Essay代写：The U.S. oil reserve system

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The U.S. oil reserve system，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的石油储备体系。美国的石油储备与其经济、政治发展密切关联，包含了国家战略储备和企业商业储备两大部分，具备了规模庞大、制度健全等特点。另外，美国的石油储备主要包括国家战略储备和企业商业储备。国家战略储备由国家所有，政府决策，以保障石油稳定供给为主要目的。企业商业储备则完全由企业所有，自主经营，以保障企业生产和盈利为主要目的。

The economic development of the United States is greatly affected and restricted by oil supply. According to the U.S. department of energy, a doubling of the international oil price will reduce the total U.S. GDP by 2.5%. For every $10 increase in oil prices, the U.S. economy loses about $50 billion. Meanwhile, America's dependence on foreign oil is more than 50%. In addition, the main source of imported oil in the United States is political instability in some countries, which has a great impact and threat on the stable supply of oil. Therefore, for the United States, a sound and efficient oil reserve system plays a vital role in ensuring energy supply, supporting economic development and maintaining social stability.

The petroleum reserve of the United States mainly includes national strategic reserve and enterprise commercial reserve. The national strategic reserve is owned by the state and the government makes decisions to ensure the stable supply of oil. The enterprise commercial reserve is completely owned by the enterprise, independent management, in order to protect the enterprise production and profit as the main purpose.

The U.S. national strategic reserve is managed by the department of energy, which is authorized by the U.S. government. The assistant secretary for petrochemical energy is responsible for the management of the four national strategic reserve bases through the department of energy's strategic petroleum reserve program management office in New Orleans. The office, which has branches at each of the reserve sites, has about 125 full-time federal employees. Routine maintenance, commissioning and management of oil reserves are outsourced to professional companies.

Draft decisions related to the national strategic reserve were initially developed by the department of energy, the Treasury Department and the White House budget office and then presented to the President. If the President agrees, it will be formally submitted to congress for consideration. Only after the approval of congress, the national strategic reserve relevant decisions can take effect. Once the decision was made, the specific operation was implemented through bidding and unified deployment by the department of energy.

All costs related to the national strategic reserve of the United States, including the construction of oil storage, the purchase of oil and the daily operation and management of the costs are paid by the federal finance through the national budget allocation, and the SPR and SPR oil accounts are specifically set. The SPR accounts cover the construction, operation and maintenance of the reserve base, as well as management, research and staff salaries. The SPR oil accounts are used to pay for crude oil purchases, pipeline storage and transit costs, and import duties. The SPR's oil accounts also receive sales of oil reserves.

The us national strategic reserve system began in the 1920s, was brewing in the 1940s and 1950s, was formally established in the 1970s, gradually improved in the 1980s and 1990s, and has remained stable since the 1990s. Specifically, in 1923, the United States established the Alaska national petroleum reserve to provide fuel reserves for the U.S. navy, thus setting a precedent for national oil reserves. From 1944 to 1956, then-interior secretary Harold ickes, the national mineral resources policy council of the United States, and former President Eisenhower proposed the idea of establishing a national strategic reserve system, but it failed to be realized for various reasons. In 1975, in order to deal with the oil crisis caused by the Middle East war, former US President ford signed the energy policy and reserve act on December 22, 1975, and formally approved the construction of the us national strategic reserve system. Construction of the system began in 1976, and oil reserves began on July 21, 1977, eventually forming a reserve capacity of 700 million barrels.

The construction and operation of the commercial reserve of American enterprises are completely determined and implemented by enterprises independently. Companies have no legal obligation to store oil reserves, and the government has no right to directly intervene in their activities. Enterprises can independently decide the size of oil reserves and make operation plans according to their own strength and market supply and demand.

America's oil reserves are huge. According to the data of the us energy information administration, by the end of December 2012, the total oil reserves of the us were 1.748 billion barrels, among which the national strategic reserves were 695 million barrels, accounting for 38.96% of the total reserves. Corporate and commercial reserves reached 1.089 billion barrels, accounting for 61.04% of the total. It is worth noting that us oil reserves are not only large, but have been steadily rising.

The U.S. national strategic reserve is made up entirely of crude oil and is primarily held at four reserve sites. Among them, Bryan Mound has a total storage base of 250 million barrels and a daily supply of 1.5 million barrels. The Big Hill storage base has a total of 155 million barrels of reserves and a daily supply of 1.1 million barrels per day. The total reserves of West Hackberry storage base are 217 million barrels, and the daily supply is 1.3 million barrels per day. The total reserves of Bayou Choctaw storage base are 73 million barrels, and the daily supply is 550,000 barrels per day. If the four bases are fully supplied, the daily supply can reach 4.45 million barrels per day.

The U.S. national strategic reserve is concentrated in the gulf coast states of Texas and Louisiana.

Different from the national strategic reserve, the commercial reserve of American enterprises contains crude oil and various other petroleum products, including gasoline, fuel ethanol, aviation fuel, domestic oil, etc., and is widely distributed in petroleum and petrochemical enterprises throughout the country.

The us government is fully responsible for the acquisition, storage and utilization of the national strategic reserve with strict conditions and procedures. As the operational assets of an enterprise, its commercial reserves are under the indirect guidance of the state and under the independent control of the enterprise.

All the storage decisions of the national strategic reserve of the United States are jointly formulated by the department of energy, the Treasury Department and the White House budget office, proposed by the President and approved by the congress. The office of the strategic petroleum reserve of the department of energy is entrusted to organize and implement the decisions through market-oriented public bidding. In addition to the direct procurement of oil, the U.S. government has implemented three non buy national strategic reserve collection and storage measures, these three measures can not only help us to earn a certain profit, offset part of the oil reserve operating costs, and can actually increase the total petroleum resources in the presence of the United States, expand resources potential sources of American oil reserves.

The use of us national strategic reserve has strict conditions and normative system. Specifically, the use of the us national strategic reserve is mainly carried out by means of auction sale. The us department of energy specially formulated the "standard sale terms", which made strict provisions on the use of sales methods and procedures. The us national strategic reserve can be used in four ways:

Under the law, only in the event of a "serious interruption of energy supply" can the President issue a blanket order. To be specific, "severe energy supply interruption" includes the following situations: emergency oil supply interruption occurs, and the oil supply interruption covers a wide range and lasts for a long time; Could have serious negative implications for national security and the economy; The emergency has led to a surge in the price of petroleum products; The sharp rise in the price of petroleum products is likely to have a serious negative impact on the national economy.

According to the law, the President can issue a limited use order when there is a possibility of a large and prolonged oil supply shortage at home or abroad, and take limited use measures to avoid or reduce the negative impact of the shortage on the economy. At the same time, the limited use must also meet the following requirements: when the use, the national strategic reserve shall not be less than 500 million barrels, the total amount of use shall not exceed 30 million barrels, and the use time shall not exceed 60 days.

By law, the U.S. secretary of energy has the authority to test the effectiveness of the national strategic petroleum reserve system and its procedures. And no more than 5 million barrels will be used.

In this way, national strategic reserves and corporate commercial reserves are exchanged temporarily to solve the production difficulties of oil enterprises due to the quality of oil products or short-term regional energy shortages. Typically, such exchanges have clear quantitative and temporal limits.

Since the establishment of the national strategic reserve system in the United States, there have been six large-scale USES, mainly for the purpose of influencing the international oil price, meeting consumer demand, alleviating financial crisis and coping with natural disasters. Specifically, the first large-scale operation was on October 26, 1990, solstice and April 5, 1991. The total amount of the operation was 21.114 million barrels, mainly used to meet the oil consumption of the us army during the gulf war. The second operation was conducted on October 13, 1995, solstice and November 6, 1998. The total amount of the second operation was 28.2370 million barrels, mainly used to alleviate the budget deficit of the us government. The third operation was conducted on September 22, 2000, solstice, and March 30, 2001, with a total amount of 3 million barrels, mainly used to ease the winter heating oil shortage in the northeastern United States. The fourth operation, on September 2, 2005, solstice and January 6, 2006, involved 16.20 million barrels of oil, mainly in response to the massive shutdown of oil fields caused by hurricane katrina in the gulf of Mexico. The fifth operation was conducted on August 8, 2008, solstice and December 26, 2008, with a total amount of 5.391 million barrels, mainly used to cope with the international oil price shock caused by the global financial crisis. The sixth operation took place on July 17, 2011 and August 31, 2011. The total amount of the operation was 3 million barrels, mainly used to stabilize the international oil price fluctuations caused by the political change in Libya.

The acquisition and utilization of the commercial reserves of American enterprises are completely dominated by the market and mainly aimed at economic interests. The government indirectly guides enterprises' behaviors by publishing supply and demand information, adjusting crude oil import tariffs and crude oil import license fees, and forcing enterprises to report changes in their reserve levels in a timely and truthful manner.

The American legal system related to oil reserves mainly in 1975 as the core, the energy policy and reserve act includes the energy policy and conservation act, the U.S. policy response to the oil supply disruption, the journal of the American countries about strategic petroleum reserve policy statement, such as the energy policy act of 75 bill about 200 functional departments and research institutes and put forward the concrete measures of advice. From the establishment of the petroleum reserve system to the process design, there are laws and rules to follow from the strategic decision to the concrete implementation.

Under the federal energy act and the organization of the department of energy act, the energy information administration, a statistical and policy-making subsidiary of the doe, compulsively collects, statistics, releases, analyzes and forecasts all types of national oil reserve data. The agency is also responsible for providing the U.S. congress with data analysis and assessments of the U.S. government's energy policies.

The United States plans to expand its national strategic reserves by 193 million barrels. Among them, Bayou Choctaw oil reserve base will be expanded by 33 million barrels per day, after which its daily supply will reach 1 million barrels per day. A new national strategic reserve will be built in richton, Mississippi, with a planned 160m barrels a day of supply.

In recent years, the United States no longer takes unilateral measures when using its national strategic reserves, but ACTS in coordination and unity with other members of the international energy agency. For example, in 2011, the United States used 60 million barrels of its national strategic reserves in close coordination with other western countries to deal with the fluctuation of oil supply caused by regime change in Libya.

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Assignment代写：Immunity for U.S. prosecutors

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Immunity for U.S. prosecutors，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国检察官的豁免权。在美国，检察官的豁免权指的是检察官在履行职责时，对职务行为导致的他人损失，视情况绝对地或者附条件地不承担民事赔偿责任的权利。虽然检察官的责任豁免只限于免除民事损害赔偿责任，并不意味着他们能够免除刑事责任与职业纪律的制裁。根据国家豁免原则，美国联邦政府机构和各州政府机构，不会因为普通法上的侵权行为被起诉，但具体的政府官员却有可能被起诉追责。

In common law countries, immunity refers to "the legal status of a person who does not bear certain legal consequences or does not apply certain legal rules to him. It is a kind of special privilege that the law does not give the person according to general rules". Immunity was originally created by judges and reflects a social policy whereby a particular subject is exempt from liability on the basis of a particular identity. For example, granting certain exemptions to charitable organizations is to encourage people to do more charitable activities. The exemption of each other's torts is to maintain the stability and harmony of the family. In common law countries, judges have absolute immunity. Lord denning of England said: "since 1613 our laws have made it a rule that nothing a judge says or does in his jurisdiction can be the subject of an action. The words of a judge are absolutely protected. The order issued by the judge and the penalty imposed by the judge cannot be the object of the civil action against the judge. For the prosecutor, "the absolute immunity of the prosecutor at common law is not on as firm a basis as that of the judge, but it is also on a considerable basis. In the past and present, the general rule has been that prosecutors have absolute immunity from malicious prosecution. These common law exemptions were affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court and became the basis for U.S. attorneys' immunity from damages. In the United States, the immunity of the prosecutor means the right of the prosecutor to bear absolutely or conditionally no civil liability for the loss of others caused by his official behavior when performing his duties. It must be pointed out that the exemption of prosecutors' liability is only limited to the exemption of civil damages, which does not mean that they can be exempted from criminal responsibility and professional discipline.

The immunity enjoyed by us prosecutors has deep historical roots. The understanding of official responsibility and government responsibility in common law countries can be traced back to England in the 13th century. In the feudal system, manor lords could establish courts to settle disputes between their vassals. Since this is a court established by the Lord, the Lord cannot be prosecuted here unless his consent is obtained. As the most senior Lord, the king could not be tried by the court without his consent. Torts may be attributed to the king's subordinates, but not to the king. The sovereign has immunity from pure tort-feasance but may take legal action against officials who exceed their statutory powers or refuse to fulfil their statutory obligations. In the United States, federal and state government agencies are not prosecuted for common law violations under the principle of national immunity. But specific government officials could be prosecuted. The phrase "the king does no wrong", as the legal proverb says, implies a waiver of state responsibility. In Europe, France in particular, has taken a different approach from the common law system: the state is liable, but the officials are not. The immunity granted to prosecutors in the judicial practice of the United States is based on the theoretical basis that "officials bear personal responsibility and state responsibility is exempted".

If the rights of American citizens are infringed by state or federal prosecutors, they can respectively initiate Section 1983 Action and Bivens Actio with the intention of making the prosecutor assume personal responsibility to the court.

"1983 action" is a lawsuit filed in federal court by citizens whose rights have been violated by state actors under title 42, section 1983, of the United States code. United States code 42nd weaving section 1983 was originally part of the Civil Rights Act (1871), whose main content is: the person in any state, region, or the district of Columbia, any laws, decrees, regulations, or practice in the name of deprived of any U.S. citizen or U.S. jurisdictions other personnel by the federal constitution and the law safeguard of any rights, privileges or immunities, should be liable for damage of the parties. If a victim wants to prosecute a "state actor" in his or her personal capacity, it is usually referred to as a "1983 section action". "State actors" include those whose power comes from state laws or practices, and state prosecutors are "state actors." To this end, when prosecutors violate the rights of plaintiffs under the federal constitution or statutes under the guise of state power, plaintiffs can claim compensatory and punitive damages for the personal status of state officials.

If the constitutional rights of citizens are violated by officials of the federal government, relevant relief measures originate from a case law of the United States Supreme Court, namely Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents. The law in the bivens suit is similar to that in the 1983 suit, and from the point of view of official immunity, the law in both cases is the same. "In the absence of instructions to the contrary from congress, it would be unwarranted, in the case of immunity, to draw a sharp line between litigation brought under section 1983 and those brought directly against federal officials under the constitution." "Federal officials do not enjoy greater protection than state officials when they violate federal constitutional rules." To make the two types of litigation truly "parallel," the Supreme Court introduced waivers from the 1983 section of litigation in the bivens suit. Now, when a court declares that some "state actors" have some immunity, it presumes that this right is also owned by "federal actors"; And vice versa. It should be noted that the Federal Tort Claims Act also provides relief to victims. The relief offered by Mr. Bivens's suit, however, is for individual officials, and the federal tort claims act is for the government. In the bivens case, the plaintiff may be awarded punitive damages, but this is prohibited in a claims action. Plaintiffs may not opt for jury review in a "claims action," but they can in a bivens action. The two remedies are not mutually exclusive, and even if the plaintiffs Sue the United States government under the federal tort claims act, they are entitled to the relief afforded by the bivens suit.

It should be pointed out that both the "1983 clause action" and the bivens action are intended to make the prosecutor assume personal responsibility. Once the prosecutor loses the lawsuit, he needs to compensate the plaintiff with personal property. The state attorney could argue that his actions were official and official, but that did not absolve him from personal responsibility.

In the United States, prosecutors enjoy absolute immunity for ACTS "closely related to the judicial stage of a criminal proceeding" and limited immunity for other ACTS. Prosecuting, appearing in court, making statements or eliciting false or derogatory language from witnesses, etc.; Public procurators enjoy limited immunity from ACTS of investigation, management, etc. Absolute immunity is an unconditional immunity, and there is no other factor that can overturn the protection of the interests of the right holder. Limited immunity can be overturned by certain facts and is no longer enjoyed by prosecutors who act in contravention of clearly established law.

In the United States, "the vast majority of officials granted absolute immunity are subject to other restraints to prevent their abuses from going uncorrected." This means that the power of an official is strictly restricted, which is actually a necessary condition for the official to obtain absolute immunity.

One of the purposes for which the United States grants immunity to prosecutors is to protect them from the burden of litigation in the performance of their duties. In the design of the system, special attention should be paid to prevent unreasonable disturbance caused to prosecutors in the process of investigating their responsibilities. In the 1983 case and in the bivens case brought by the victim, the prosecutor for the accused may claim immunity and request a summary judgment in his favor before the trial and discovery of evidence. A judge looks at an indicted prosecutor from the perspective of a rational and competent prosecutor, analyzes whether his conduct is closely related to the judicial process, and if not, continues to analyze whether he has violated a clearly defined law and whether he enjoys absolute or limited immunity. If it is believed that the accused prosecutor does not enjoy immunity, the request will be denied, the lawsuit will enter the stage of evidence discovery and substantive trial, and the prosecutor may finally bear the liability for compensation. If his claim is upheld, the plaintiff's action is lost. The immunity of the us prosecutor is not only the substantive right of defense, which can exempt the prosecutor from personal responsibility, but also a procedural right of claim, which can prevent the case from entering the stage of evidence discovery and trial.

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Scientific Paper要怎么写

Scientific Paper，就是英文科技论文，其写作非常讲究真实性，所以写作的时候必须非常严谨。但对于留学新生来说，肯定是不知道Scientific Paper的严谨性，所以写作起来会非常不习惯，那么Scientific Paper要怎么写呢？下面就给大家讲解一下。

What is a scientific paper?

A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent.”

科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述，研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，得出结论，不是简单的数据收集。

A paper is not just an archival device for storing a completed research program, it is also a structure for planning your research in progress. If you clearly understand the purpose and form of a paper, it can be immensely useful to you in organizing and conducting your research. A good outline for the paper is also a good plan for the research program. You should write and rewrite these plans/outlines throughout the course of the research.

论文并不仅是收集研究结果，也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架，好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划，在研究的过程中，应该反复修改这些计划或提要。研究工作开始时，应有完善的计划；工作结束时，应充分的总结。

写作要点

Some Points of English Style

英文文体上的一些要点：

1) Do not use nouns as adjectives:

2) The word “this” must always be followed by a noun, so that its reference is explicit

3) Describe experimental results uniformly in the past tense.

描述实验结果一律要用过去时态。

4) Use the active voice whenever possible.

5) Complete all comparisons.

6) Type all papers double-spaced (not single-or one-and-a-half spaced), and leave 1 space after colons, commas, and after periods at the end of sentences. Leave generous margins. (generally, 1.25” on both sides & top & bottom).

以上就是关于Scientific Paper的写作讲解，希望同学们看过之后，都能更加认真对待Scientific Paper，争取拿到高分。

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Paper代写：Dark Brutalities of World War I

本篇paper代写- Dark Brutalities of World War I讨论了第一次世界大战的黑暗残暴。第一次世界大战的黑暗残暴，首先可以从那些在西线作战的士兵对军事生活的恐惧和堑壕战中看出。事实上，战壕生活的现实可以用血腥、残酷、破碎和丑陋来形容，这对那些士兵来说是难以忍受的。此外，战争的黑暗残暴也可以通过士兵和将军之间的不平等体现出来。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Introduction

Patriotic proclamation has it that war is the representation of courage, glory and honor and the great majority of people regard war as glorious during the period of World War I. And most people only know the glamour and glory of those heroes in the battlefield while people do not know the sufferings those heroes have experienced when they fight in the war. However, Generals Die in Bed, a powerfully anti-war novel by Charles Yale Harrison, belies the war’s savage realities regardless of its military victories. War is not a glorious endeavor but instead it is quite chilling and horrible full of dark brutalities, which can be seen from the horrors of military life and trench warfare, the inequality between the soldiers and the generals as well as the descent of civilization.

Dark Brutalities of World War I

The dark brutalities of war can be firstly suggested by the horrors of military life and trench warfare of those soldiers fighting on the Western Front. As a matter of fact, the realities of life in the trenches can be described as bloody, brutal, shattering and ugly and it is quite unbearable for those soldiers. To put it more specifically, the living conditions in France for those soldiers are unsanitary and they are exposed to gigantic rats, lice, poison gas and flesh-rotting rainfalls. Just take the lice as an example, Harrison states that “We are supposed to be resting, but rest is impossible; we are being eaten alive by lice. We cannot sleep for them. We sit and talk, and dig feverishly in our chests, under our arms, between our legs. Our rambling conversation is interrupted by sharp little cracks as we crush the vermin between our thumbnails. A tiny drop of blood spurts in one’s face as they are crushed” (Harrison, Chapter 2), from which the inability for the soldiers to rest can be easily detected. Harrison uses first person to narrate and he is narrating in such a detail that the audience can even get a clear picture about the rage of lice. Soldiers will undoubtedly be exhausted and used-up due to their fighting in the battlefield and how fervent they desire for a rest can be unconsciously identified. Rest is very important toward the ordinary people that do not participate in the war, let alone those soldiers who fight with all their might. Apart from that, Harrison has claimed the havoc of rats and lice is the nightmare of those soldiers at the same time, which can be seen from the sentences that “The same rats, fat and sleek with their corpse-filled bellies, the same gleaming gimlet eyes. The same lice which we carry with us wherever we go. In and out, in and out, endlessly, sweating, endlessly, endlessly…”(Harrison, Chapter 4). These sentences have involved in the use of several “the same” and the repeated use of “in and out” and “endlessly” can all enable us to know that those rats and lice are with the soldiers all the time no matter where they are and they can not get themselves rid of the bothering from those unpleasant rats and lice.

Moreover, the dark brutalities of war can also be embodied via the inequality between the soldiers and the generals. Detailed speaking, the soldiers have to undergo countless unimaginable sufferings in the trench including emptiness, horrific deaths, hunger lice, mud, rats, etc. and they may even die in the trench in the end. But what is different for the generals is that they are not fighting in the front and they only know the war on maps, leading their being able to die in the bed. In order to better illustrate the inequity between the soldiers and the generals, Harrison uses cynicism to show the differences between the treatment toward the soldiers and the generals. As for the soldiers, “It is months since we have been out of clothes. We talk of the last time we slept between sheets. A flood of reminiscences begins. Brown forgets his hatred for Clark for the moment and rhapsodizes over his last night in a real bed” (Harrison, Chapter 3), from which we can know that it is rare for the soldiers to sleep in the bed when they are fighting in the trench. In the opposite, the generals do not come to the front very often and they know little about the war, “Yeah, but do the generals know it, that’s what I wanna know. / Better write’ em a letter about it. They might forget the date” (Harrison, Chapter 6). Reading this, it is quite ridiculous that the generals do not take part in the war themselves in the front and they even forget the date. What is more cynic can be predicted from the expressions that “Oh, the generals have a bloody good time fifty miles behind the line” (Harrison, Chapter 7) and that “God, no. Generals die in bed” (Harrison, Chapter 7), which has indicated that the generals are not only far away from the frontline and they are able to die in bed. Obviously, the use of cynicism has vividly depicted the differences between the generals and the soldiers so that the dark brutalities of war can be readily predicted.

Last but not the least comes that the descent of civilization can as well powerfully justify for the dark brutalities of war. The descent of civilization can be understood by the fact that what the soldiers care most about is their personal survival but not the glory the war can bring in the due time. Those soldiers have to deal with their meals in the trench on their own and the sentence that “We find a piece of hard, moldy bread- we share it among ourselves and eat it” (Harrison, Chapter 11) shows that it is hard for them to feed themselves. From what has been experienced by those soldiers in the trench, the existence of dehumanization can be deeply felt in that those soldiers have actually been seen as the tools to bring glory while they have to struggle in a barbaric and senseless war. There is no doubt the descent of civilization can help claim the dark brutalities of war, which suggests that the war should be prevented to a certain degree.

Conclusion

To sum up, a reasonable conclusion can be drawn that there is no glamour and glory in war but endless dark brutalities within it. Thus a fair knowledge can be obtained that people should spare no efforts to prevent the incidence of war in whatever possible way so that the soldiers have no need to suffer from the war in the due time. It is hoped that a peaceful world without war can be formed due to the joint efforts of people all over the world.

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Essay代写：The Cromwell

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The Cromwell，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了克伦威尔。克伦威尔是英国资产阶级革命中不可或缺的重要人物，是资产阶级革命的著名领袖。英国资产阶级革命以一种狂暴与温和并存的方式，迅速改变了议会和国王之间微妙的关系，限制了王权，推行资产阶级民主，使君主立宪制成为英国新的政治制度，并延续至今。虽然克伦威尔并没能经历英国从君主专制向君主立宪制转变的整个过程，但他在其中扮演了重要角色。

Cromwell was an indispensable and important figure in the British bourgeois revolution and a famous leader of the bourgeois revolution. The British bourgeois revolution rapidly changed the subtle relationship between the parliament and the king in a violent and mild way, limited the royal power, promoted the bourgeois democracy, and made the constitutional monarchy become the new political system in Britain, which continues to this day. Although Cromwell did not experience the whole process of Britain's transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, he played an important role in it.

The greatest game in the civil war was played between the king and parliament. Without parliamentary victory, there would be no future. Only by defeating the royalist army first could parliamentary power be maintained and expanded, and Cromwell played a significant role in this process. The independents, led by Cromwell, were more radical in religious belief and politics than the presbyterians. They also suffered deep persecution and were more dissatisfied with Charles I. Therefore, Cromwell believed that only by defeating the king by force, could the long-term achievements of parliament be consolidated and the problem of further restricting the royal power be solved. The major question of whether the absolute monarchy could be overthrown was the difference in attitude between the independents and the Presbyterian king Charles I, who was waging a civil war.

Cromwell showed great resolution in the parliamentary battle against the king. In 1642, a civil war broke out between the king and the parliament. In the face of the king's armed provocation, the parliament set up a parliamentary army to fight against it, but the parliament was not unified. Some people in the parliament did not give up the illusion of making peace with the king. The presbyterians, who dominated parliament, advocated talking to the king while fighting, and tried to use a combination of soft and hard tactics to make the king give up some privileges automatically. The Presbyterian control of the parliamentary army is in limbo. Some senior generals of the parliamentary army were afraid to face the king on the battlefield for fear of being accused of "treason". They even secretly let the king's troops escape and bungled their warplanes. In a battle, Lord Manchester, a parliamentary army, freed the king. When Cromwell angrily denounced the traitor in a military council, Lord Manchester publicly defended himself: "your excellency, please note the fact that we have defeated the king 99 times and he is still the king; But if the king beats us once, we shall be put to the gallows, and our children and grandchildren shall be slaves. Cromwell stifled his anger and said wryly, "Sir, if this is the case, why did we take up arms in the first place? Wouldn't it be better to just surrender? You are in effect refusing to fight!

Cromwell also played an important role in reorganizing the army and enhancing the fighting capacity of the parliamentary army. Cromwell was good at discovering and using talents, and formed a "new model army", which adopted new fighting methods, greatly improving the fighting capacity of the parliamentary army, and laying a solid foundation for the parliamentary army to defeat the king's army. In the early years of the civil war, the parliamentary army was disorganized, poorly disciplined and made up of local militias with very low fighting quality. So in the early days of the civil war, the parliamentary army was always more defeated than the king's army. Cromwell was worried about the state of the war. He urged parliament to take decisive measures to remove the incompetent generals and establish a new revolutionary army.

In January 1645, under the increasingly unfavorable war situation, parliament was forced to pass the new model army act, which used the self-restraint law to remove the incompetent Presbyterian military leaders in Manchester and Essex from the army. Due to his outstanding military achievements in the civil war, Cromwell, as a member of parliament, was also the deputy commander in chief of the "new model army", thus holding the real power of the parliamentary army. In the process of establishing and reorganizing the army, Cromwell was good at discovering and using talents. He promoted many lower-class officers with strong command. After rectification, the parliamentary army became more and more powerful and gradually turned the defeat into victory. On June 14, 1645, at the battle of naxi, Charles I was captured after defeating the main part of the king's army.

Another great achievement of Cromwell in the bourgeois revolution was that he executed the king and established the bourgeois republic in England, which pushed the bourgeois revolution to a climax.

After the first civil war ended in 1646, parliament became the only country the supreme organ of power, came to power in parliament presbyterians, in order to take the victory, to eliminate the military threat to them, all in the name of reduce the tax burden on the people, for dissolution of the army, even refused to pay the pay of civil war period in arrears with fallen widow's pension. Amid parliamentary infighting, king Charles I fled to the isle of wight in 1648, sparking a resurgence of royalist power across England and a rebellion. Supported by the lower and middle classes, Cromwell led the parliamentary army to smash the rebellion of the king's party, and responded to the call of the general public and soldiers to judge Charles I. With Cromwell's full support, he finally tried Charles I and put king Charles I to the guillotine.

Cromwell followed the trend of The Times, laid a foundation for the establishment of British constitutional monarchy, and accelerated the development of British capitalist economy and social progress. Cromwell later won the titles of "the great leader of the bourgeois revolution", "the bourgeois revolutionary" and "the greatest strategist at that time", which were inseparable from his great achievements in the civil war. It was the victory of the army under his leadership that laid the foundation stone for the later constitutional monarchy.

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