Compare Essay怎么写,Contrast Essay写作讲解

在国外留学的同学们，想必经过一段时间的学习之后，都熟悉了基本的essay写作。然而，essay写作的种类有很多，所以同学们还得继续下功夫去掌握。今天来给大家讲解一下对比类essay，即Compare/Contrast Essay，写作这类essay，需要按照特定的规律，拿捏好写作结构，这样基本上就没什么问题了。

Introduction（介绍）

你的介绍-就像五段论的论文一样，应该开放一点（有引用，轶事，推广），并且最终引入论文。

Topic 1（话题1）

你文章的下一部分（这可能包括一个或者几个段落）应该涵盖比较和对比的两个主题中的第一个。比较/对比论文有2个主题，并且说明它们的相同点和不同点。不要在这个部分提及主题2。

Topic 2（话题2）

你文章的下一部分（这可能包括一个或者更多段落）应该涵盖两个主题中的第二个。不要在这个部分讨论主题1。既然你已经进入了细节的部分，你可以简单的提及主题1，但是，不要在这个部分分析主题1。这个部分是要对主题2进行很详细的分析。

Topics 1 and 2 Together（话题1和话题2）

既然你已经分别分析了主题1和主题2，现在可以综合分析它们俩了。这个部分可以是一段或者几段。

Conclusion（结论）

结论-就像介绍-应该是论文论点的概括。这一段应该表达你对主题的肯定和真正的知识。你应该重申你的论点（基本上是换个说法）并且展示你是如何证明它的。

OR（或）

Introduction（介绍）

你的介绍-像一篇五段论的论文，应该开放一点（有引用、轶事、推广），并且最终引入论文。

All Comparisons (Topics 1 and 2)（话题1和话题2 的所有的比较）

这一部分应该由几段组成，应该找寻你所写的两个主题的所有相似点。这里至少应该有3处相同点（基本上是3个简短的正文段落），每一处相同点，两个主题都要分别举出一个例子来比较。

All Contrasts (Topics 1 and 2)（话题1和话题2的所有对比）

这一部分应该包括几段，应该找寻你所写的两个主题的所有不同点。这里至少应该有3处不同点（基本上是3个简短的正文段落），每一处不同点，两个主题都要分别举出一个例子来比较。

Conclusion（结论）

这个结论应该包含了你在文章里证明了的所有的东西，它应该用一个新的、更正式的方式来重述论文，你应该对你的写作感到非常自信。

以上就是关于Compare/Contrast Essay的写作结构分析，同学们在写作对比类essay的时候，可以参考一下这样的写作结构，看看能否运用到写作上。

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Paper代写：Risks of international trade

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Risks of international trade，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了国际贸易的风险。国际贸易风险是国际贸易双方因一些不确定因素影响而发生的超出预期的成本开支和意外损失。另外，国际贸易风险复杂多样，动态变化。就单一国际贸易而言，可能存在多种贸易风险，并且每一种风险都有影响力和破坏力。因此，加强国际贸易风险的分析预判，科学采取应对措施，对企业有效规避国际贸易风险有着重大的意义。

Under the background of economic globalization, the trade cooperation between countries is increasingly deepened, and the international trade risks faced by Chinese enterprises become more severe and complex. Without scientific analysis and effective response, the losses caused by the trade risks will be immeasurable. Therefore, a scientific analysis of the risks faced by Chinese enterprises in international trade and the maximum reduction of the losses caused by the risks can create a more favorable growth environment for the production and development of Chinese enterprises. This paper focuses on the analysis of international trade risks and puts forward countermeasures and Suggestions to avoid international trade risks.

At present, with the tide of economic globalization, the trade between countries in the world is closer, and the invisible hand of the market is realizing the optimal allocation of global resources to a greater extent. In recent years, China has adhered to the development strategy of opening up and win-win cooperation. Taking advantage of the "advantage of late development" of developing countries, China has actively tapped its own resource potential and lifted its import and export to a new level. In 1978, China's total foreign trade volume was 20.6 billion us dollars. In 2017, China's total foreign trade volume was 4.1 trillion us dollars. The year-on-year growth was nearly 200 times. At the same time, with the development of international trade, the international trade risks faced by Chinese enterprises have also multiplied, and the challenges brought by trade risks are unprecedented. Therefore, strengthening the analysis and prediction of international trade risks and adopting scientific countermeasures are of great significance for Chinese enterprises to effectively avoid international trade risks. The risk of international trade is the unexpected cost and loss caused by some uncertain factors. The reason lies in that, objectively, international trade exists in a certain time domain and is subject to risks caused by natural environment and other factors, such as risks caused by natural disasters, political environment and economic policies. Subjectively, information asymmetry is the main reason for the risks of both parties in trade. Generally speaking, the importer does not have as much information about the commodities he buys as the exporter does about the commodities he sells. Therefore, the seller can always gain more profits by virtue of information advantages. In addition, trade fraud is also one of the important reasons for the occurrence of international trade risks, because there are many fake elements hidden in the fraud, easy to let the trading party deceived, caused by the loss is often difficult to recover.

International trade risks have the following characteristics: first, objectivity. Risks arise from some uncertain factors existing in the trading process between the two parties. These uncertain factors are objective and independent of people's subjective will, such as natural disasters and currency exchange rates. The second is dynamic. Risks exist in the whole process of international trade. Influenced by the geographical environment, seasonal climate, traffic conditions, time consumption, currency exchange rate, political environment, cultural customs and other factors, risks are always in dynamic changes. Third, relevance. The occurrence of risks must be causal and traceable, and the causes and results of risks are strongly correlated. The fourth is the unknowability. Risks cannot be predicted and completely controlled, especially natural disaster risks.

International trade risks are complex, diverse and dynamic. For a single international trade, there may be multiple trade risks, some of which are mutually reinforcing and some of which are mutually reinforcing. However, each of these risks has its own influence and destructive power, which requires our careful analysis and study.

The currencies of different countries used by both sides in international trade will be affected by the fluctuations of the international financial market, and the currency will appreciate or depreciate. Generally speaking, it takes a long time from the conclusion of a transaction contract to the completion of the transaction by both parties in international trade, and the transaction cannot be realized immediately. In the course of a long period of trade, the currency exchange rate will fluctuate with the fluctuation of the financial market, resulting in the appreciation or depreciation of the trading currency, leading to the occurrence of trading risks.

Contract risks arise from contract agreements. The contracting parties come from different countries, and the laws of different countries have different judgments on the rights and responsibilities related to the contract, which leads to misjudgment and disputes in the process of contract performance, resulting in trade frictions and risks. Another key point of contract risk is contract fraud. Trade through fraudulent means, piggybacking on well-known trademarks, product that the patented invention products, international brand, counterfeit products quality certification, deceived by our trust business and trade contracts, fails to perform the contract unilaterally, or in false and true, shoddy, take money to run, resulting in serious economic losses to our company.

International trade both sides live in countries, from their own interests, to develop and trade protection policy, taking economic means such as high tariffs, quotas, or adopt anti-dumping policy of an imported product, these policies have the characteristics of unpredictability, immediacy, once the policy, the enterprise exports caused great impact to our country. National political situation, on the other hand, trade security environment, the rule of law is also produced one of the most important aspects of the international trade risk, and both countries have a quite different culture, religion, folk custom, etc, the concept and degree of economic openness, property rights protection consciousness, the concept of consumer rights and inconsistent, and so on, will cause the risk of international trade.

International trade also follows the law of the market, and the price is determined by the relationship between supply and demand. The international market environment in which China's export enterprises are located is more of a type of monopolistic competition. Enterprises do not have pricing power in the international market, and their prices are mostly affected by factors such as supply and demand in the international market and changes in the prices of production factors. In terms of the relationship between supply and demand, if the supply increases and the demand decreases, the price will fall. From the perspective of the price change of factors of production, if the price of raw materials rises, the production cost will increase, and the price of commodities will also rise, the sales volume of commodities will be reduced due to the price increase, and the profit margin of commodities may be compressed. In addition, the price factor is also affected by the macroeconomic level of a country, and the consumption level and price level of importing countries will affect the price of China's export commodities to some extent.

International trade risks are also subject to risks caused by unpredictable natural forces, such as earthquake, typhoon, tsunami, fire, flood, hail and other natural disasters. Natural risks are non-resistant and difficult to predict. Once occurring, they are less controllable and the losses caused by disasters are also difficult to estimate.

While international trade creates wealth for both sides and increases consumer surplus and producer surplus, the risks it faces are also complex and changeable. Our country enterprise in the process of foreign trade, to adhere to the development ideas of maintaining stability, can not blindly exaggerated trade risk resistance, ignore the risks were also not optimistic, should actively strengthen the understanding of the whole controlled trade risk, improve risk analysis and prevention capacity, to the realization of maximum trade risk aversion and stop.

Market research is an important means for enterprises to tap market potential, open up and occupy the market. First, strengthen research on the political situation, economic policies, security environment and legal system of the trading countries, scientifically predict the possible political, economic, social and security risks, and make trade risk prevention plans. Second, strengthen the research on the development trend of relevant industries in trading countries, the quality level of similar products, consumer groups, commodity security services and other aspects, earnestly grasp the market environment and competitive advantages of Chinese enterprises' export products, and maximize the value-added trade. Third, carry out risk assessment of trade and transportation capacity, traffic conditions, storage facilities, freight diversion, sales services and other links, make scientific analysis of trade risk points, formulate risk operation plans, and effectively enhance the security and controllability of trade circulation.

Trading enterprises are the main body of international trade, and their credit level directly affects the probability of trade risk. Therefore, it is very important to do a good job in the credit investigation of the counterparty trade enterprises and establish the customer credit evaluation mechanism to prevent trade risks. One is to check the authenticity of the business license of the enterprise, the integrity and credibility of the registration information, the authenticity of the identity of the enterprise as a legal person, whether it has entrusted agents, whether it has the formal authorization of the legal person, whether it has a legal import and export license, etc. The second is to check the operation status of the enterprise on the spot, check the production and operation capacity, production and sales performance, operation and financial status of the enterprise, and whether there is financial support to fulfill the contract. The third is to check the credit status of trading enterprises, whether there are records of breach of contract and violation of laws, credit rating of enterprises, evaluation degree of enterprises and reputation of the industry. Fourth, the view of corporate culture, values, operating standards, staff quality and corporate vision; Understand the spirit of business owners temperament and style of work, business owners of the ruling power of the enterprise; Understand whether the enterprise has the upper company and subordinate companies, its upstream and downstream enterprises and product chain operating conditions, what is the interest relationship between each other.

In the process of international trade, Chinese enterprises can choose some insurance instruments scientifically to avoid and reduce international trade risks. One is to choose transportation insurance. Transportation is the most time-consuming and risky stage in the process of international trade. When purchasing transportation insurance, the insurance company will compensate for the losses caused by the risks in transportation, which can effectively reduce the losses of enterprises. When you buy insurance, you should select relevant types of insurance according to the degree of vulnerability risk of the goods, and keep the documents such as insurance policy, transport contract, goods invoice and inspection report, so as to provide the insurance company with claims in case of loss caused by risks. Second, the choice of export credit insurance. Export credit insurance is a non-profit insurance business, which is provided by the state with risk guarantee and financial support for export enterprises. The government underwrites our country enterprise in the export process, because importer's commercial risk or importer's political risk suffers the loss one kind of credit insurance. The state provides risk guarantee for Chinese enterprises in foreign trade, investment and other economic activities, ensures that export enterprises can receive goods funds in time, and supports Chinese enterprises in foreign trade to the greatest extent. Choose international factoring. Through the international factoring to achieve a kind of contractual relationship between exporters and factor, implementation and settlement, management, guarantees, financing is a body comprehensive business services, exporters will transfer agreed upon in the contract of sale of goods trade receivable to factor, factor responsible for importers account recovery and jiggled, provide prepaid financing for exporters, exporters of capital operation and circulation, shorten the trade operation period, faster order to succeed and corporate value. Some large equipment before equipment export, export enterprises will require importers to issue a bank guarantee, bank guarantee according to contract and open international trade, but with independent legal effect, if the importer cannot according to the contract payment after receipt of the goods, export enterprises can lodge a claim against the guarantee bank, instead of the importer to pay unconditionally by the bank, which can effectively avoid risk. Fifth, choose standby letter of credit. In some countries and regions, the bank guarantee service is not common, the exporter can choose the standby letter of credit, which is widely used in commercial Banks. The issuing commercial bank, according to the request of the importer, issues a certificate to the exporter promising to undertake a certain obligation. If the importer fails to perform his obligations, the exporter may require payment by the issuing bank in accordance with the provisions of the standby letter of credit.

Exchange rate risk is one of the risks that foreign trade enterprises focus on. At present, many countries generally adopt floating exchange rates, which will fluctuate with the changes in the international financial market. Due to the relatively long delivery period of international trade, the valuation currency may fluctuate greatly during the period from the conclusion of the contract to the delivery and payment, which directly affects the economic interests of both parties. In the actual trade, from the perspective of benefit to their own interests, for the export trade of Chinese enterprises, we can use the coin valuation transaction, for the import trade of Chinese enterprises, we can use the soft currency valuation transaction. If the transaction currency is not favorable to us, Chinese enterprises can adjust the external quotation according to the exchange rate change. We can also try to establish hedging clauses to avoid economic losses caused by exchange rate risks.

Price war has always been a powerful weapon for international trade market competition. However, with the continuous improvement of per capita GDP of all countries in the world, the improvement of people's living standards and consumption concepts, the grade and quality of products are favored by consumers of all countries, and product competitiveness has become the biggest winner in the international trade market. Countries with advantages in advanced manufacturing, core technology, intelligent technology and information technology have set strict technical barriers to international trade. Only when the quality of products meets the standards set by these countries can the products be exported to these countries. Therefore, Chinese enterprises should constantly strengthen independent innovation ability, with the development of the initiative firmly in his hands, trying to make the "made in China" brand, and actively participate in relevant leading international standards, strive to occupy the initiative in the global economic competition, continue to expand our country enterprise of foreign trade strength and international market share.

In short, international trade builds a bridge of mutual benefit between countries. While accelerating productivity improvement and promoting the effective allocation of resources, it also brings many uncertain risks. Chinese enterprises should embrace international trade with an open and inclusive attitude, carefully analyze the characteristics and rules of international trade risks, adopt positive countermeasures and measures to avoid and reduce risks, constantly improve the product quality of Chinese enterprises, build Chinese brands, better integrate into global trade, and improve the international competitiveness of Chinese products.

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Argument Essay的写作思路分析

Argument Essay，就是辩论型论文，是国外大学常见的一种Essay类型。在Argument Essay的写作中，重点就是论证自己的观点，这看起来非常容易，但真正写起来其实并不简单，下面就给大家分析一下Argument Essay的写作思路。

构思阶段

为了使Argument Essay给人一种深刻的印象，就必须包括一些特定的要素来说服读者从你的观点中找到一些东西。正因为如此，在你开始写Argument Essay之前必须花几分钟的时间来做些构思和准备。

寻找一个好的主题

为了给Argument Essay找一个好的主题你应该考虑以下几个问题，包括有两个相互冲突的观点或者非常不同的结论。当你检查主题列表时你应该找一个能真正激发你兴趣的一个。

尽管没有足够感兴趣的，但在一个主题中强烈的兴趣是很重要的，你必须考虑你要用什么样的原因和论据。只有强烈的信念是一回事，但当要形成论据时你必须解释清为什么你的观点是有合理的，符合逻辑的。

当你寻找一个主题时，脑中列出一些你可以用来作为支持或反对这个话题论据的观点。

考虑一下你所写的主题的正反面并确定立场。

一旦你选了一个很有感觉的话题，你应该列出正反两方面的论据并挑其中一方面。Argument Essay的首要目的就是呈现出这个话题的两面并对每一个进行评价。当然，挑选其中一方面(你所要写的那方面)做一下总结。

在构思阶段你需要考虑一下反方强有力的论据。然后反驳它们！

收集证据

当我们想论据的时候我们可以想象出两个面红耳赤的人很大声讲话，摆出戏剧姿态的画面。但那是因为面对面的争论往往是很情绪化的。事实上，争论的行为包括了有或没有带情绪化的提供证据支持你的说法。在Argument Essay中，提供论据时你一定不能放太多戏剧性事件在里面。你要(简短地)摸索双方的主题，并证明为什么这方面或立场是最好的。

写作阶段

一旦你给了自己一个坚实的基础，你就可以开始制定你的文章。一篇Argument Essay应该包含三个部分：介绍、主体、总结。这些部分的长度(段落的数量)会有所变化，取决于Argument Essay的长度。

1.介绍主题，并表明自己的观点

在任何一篇文章中，你论据文章的第一段应该包含一个关于话题简短的解释，一些背景信息和主旨句。在这种情况下，您的论点将是在一个特别有争议的话题中你所在立场的陈述。

在举例介绍段落中使用主旨句

2.准备双方的辩论

文章主体包含你论点的“主体”。你应该详细说说双方争议的点并陈述反方最强有力的论据。

在叙述完反方后，你就要展现你自己的观点接着提供论据说明为什么你的立场是正确的。

挑选最强有力的论据，一个一个地呈现出你的观点。使用一个混合的论据类型，从统计数据，到其他的研究和轶闻故事。

最后在总结段落重新叙述一下你的立场是最明智的。

文章的注意事项：

避免情绪化的语言

了解逻辑的结论与情绪化观点的区别

不要整理论据

应用原始资料

制作一个大纲

以上就是关于Argument Essay的写作思路分析，不大会写Argument Essay的同学可以尝试一下这种写作思路。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：To Engineer is Human

本篇paper代写- To Engineer is Human讨论了《设计，人类的本性》。亨利·彼得罗夫斯基所著的《设计，人类的本性》探讨的不是失败如何帮助工程师进行设计，而是失败对理解工程本身的意义。此外，这本书认为，工程师是人，也就是说，所有人都是工程师，或在自己的领域解决问题的人。这样的解读使得这本书不仅与工程专业相关，也与公众相关。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

The book To Engineer is Human, The Role of Failure in Successful Design, by Henri Petroski, is not a discussion on how failures help engineers in their designs, but the significance of failure in the understanding of engineering itself. Also, the book argues that to engineer is human, which translates to all humans are engineers, or problem solvers in their own areas. Such an interpretation makes the book relevant not only to the engineering profession, but also the general public. in addition, the author makes extensive amount of references to literature, culture, psychology and society, making is much less boring for the readers. In this review, an introduction of the central theme of the book will come first, followed by evaluations of the two major claims made by the author. Lastly, how these two claims combine to form an effective argument will be analyzed.

The entire book is built around the significance of design failure in engineering success. As a professor of engineering and history, the author knows not only the cases of historic engineering failures, but also the significance of them in the future designs. In the book, Petroski explained cases of bridge collapses, plane crashes and building failures to the readers. There aren’t any technical details trying to figure out where the problem was, but rather an observation of how did the engineers respond to the failures. Failures, according to the author, have become opportunities for engineers to find the weak link in their design that was unnoticed before. By stating that to engineer is human, the application of failures works not only for engineers, but for all those who encounter failures in their lives. Moreover, in the analyzation and study of failures, not only technical problems are solved, a more profound understanding of engineering itself would be established. Without failure, not necessarily in reality, but on paper as well, a person can never become a “real” engineer.

The author is successful in his argument that failure is one of the most important component in the learning process. The engineer group is commonly considered the type of people with high intellectual abilities. However, the truth is, engineers are only human, who’s nature is to find solutions to problems. The major difference is that engineers are constantly seeking for the optimum, or compromise between the ideal and the restrictions from the reality, which requires extensive amounts of learning. While learning from the successes of the others provide a form of guideline for engineers to follow, the cases of successes are extremely constrained. An engineer who have succeeded in one project cannot produce the same design in a different location without modifications, which become potential sources of failure. In comparison, learning from the failure for an engineer serve as reminders for him or her in future designs. Failures are more specific than successes, which incorporate the design characteristics and the environmental factor. Therefore, an engineer who is experienced with failures are more likely to succeed.

Throughout the book, Petroski emphasizes on the importance of the human touch in engineering, that no machine or computer would be able to simulate. While the development of computer and software has made the life of engineers much easier. Petroski views the trend as a dangerous sign. He believes that engineers should stay close to the real-life experiences as much as possible, for it is the accumulation of such experiences that help engineers ask the right questions. When the engineers are more and more dependent on computers, they become farther from understanding the project in a comprehensive way. As a bridge between science and the daily life applications for the public, engineer need to find their inspirations from not only the scientific side, but also from the society, people, culture, history, and art. As a book that include areas of construction engineering, poetry and literature at the same time, Petroski has succeeded in expanding the imagination of the readers, especially engineers.

Petroski also believes that based on the experiences of failure and the persistence of the human factors, engineers can take control of their project and reduce the excessive safety considerations. The more knowledge of failure they possess, the more confident engineers would be. Even the most capable engineers are not able to consider all possible failure cases in their design. Before 911, it was hardly imagined that a skyscraper would collapse due to human factors. After the incident, new standards of design were proposed to counter the factor of terrorism attacks. However, such standards are still not enough to simulate the complex reality. Hence the factor of safety was introduced to the engineering practice to take care of the unknown and increase the level of safety (Ching, 2009). The factor of safety is often referred to as the “factor of ignorance”, because it provides room for error from unknown sources. Most of the times factor of safety leads to over design and increase project cost. Thus, those who reduce the factor of safety should know exactly what the consequences are, as they are stepping into the unknown. It would also require designers to be able to reject and modify a computer-generated design when necessary, incorporating the human factors to make the design more realistic.

Overall, the book is very intriguing and eye-opening since it does not dwell within the engineering field, but include thinking and imaginations that relate to the political, cultural, and literature fields. Through the arguments in the book, the author has succeeded in establishing the theme of the book: engineering cannot be successful without learning from design failures, and incorporating the factor of human. The significance of failure lies not only in the help it provides the engineers on the technical level, but in the sense, that learning from failure is the essence of engineering. Petroski also argues that engineers should not be detached from reality and experiences, despite the use of advance tools. Staying connected to the reality and society is also not merely helpful on the technical level, but will become inspirations of design that no computer is able to produce yet. It is only by combing the failure experiences and open-mindedness, can an engineer become truly successful.

References (APA)

Ching, J. (2009). Equivalence between reliability and factor of safety. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 24(2), 159-171. doi:10.1016/j.probengmech.2008.04.004

Petroski, H. (1992). To engineer is human: The role of failure in successful design (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books.

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Essay代写：Green taxation

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Green taxation，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了绿色税收。绿色税收，即环境税收，是一种以自然环境保护、自然资源合理开发利用，引导企业绿色生产和消费者绿色消费为目的，为保护环境而征收的税制，使得经济和社会可持续发展。绿色税收的狭义意思是为了环境保护而开征的税收和对环境保护有积极影响的税收。对环境具有不利影响的行为和商品收费都包含在广义的绿色税收当中。

Green taxation, also known as environmental taxation, is a "green" taxation system that aims at protecting the natural environment, reasonably developing and utilizing natural resources, guiding green production of enterprises and green consumption of consumers, and ensuring sustainable economic and social development. In the narrow sense, green tax means tax collected for environmental protection and tax that has a positive impact on environmental protection. Environmentally damaging practices and commodity charges are included in the broad definition of green taxation.

Britain is the first country in the world to carry out the industrial revolution. Although the industrial revolution promoted the rapid development of the British economy, a large degree of industrial pollution also caused serious damage to the ecological environment of Britain. With the advance of the second industrial revolution, more and more countries had environmental problems. China's economic development and the increase of environmental problems, so that China has also set off a green tax reform boom.

To sell primary agricultural products produced by units or individuals in agricultural production; Old and used books purchased from society; The import of equipment and instruments needed for scientific research and development as well as the sale of used goods are exempt from VAT.

Consumption tax is levied on the turnover of consumer goods in China. The state stipulates that consumers shall pay consumption tax when they purchase consumer goods with non-renewable and replaceable scarce resources, high-energy consumption and high-grade consumer goods, non-life necessities and luxuries, and consumer goods that are not conducive to personal health. The purpose is to guide consumers to make correct and green consumption, so as to protect the environment. Consumption tax shall be borne by consumers, who will pay a certain amount of taxes and fees on consumption goods within the scope of consumption tax collection for excessive consumption, thus aggravating the living burden to a certain extent. In order to reduce the living burden, consumers will reduce the purchase of these environment-unfriendly consumer goods. For example: in order to reduce environmental pollution, our government provides that the use of disposable plastic bags to pay a certain cost, for this reason, more people reduce the use of disposable plastic bags, turn to the use of environmental shopping bags.

With the economic development and the improvement of living standards, people's demand for life has changed. In order to keep pace with The Times, the government of our country has adjusted the collection scope of consumption tax.

There will be no tax on less environmentally damaging goods such as alcohol, car tyres, leaded petrol and motorcycles with engines of less than 250ml.

Batteries have also been included in the collection scope of consumption tax, but new energy pollution-free batteries that have no adverse impact on the environment, such as tokless batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium batteries, solar cells, fuel cells and all-vanadium flow batteries, will not be taxed. The consumptive demand that is right coating increases greatly now, and coating is very big to the pollution of air and environment, for this, add collect consumption tax to coating, but the coating that VOL content <420 grams/litre is exempt from excise tax.

To a large extent, cigarettes are harmful to people's health. Therefore, China adopts the tax policy of compound tax. However, this policy can no longer reduce people's demand for cigarettes. In the wholesale link cigarette tax rate increased from 5% to 11%, and levy 0.005 yuan/from the amount of tax, at the same time engaged in cigarette wholesale and retail wholesalers will be two separate accounting, once found not separate accounting, accounting according to the highest tax rate.

Preferential tax policies adopted to guide enterprises to work safely, save energy and water and protect the environment. In order to engage in environmental protection, energy conservation and water saving projects in line with regulations, such as reasonable disposal of waste, the income from energy conservation and emission reduction in the production process shall be exempted from the enterprise income tax for the first three years from the first tax year of income, and halved for the second three years. For the purchase and use of special equipment for environmental protection, energy and water conservation and safe production in line with the provisions of preferential policies, 10% of the investment amount of such equipment may be deducted from the tax payable for the current year.

The preferential tax policy to a large extent to reduce the tax burden on enterprises, increase the profits of enterprises at the same time improve the level of enterprise safety in production, greatly improve the enthusiasm of enterprises to participate in environmental protection, reduce the emission of pollutants, make contributions to environmental protection and other aspects.

This preferential tax policy enables enterprises to engage in product production in accordance with the provisions of the state, develop and utilize resources in a more reasonable way, regulate the mining behavior, and thus protect the environment.

It is exempted from individual income tax for the bonus of science, technology and environmental protection issued by the provincial or above government agencies and international organizations.

Only if the value added tax, consumption tax and enterprise income tax and other tax incentives in the project of green tax policy, but not to open a special tax system to protect the environment, neither to corporate, in addition to the outside of the water pollution emission taxes and environmental taxes, also does not have to cause pollution of the environment behavior and product specific pollution taxes; China's green tax system is more targeted at how to reduce environmental pollution, less involved in how to better control pollution, the scope of tax is small, tax intensity is not enough, can not well consolidate and expand environmental protection achievements, can not guide enterprises to carry out environmental protection technology development, produce green products; China's current resource tax collection scope is too small. It does not tax all resources, nor does it tax resources with commodity properties. It cannot solve the problems in the development process more comprehensively and regulate the development behavior, so as to better protect the environment.

Urban land use tax, land value added tax and farmland occupation tax are all mentioned in terms of environmental protection. However, these taxes are scattered among each other and it is difficult to combine them. On the one hand, there are many kinds of taxes; On the other hand, each tax has certain uniqueness. Each tax involves different levels and is not completely fair to all social strata. Green tax policies are mentioned in each tax category, but they are only related to preferential tax policies and are scattered, which is not conducive to mutual cooperation for better results.

China's green tax system only focuses on taxation. Although taxation is the main source of finance and can provide funds for environmental governance and protection, the source of taxation is always limited, and the process of tax collection is slow. China's green tax system is only established on the basis of the tax system, without the use of legal, economic and regulatory means to cooperate with each other, the means are relatively simple, can not fully and effectively solve environmental problems; The power of the people is strong, and every little bit of pollution will cause great damage to the environment. For this reason, it is not enough or comprehensive for the government to solve environmental problems by itself.

Set up a special environmental protection tax, to expand the range and new environmental protection tax levy and tax levy a tax on all kinds of pollution and environmental governance of the enterprise, increase will cause environmental pollution behavior and the collection of goods, and actively guide the enterprise technology innovation, environmental protection technology development, to produce more green environmental protection product and promotion; We will introduce new approaches to environmental governance, and take a systematic, law-based, and holistic approach to address both the symptoms and root causes of environmental problems. We will expand the scope of resource taxes and levy taxes on the development and use of all natural resources. In order to carry out environmental protection in a more comprehensive way, it is necessary to add taxes on pollution caused by urban environment and residential environment and production that requires high energy consumption, such as common noise tax and garbage tax. In addition, we can also vigorously promote the use of ecological pollution-free energy production, power generation.

In order to protect the environment and guide the correct consumption of consumers, China levies taxes on many goods and behaviors. However, how to choose the most appropriate link to levy taxes and what kind of tax rate is the premise of taxation. A need many links to buy consumer goods, for which a link tax is of great significance, such as in order to let the consumer less adverse to the body of the cigarette consumption, from tax in the production process to increase the wholesale, every link of tax not repetitive, in order to establish a more comprehensive green tax tax policies should be a better choice. The low tax rate will hardly achieve the efficiency of environmental protection, but the high tax rate will arouse people's dissatisfaction. Therefore, the choice of what tax rate can effectively protect the environment should be decided according to different commodities, and it must not be too high or too low.

It is an effective measure for environmental protection to levy taxes on goods and behaviors that are not conducive to environmental protection. However, only when this means fails to carry out environmental protection on all aspects in a more comprehensive way, can it be used together with other means to achieve the best effect. Tax means a high level in tax and charge of the means of economic measures to in a small place, if not in accordance with the provisions, the parking problem, because the owner is not in accordance with the provisions, parked in a parking lot but park at the side of the road can cause traffic jams, charging for these unreasonable parking behavior to a certain extent, reduce the unreasonable behavior, so as to protect the environment. The combination of taxation and regulation, the confiscation of non-conforming goods and the rectification of over-polluting factories can promote environmental protection.

Environmental problems appeared earlier in western developed countries. Western developed countries must have good solutions to solve environmental damage problems. Based on China's national conditions, we can learn from the advantages of other countries. Draw lessons from other countries' tax on gas plant emissions, on the behavior of water pollution, pollution taxes, tax on other cause of air pollution emission behavior such as carbon dioxide, the need to consume a large amount of energy product tax, tax on soil pollution caused by battery and plastic, affecting the living environment of the noise and heavy traffic, etc. Different stages will produce more new environmental problems, and we should keep pace with The Times.

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