TAFE has slowly increased its offering of "transitional courses" between TAFE and college courses for those who want to transfer. At the same time, there are also many college students studying in TAFE who are interested in courses for "practical operation" exercise.

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英文论文写作要求有哪些

每一年都有很多学生选择出国留学，在他们沉溺于外国文化，感受国外留学生活的同时，也要承受留学生涯的学习压力。相比于课堂上的学习，老师布置的英文论文作业难度更大。每一次的英文论文写作，对留学生来说都像大战一样，让他们身心疲惫。下面就给大家讲解一下英文论文的写作要求有哪些。

首端精彩

其重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，这两点是统一的，即在有逻辑性的基础上又有层次感。其重要的一点为：文献的总结回顾。一方面要把该领域内的结识对过去和现在的做好概括总结出来，达到完整度，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用。另一方面，文献的应用和数据的提供以及应用要准确。一旦数据出错就会导致论文的印象大大失分。

方法呈现过程完清楚的展现给读者看

其描述我们论文的方法呈现过程。这一过程的写作相对来说较为简单，但是需要注意的问题却不少，重要的在于其数据的完整性和科学性。特别对于一些理工科的留学生，可以按照实验对象、实验设备、实验材料以及实验数据的记录与分析等几个方面来完成组织。如果你最后的数据图表比较清楚或示意图比较漂亮的话，也可以让导师给你一些好的印象分。这里还是强调数据的完整性和科学性的描述，相信你的Methods内容就不会是大问题。

结尾部分真实有效

一般这部分内容的呈现取决于文章的类型了，因为当你的文章中得出的结果的同时又进行了讨论，那么此时Results内容会和Discussion内容放在一起完成。反之，可能分开来进行书写。这部分内容的要求即：详实准确。详实就是要提供最为全面的分析结果，一切从你的文章中实践出来的结果中提炼出来给到你的导师，不要故意隐瞒或遗漏某些重要的结果。准确就是结果必须是要真实的。总之论文的结果部分一定是秉承真实有效的原则。

Discussion部分处理技巧

英文论文中要写好Discussion的内容，大概可以分2步走，第一步是：选择深入讨论分析的问题进行展开讨论，这是写好Discussion部分首先要面临的一个问题，需要遵循的就是一致性原则来做到。第二步是：对选中的问题按照层次从多个角度来进行讨论。

以上就是关于英文论文写作的基本要求，同学们一定要认真对待英文论文的写作，因为这些平时的作业也会影响到自己的成绩。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：European cultural identity

本篇paper代写- European cultural identity讨论了欧洲文化认同。文化认同是欧洲一体化顺利发展的基础，但因为民族国家的差异性而形成的文化认同危机又对一体化产生着负面影响和制约作用，所以只有采取现实主义态度和举措，才能促成欧洲文化认同的进一步深化，从而推动欧洲一体化向纵深方向发展。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Cultural identity is the solid foundation on which the European integration process going smoothly, but because of the differences between national and cultural identity crisis and the negative influence on integration and restriction, only take the realistic attitude and measures will contribute to further deepening European cultural identity, so as to promote the further direction of European integration.

Throughout the European integration, from the European coal and steel community to the European Community and the European Union more than half a century of existence, because of historical and cultural homology, the convergence of internal development since modern times, and the strengthening of the cultural policy of the eu, the European Union to build a certain cultural identity, and has become the solid foundation on which the European integration process going smoothly. "European cultural identity becomes the second characteristic of European integration", "the common development and political union of European politics can hardly be realized without European cultural identity and European citizens with European consciousness". However, from a philosophical perspective, the objective premise of identity is existence of differences, and identity is to "seek common ground while reserving differences" through mutual understanding. Therefore, while we see that cultural identity plays a positive role in the development of European integration, we should also see cultural differences, as well as the centrifugal force of exclusion between the same level and different levels, which will form a crisis of cultural identity.

Constructivism representative Alexander winter once pointed out: "in the collective identity are everywhere in the process of evolution of resistance." In the process of integration, the cultural identity at the regional level of Europe is further strengthened, and the cultural identity at different levels is also strengthened, such as national cultural identity of member states, etc. On the other hand, the crisis of cultural identity in European integration is also increasingly intensified.

Tracing the history of Europe, common cultural heritage or so-called "European culture" exists. It is generally believed that Greek culture, Roman law and Christian doctrine are the source of European history and culture, and these common historical and cultural traditions help to provide europeans with a common "European consciousness". However, these Shared cultures and histories are far too broad in comparison with the established and deeply rooted national cultures and traditions of European countries, and the power of cultural identity that the history of Europe as a whole can provide the common collective memory of its inhabitants and enable them to enjoy a sense of common destiny is limited. The nation state is the product of European history. In the historical process of the formation of various nations and nation states in Europe, the cultural identity has been deeply branded. Smith in his book of nations and nationalism of the era of globalization when it comes to European identity once said: "with France, Scotland, Catalan, Poland or Greece the certainty, stunning, compared to traditional culture and national European identity is empty, no features, more like all the people and for the whole faint a sum up of all kinds of culture, the existing things didn't do any supplements. Europe is merely a arena, a battleground, for competing cultures and identities.

Therefore, in the process of integration, the construction of collective identity, cultivating members citizens' sense of belonging to the European Union, is the inevitable requirement and the trend of integration, but for member states, to protect our national identity intact is the nation state in one of the important tasks in the regional integration process, because it is related to the legitimacy of governments and national collective self-esteem.

Many of the problems in the current European Union can use the contradiction between the European cultural identity and ethnic identity to explain, in the process of integration, the lack of cultural identity has led to the general public for the integration of transaction enthusiasm is not high, the constitution of its domain, the existence of contradictions and the outside pressure is obvious to all the facts. In 2005, France, as an established member state, said "no" to the European constitution, which was a great challenge for the eu in the development of cultural identity. The French are worried that the entry into force of the European constitution treaty will lead to the loss of national and cultural subjectivity. They are worried that a large number of illegal nationals will flow into France and the proportion of French people in the total population will decline, thus changing the national and cultural character of France.

In a political system, open communication between citizens is the important precondition for formation of political will, while the lack of a common language, while English is common, but still can not be replaced by each member of the official language status, the European Union more than 20 official language co-exist for cross-regional exchange created insurmountable divide, this leads to a long time can't broad public and political discussion within Europe, according to the discourse of European public communication space and platform to form public opinion. The work efficiency of the eu is more or less affected by it. Due to the frequent disputes and protests on language issues, the diversity of language has indeed brought great challenges to the construction of the whole European consciousness and collective identity.

Is commonly believed that cultural identity which is formed by the European civilization mainly includes the Christian civilization, rule of law, human rights, freedom and equality, individualism, rationalism, such as cultural concepts, also including the system of constitutionalism, separation of powers, universal suffrage, representative democracy, etc., and the Christian civilization became a member of the European Union to accept the new main cultural standards. In the spring of 1994, the European Union explicitly ruled out membership of all orthodox former Soviet republics, except the Christian Baltic states. But in fact, with the development of the integration process, the eastward expansion of the eu has begun to break such a situation.

Enlargement to the east is a grand vision of the European Union, which will unify Europe in a larger geographical area. As of May 2007, the European Union had 27 member states. However, "the inclusion of some new members means increasing the diversity of the community", which also means adding some difficulties to the coordination and integration of different cultures. From the perspective of cultural identity, the common cultural development of Europe only touches the "old Europe" of the European continent less. For the newly added member states, the common European consciousness will become more vague. Because they have less and less in common with "old Europe" in terms of culture, language, customs and historical experience, especially in central and eastern Europe, some of which have formed their own Slavic cultures, mixed with Catholic and orthodox traditions. Turkey, which applied to join the European Community in 1987, has been rejected by the eu despite generally better economic indicators than the ten countries that expanded eastward for the fifth time. "cultural identity" is the main problem. With the deepening of European integration and the eastward expansion of the eu, the contradiction of various ethnic and cultural differences will be highlighted, which will directly affect the cooperation within the eu and further affect the political process of integration.

European integration is an elite-driven process, and the vision and framework of European Union goals are the product of elitism. From the perspective of European culture development, cultural elitism dominates European culture. The eu has always relied on a group of prominent technocrats and political leaders who, with wisdom, conviction, determination and a sense of mission, have planned, influenced and advanced the process of integration. But because of the limits of the European Union's political structure, it has been politically distant from its citizens. The constitution of the European Union is a process dominated by elitism. The fact that the constitutional treaty was rejected in France and the Netherlands reveals the real problem of the contradictions between popular democracy and elite democracy that have always existed in modern democracy. Meritocracy has long made it difficult for people to express their wishes, and the accumulated doubts and fears have erupted.

For the vast majority of eu affairs, ordinary people have no choice but to accept the top-down arrangement passively. In the construction of European identity, there is no synchronization between the two: the higher level of cultural identity contains more rational elements, while the lower level of cultural identity contains more perceptual elements. Europe's political elites, thinking about Europe's place and role in the world, want to expand and deepen; Ordinary people believe that the eu should be a perceptive one, which contains more geographical, historical, economic and cultural factors. Although the eu has repeatedly stressed its aim of "laying the foundations for an ever closer union of the peoples of Europe", it has been the most cooperative and favourable. Second, it would help to establish stable and lasting relations between peoples, avoid possible tensions in international relations and ultimately ensure peace in Europe.

The eastward expansion of the eu also fully demonstrates the cultural intention of the eu. For the first time, the Amsterdam treaty directly linked political and cultural conditions to membership. It made it clear that admission to the union would be delayed if the applicant state seriously violated the principles of democracy. However, there is a problem of cultural transformation and integration of the recipients in the past, whether it is the admission of Greece, Spain, Portugal, Finland, the admission of the ten countries of eastern Europe and the accession of Romania and Bulgaria and the discussion of the Turkish league. The European Union has a set of cultural policies to help candidates reform their domestic systems to help them meet standards as soon as possible. In addition, the eu has also strengthened cultural exchanges and cooperation with candidate countries through bilateral and multilateral agreements and other means, and increased cultural funding and integration for these countries.

Naturally, the eastward expansion of the eu is the common demand of the eastern and western European countries, but for the process of eastward expansion, people also called for not unlimited expansion, because "the expansion across the European line will not deepen the eu, but only break up the union, a Europe that does not recognize the cultural identity of Europe will face the revival of nationalism".

In addition, the European Union deepening and the enlargement of forward progress can't be a straight line, between members of economic and social development level of relative difference, and the resulting different interest demands, is always the main factors affecting integration make substantive progress, this based on the economic interests of disputes within the eu and the political compromise is always directly or indirectly, consciously or unconsciously, and social and cultural factors are intertwined. After all, the cultural transformation and integration is a difficult process, and the pace of eastward expansion is mainly steady. Excellent European historian Norman ・ Davis also thinks: "Europe must go from the current model, and in the long run, is bound to unification of Europe, but it will be a process of mutual break-in, and there will be resistance."

The leadership of the political elite cannot be denied that European integration has come to this day. However, the important promotion within any community, such as the signing of treaties or agreements, the transfer of decision-making authority at supranational level, and the establishment of political institutions, etc., is not only based on the efforts of political elites, but also requires the understanding and acceptance from the social and cultural levels of the public of all member states. The crisis over the treaty has forced Europe's political elite to respond to popular demands. Dialectically, the rejection of the European constitution is not a bad thing. The constitution itself is one has the huge political documents, for the generation of European identity have induced huge political effect, thus cause the attention of people about it and discuss, from the European public politics and citizen identity, have certain significance of "enlightenment", because it will be the eyes of people and political enthusiasm from the original national level gathered on the European level, this kind of cross-border exchanges, communication from different points of view, helped to bring about the common sense of European identity. But elites should realistically see integration as a gradual process, and any radical approach is irrational. Eu economic integration development in recent years, making the speed and scale of the European Union economic cooperation is more and more fast, has gone far beyond the speed and scale of the "European cultural identity", and even beyond the current European cultural identity can hold and the scope of the accept that is bound to cause people psychological and accept ability limit, even to create feelings of resistance and confrontation. Especially with a single currency and an unprecedented fifth expansion, the eu needs a period of social and cultural assimilation in which citizens of both old and new member states benefit from integration.

Politicians to each member of a long-term strategic vision and thinking mode to realize the consistent goal, common interests across Europe and in many of the specific economic, political, and social aspects of countries there are differences, but from a long-term perspective, build a stable and peaceful and prosperous Europe was all europeans Shared beliefs. With this conviction, Europe's politicians can participate in the integration process in a pragmatic manner. At the same time, we should promote the construction of European civil society and culture, establish the European public sphere consistent with the process of democratization, create a political culture that all eu citizens can participate in, and build a comprehensive and stable integration process. Only when Europe's identity is deeply embedded in People's Daily lives, close to its citizens, can it become an unquestioned political community.

The ec founder let monet predicted: Europe will build up in the crisis. Progress in the crisis is a remarkable feature of the European integration process. It is bound to be a slow process full of contradictions to integrate many sovereign states with different national characteristics and uneven economic development. What drives integration is the European identity consciousness, and what restrains integration is the national consciousness. However, we should also see that with the continuous development of integration, European culture itself is also undergoing significant changes with greater inclusiveness and more colors, which will be more conducive to the construction of cultural identity. Common interests will bring European countries closer together on the basis of a common culture. As stated in the Berlin declaration issued at the 50th anniversary celebration of the European Union on March 25, 2007, "constant and timely transformation of European political composition" is the future responsibility of the European Union. The trend of European integration is irreversible, and the history also proves that the European Community can overcome the crisis time and time again and get out of the crisis. To borrow the words of European commission President jose Manuel barroso, "I wish Europe would be better in the future".

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Essay代写：Islamic financial law

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Islamic financial law，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了伊斯兰的金融法。伊斯兰金融是以伊斯兰教规为基础的伊斯兰金融法规制下的金融模式，拥有更强的责任机制、稳健的财务政策和透明度，其利润共享、风险共担的业务经营模式也更安全。伊斯兰金融体系考虑了立足当地的伊斯兰文化和宗教环境，引入伊斯兰金融模式和国外的伊斯兰金融资金，这样一个伊斯兰文化占主流地位的民族地区经济建设提供资金融通支持。

Our nation of Islam has a large population, so we need to adapt to local conditions and build a financial system that can provide local special financial services and products, so as to better serve local economic construction. Islamic finance is a financial model under Islamic financial laws and regulations based on Islamic rules. It has stronger responsibility mechanism, sound financial policies and transparency, and its business operation mode of profit sharing and risk sharing is more secure. The Islamic financial system takes into account the local Islamic culture and religious environment, and introduces the Islamic financial model and foreign Islamic financial funds, so as to provide financial financing support for the economic construction of a national region where Islamic culture occupies the mainstream.

Our nation of Islam has a large population, so we need to adapt to local conditions and build a financial system that can provide local special financial services and products, so as to better serve local economic construction. Islamic finance is a financial model under Islamic financial laws and regulations based on Islamic rules. It has stronger responsibility mechanism, sound financial policies and transparency, and its business operation mode of profit sharing and risk sharing is more secure. The Islamic financial system takes into account the local Islamic culture and religious environment, and introduces the Islamic financial model and foreign Islamic financial funds, so as to provide financial financing support for the economic construction of a national region where Islamic culture occupies the mainstream.

In Islamic society, the financial industry, like industry and commerce, must abide by Islamic financial law based on the teachings and teachings of the quran. Islamic financial law is the application of the principles of Islamic rules in the field of finance, which is mainly composed of the legal interpretation and judgment made by Islamic jurists.

The basic norms of Islamic financial law include a series of prohibitions, the most important of which is the ban on Riba, including interest. In sharia law, riba means an extra appendage. This amount, no matter how small, is greater than the principal of the loan or debt. Islamic financial law holds that money is a vehicle for financing, not an independent commodity itself, and that charging interest on debt is a riba and is not justified. Another important prohibition norm in Islamic business and finance is the ban on Gharar practices such as gambling, speculation and transactions with uncertain outcomes. Of course, Islamic financial law also acknowledges that it is impossible to accurately predict future profits or losses of transactions.

Islamic financial law forbids interest but allows profit. In real financial activities, there are many traditional contracts that are widely used to conduct financial business. Islamic financial institutions also provide liquidity financing for clients. However, in order to avoid interest, they used the traditional form of deferred transaction contracts to arrange financing, which mainly included delayed payment of price contracts and delayed delivery contracts. In a deferred payment contract, if the customer needs to finance the purchase of an asset, he will ask the bank to purchase a specific asset. After the bank's gains, the customer buys the asset from the bank at this increased price, except that the customer needs to pay the price after a certain period. This type of debt financing is permitted by Islamic rules and is the mainstream method of Islamic financing today. Another form of Islamic financing is deferred delivery contracts. In this form of financing, the bank agrees to pay the negotiated price of a certain amount of goods in advance, while the customer delivers the goods at a certain date in the future. Of course, compared with the previous financing method of delayed payment contract, the bank is more risky. Under no third-party guarantee, Islamic bank seldom participates in the Salam contract. Islamic finance also USES deferred delivery contracts for both goods and payments, including Ijara and Istisna.

In Islamic finance, in addition to conducting financial business through the aforementioned sales contract, Islamic financial institutions often use two Islamic partnership contracts in their business to provide financing services to their clients, namely, mudabala and musalaka. In mudambarra, financial institutions provide funds for enterprises to operate on the condition that profits generated from the operation are Shared in proportion to the agreed proportion, and all economic losses are borne by the fund providers, while the enterprises bear the costs in terms of time and energy. Musalaka means partnership, which operates in the same way as a partnership in a secular society. In Islamic finance, however, the mushara is divided into permanent mushara and decreasing mushara to meet the needs of financial business. In permanent musala CARDS, financial institutions hold a percentage of shares and share the profits on a pro-rata basis each year; In decreasing mularaca, the proportion of the financial institution's equity in the partnership business is gradually transferred to the client as a partner, and ultimately the client has full ownership of the business.

The rules of Islamic financial law, particularly prohibitory norms, are based on the aim of maintaining the moral purity of business transactions. Therefore, if Islamic finance is carried out in ordinary financial institutions, it should be noted that the funds of Islamic financial business should not be mixed with those of non-Islamic financial business, which is a bit similar to the non-halal food that cannot be sold in a halal canteen.

Therefore, in order to assure Islamic customers that their Islamic financial services and products do comply with Islamic rules, Banks that intend to operate Islamic financial services must be transparent, and Muslim customers should be assured that Islamic financial funds will not be mixed with funds that do not mix with ordinary financial services and products. Therefore, in terms of business, financial institutions are required to separate ordinary financial business from Islamic financial business and set up special service counters, accounts and fund custody system for Islamic finance.

Economic development in the west, where ethnic Islam abounds, makes no doubt that a sound financial system is needed and that attracting healthy foreign investment is important. For Islamic and western region's economic development in national regions, the construction of the financial system and the introduction of foreign investment on the one hand, want to consider the lessons of the financial crisis and enlightenment, but also faces the special national conditions, how can you have the local characteristics, in order to better adapt to due to the local special ethnic composition of the special demand for financial services and products, better serve the local economic construction. Islamic finance has been growing rapidly in recent years. In addition to the large amount of oil dollars that can be invested abroad, this financial model under Islamic financial law based on Islamic rules has stronger responsibility mechanism, sound financial policies and transparency, and its business operation model is intrinsically safer. Therefore, in the construction of Islamic national regions, Islamic financial models and foreign Islamic financial funds can be introduced to provide financial financing services for the economic construction of such a region where Islamic culture occupies the mainstream. To introduce Islamic finance, we need to be familiar with the Islamic financial law that regulates this financial mode, and we need to build a complete financial supporting system and facilities, though not huge. For this financial model, which is still a new thing in China, the development strategy of gradual development and transition can be adopted to gradually improve the construction of the system step by step.

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