Essay代写：American progressive movement

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- American progressive movement，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的进步主义运动。美国的进步主义运动是以追求社会正义为旗帜，由各界人士自发形成，自下而上的全国浪潮。关注的是经济现代化和政治民主化过程中的垄断和竞争，公正和效率，革新和稳定。特别是新闻领域的“黑幕揭发运动”曾经引起强烈反响，督促政府解决了相当一部分问题。

Historians generally refer to the political, economic and social reform movements that took place in the United States between 1880 and 1917 as the progressive movement. In nature, the progressive movement is a bourgeois reform movement with the main body of the middle class and the participation of all social classes. Its purpose is to eliminate various social disadvantages caused by the transition from "free" capitalism to monopoly capitalism in the United States and rebuild the social value system and economic order.

In the course of American social development, the civil war was obviously an important watershed, and its end provided an opportunity for American industrialization. Social change, bliss? Misfortune? "Fortune and misfortune depend on each other" -- once upon a time, this ancient Chinese philosophical proposition was proved in the distant North America. In the process of industrialization, the United States suffered from the so-called "industrial civilization syndrome" and suffered from a series of serious social problems, such as political corruption, moral anomie, the gap between the rich and the poor, violent labor conflicts and economic disorder. At the same time, the emergence of new industrial cities in the United States led to the predatory development and utilization of natural resources, resulting in a large number of forest and green land being swallowed up, and the city being surrounded by the black smoke and exhaust gas from factories.

Jacob rees, a prominent American muckraking journalist at the time, once reported on a violent case caused by poverty: a hungry and cold man wielding a butcher's knife in the streets of New York City, because he could no longer support his family and his young children were in hunger. Seeing the rich people dress up and spend money, this desperate father raised the blade of revenge to the society. The water in the Baltimore area smelled "like a hundred thousand skunks," the cuahoga river in Cleveland was "an open sewer running through the center of the city," and the sun over Pittsburgh "looked like copper through the black haze of soot."

In the production and sale of food and medicine, the production and sale of counterfeit goods are extremely rampant. Unclean food and harmful drugs seriously threaten people's health and life safety, while the public is kept in the dark. Food and drug companies' advertising campaigns are full of lies that allow the uninformed to take comfort in "delicacies" and "panaceas". The government's food inspectors have been bribed into turning a blind eye.

All of these show that the rapid expansion of the size of American cities and the increasing complexity of public affairs objectively require an efficient administrative agency to serve them. However, the old administrative agencies and management system have not been adjusted in time, resulting in opportunities for some politicians. Democracy they cronyism, trample, ACTS as the big capitalists, by selling all kinds of asylum, charter, project contract to earn a lot of political patronage and "protection", the illegal companies to evade tax, monopoly market, speculation in real estate, and even to open a brothel or casino, unruliness and at large.

Serious social problems have touched on the interests of various social classes, caused the general dissatisfaction of the lower and middle classes, and pushed the society to the whirlpool where all kinds of contradictions converge. At this point, the "progressives" were making the case for change.

The American progressive movement, with the pursuit of social justice as its banner, was spontaneously formed by people from all walks of life and was a national wave from bottom to top. The primary concerns are monopoly and competition, fairness and efficiency, innovation and stability in the process of economic modernization and political democratization. In particular, the "muckraking movement" in the news field once aroused strong repercussions and urged the government to solve a considerable part of the problems. In addition, the religious "social Gospel movement" and the female college graduates "social service movement" have played a significant role in strengthening neighbourhood cooperation, promoting class integration and harmonious social relations through the provision of living relief, cultural education and health services to the poor; They also offered Suggestions to the government on social reform, bridging the gap between the government and the underclass.

The second characteristic is the "caring principle". The main performance is to take care of the vulnerable groups in the society. On October 18, 1901, President Roosevelt took the risk of racial conflict and invited the famous black leader Booker t. Washington to the White House for dinner. His symbolic act of caring for the vulnerable social groups and a series of other administrative measures prompted the American government to gradually become fair and neutral in dealing with social frictions such as the confrontation between the rich and the poor, labor and capital, and black and white.

The third characteristic is the avant-garde role of intellectuals. Republican and democratic governments have sought to engage the intellectual elite. They know that intellectuals from the middle class want change, but they are also instinctively suspicious and resentful of radical movements among the people, preferring peaceful and gradual change. Many of these intellectuals actually took advantage of the protests by the people, hoping that the government would pay attention to their own opinions and take part in and play an important role in the government's reform. Most of the advocates of progressivism are accomplished scholars with unique insights, capable of writing and writing books for their reform cause, and able to win high academic status or social credibility. The aforementioned journalists tarbell and Sinclair, as well as Jane Adams, the female college graduate who created the social service, and the "social Gospel" theologians Washington gladden and walter rauschbusch are examples of public intellectuals.

In the progressive movement, the government also played a strong role in keeping the movement within the framework of the social system and avoiding violent revolution.

The problems faced by human beings are often similar or isomorphic. Today, both the United States and China are in a special historical period of social transformation, facing a series of problems affecting social harmony, such as political corruption, polarization between the rich and the poor, and moral anomies. China's reform should not only draw lessons from its own past, but also actively draw on the achievements of other civilizations with a broad vision and broad mind.

The experience of American progressivism shows the importance of social justice and public responsibility to social stability and harmonious development. It expresses a simple truth with facts: justice means progress, responsibility means stability. Only when social justice and responsibility are established first can all social strata live in harmony. For today's China, justice and responsibility is undoubtedly a reform banner with strong appeal, because China does have some problems in this respect. At present, China's wealth, natural resources, educational resources, economic opportunities and other resources have not yet achieved a completely reasonable distribution, there are some practical contradictions or hidden dangers. Therefore, to ensure the smooth progress of social transformation and economic construction, we must first constantly improve the situation of social injustice.

The more important revelation of progressivism lies in the establishment of direct government intervention in economic and social relations. It made Americans smarter politically, learned how to better play the regulatory and regulatory functions of the government, and formed a tradition of government regulation and intervention in economic life. Of course, China's reform must also rely on the power of the government, which must conform to public opinion and concentrate on solving the most popular problems. Government needs to pass legislation means fighting to establish institutional justice, judicial corruption, promote fair competition, concern for vulnerable groups, realize the education and equal employment opportunity, to ensure that the media supervision right, everyone is equal before the law, safeguard the social from all walks of life just, fair and open political participation rights, thus effectively resolve social friction, enhance social harmony and the socialist spiritual civilization construction, under the banner of justice concentrate the power of a pluralistic society, promote the system reform, to realize the sustainable development of social economy.

The success of American social transformation is not entirely due to the role of the government. In particular, the media is not only the source of the formation of public opinion, but also the carrier of the dissemination of public opinion, which plays an indispensable role in the country's social life. Although news reports do not have the coercive power of laws or decrees, they have a broad mass base and mass effect, which is enough to restrain individual behaviors from exceeding moral norms and supervise the government from breaking away from the track of democracy. The deepening of China's social transformation and reform objectively requires the news media to become a weapon to attack corruption and shoulder the historical mission of exercising the people's right to know and the right to be critical.

It is also the enlightenment of the progressive movement to attach importance to intellectuals. In the special period of social transformation, intellectuals often become the catalyst of social change. The intellectual's intellectual, ideological, social sensitivity and participation spirit is an important guarantee for the healthy development of society. The more intellectuals a nation has, the greater its hope and the brighter its future.

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Assignment代写：American puritanism

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- American puritanism，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了美国的清教主义。个人主义作为美国国民性格的突出特征，是清教对西方文化的巨大贡献。清教主义确立了美国个人主义的基本内涵，个人主义则源自清教主义的理性原则和对个人自主的追求。

Individualism is a prominent characteristic of American national character. The origin of individualism, Chinese and foreign academic circles have made different explanations. Louis Hartz, an American political thinker, believed that "individualism is a great contribution of puritanism to western culture", and its origin is the mayflower convention made by the separatists puritans. This conclusion coincides with the view of the American historian Karl degler. Degler made it clear: "individualism was at the heart of the Puritan legacy... If Americans are individualists today, puritanism is the primary source of individualism. On the other hand, from the perspective of American constitutional tradition, jurist roscoe pound highly appraised the great role of puritanism in promoting the concept of individualism.

Seymour m.leipset, a sociology professor at Harvard University's center for international affairs, takes a different view of the Puritan origins of American individualism. Mr Lipset is a staunch defender of "American exceptionalism". In 1963, he published TheFirst New Nation, a socio-logical exploration of the American value system, or American Creed. In his opinion, "unique values such as American individualism originated in the American revolution, during which people generally accepted the ideas and concepts of individualism." This theory was very popular after it came into being and provided an important reference for sociologists to study Canadian culture.

Most Chinese scholars agree with and even praise the great influence of European religious reform movement on the formation of modern American individualism. For example, wei xiaohong and li qingyuan put forward in "from puritanism to American culture" that "puritanism established the basic connotation of American individualism... Individualism comes from the rational principle of puritanism and the pursuit of individual autonomy. Some scholars denied the internal connection between puritanism and American individualism, believing that American individualism originated in the American war of independence and that "the people in the north American colonies had no obvious tendency of individualism".

On the basis of reading the original materials of the New England colonies, this paper investigates the relationship between puritanism and individualism.

In spite of the puritans "great migration", by John Winthrop represented by the Puritan leaders warned all immigrants to "willingly obey," and in "the Puritan community" to create and operate process, through legislation and other forms of citizenship and the stringent restrictions on the right, but, in the New England Puritan contain factors of individualism is flourishing, unstoppable, it not only drive the British puritans travelled moved to the new world, establish practice their faith "of liberty", has become a Puritan colonists inexhaustible driving force for and defend their political rights. To take just two examples, on October 19, 1630, at the general meeting of the shareholders of the Massachusetts bay company, 109 settlers petitioned to be "freeman" and to have all the political rights of a freeman. In 1632, the assistants were forced to agree to direct elections by freemen for governor and deputy governor. In 1634, the citizens of the village of wa-tertown, led by Reverend George Philip, refused to pay the taxes collected by local officials on the fortifications of Newtown buildings to defend them against the British threat, sparking a dispute over "legislative power". Shocked by the villagers' action, Winthrop suggested that a committee of representatives from each village and town be formed to refer the matter to the assistants, while the villagers demanded that Winthrop "make the charter public". After reading the charters, the villagers thought that they had been deprived of the legislative power as free citizens and insisted on enjoying the legislative power. At the insistence of the villagers, the colonial government authorized the freemen of each town and village to elect three representatives to represent them at the shareholders' meeting. On the 14th of may, after a careful study of the charter at the general meeting of the shareholders, by the representatives of the twenty-four freedmen elected by the towns and villages, and by eight officers, it was pointed out that, according to the charter, laws should be made by the general meeting of the shareholders, including the freedmen, and not by the assistants alone. Under great pressure from the freeman's representatives, the grand council restored many of the provisions of the charter concerning the rights of the freeman. These provisions included that the governor should convene four times a year the general assembly of the colonies, and that it should not be dissolved without a majority of the general assembly; Before each general assembly, the free citizens of each town and village shall, in accordance with the law, select two or three representatives to discuss and prepare such public affairs as they deem fit for discussion in the general assembly; The representative of the freeman shall have full power and authority over the public affairs of the community on behalf of the freeman, and shall have the power to make laws, to allocate land, and to deal with all other affairs of the community in which the freeman is a member; The selection of local officials and other officials requires the participation of all freemen. This resolution clearly stated the basic principles of the representative system, marking the formal establishment of the representative system in the colonies. The representative system was perfected in the following years. In 1635, the Massachusetts general assembly decreed the use of paper ballots, and the colonial elections were held by secret ballot. In September of the following year, the general assembly again decreed that, "from this day forward, there shall be no eligible representatives for the general assembly if there are less than ten free men in the colonial towns and villages; In towns and villages where the number of freemen is between 20 and 40, the number of representatives to be selected shall not exceed 2; Towns and villages with more than 40 freemen may elect three representatives, but not more than three. This system, in which governors, vice-governors, and all local officials were regularly elected by freemen, had an important influence on the other British colonies in North America, and was emulated by the colonies. It became an essential part of the state constitutions of the states from 1776 to 1782.

In the same year, representatives of the freedmen and local officials, such as Winthrop, sparred over the "veto" over the newtown town's request to settle in the fertile Connecticut valley. The freedmen's representatives granted the newtown villagers' request, while Winthrop and others argued the opposite and claimed veto power over any resolution. The two sides deadlocked and asked the priest to "arbitrate". So the rev. John cotton preached a sermon defending the "veto power" of local officials, and the dissent of the freedmen's representatives was temporarily silenced. However, disputes between the two sides over the issue have occasionally occurred since then. In 1636, the "veto power" dispute between the representatives of the freedmen and the local officials flared up again with "Rich -- ard Sherman v. Robert Keayne". Using the case as an opportunity, the freeman representative sought to abolish the "veto power" of local officials. In 1642, representatives of freemen Richard Bellingham and local officials spokesman John ? Winthrop launched a fierce war of pen and ink, the two sides have local officials "veto" legal basis, the validity and necessity of Massachusetts colonial government's fundamental principle, freemen represents permissions issues, conducted tit-for-tat argument. As the situation grew, the church had to step in and act as a mediator. In 1643, the rev. John cotton wrote an article in which he publicly stated that the church supported the position of local officials. In this case, the freeman representative had to agree that the local officials should retain the "veto power", and the latter agreed to the former's proposal to determine the respective competence of both parties in legal form. On March 7, 1644, the Massachusetts colony held grand council, said on behalf of the "long experience proved that local officials to freemen meet caused much trouble together", so the decision: "to local officials, handle affairs meeting, independent drafting it deems appropriate and agreed on law and order, on behalf of the review, and then submitted to freemen on the degree of these laws is suitable for community put forward positive or negative opinions; The representatives of the freemen met in the same way to discuss the decrees and decrees that they determined in accordance with their own judgment and experience were in line with the common interests and agreed upon by all, and then submitted to local officials for deliberation. Any law shall come into force only when it has been unanimously approved by local officials and representatives of the free people, and has been carefully read and fully approved by the great council on the last day. This compromise resolution established the bicameral legislature of the Massachusetts colony, "a principle of great, if not fundamental, significance in defining the representative and consultative rather than purely democratic character of the Massachusetts colony government." It had a great influence on the construction of American constitutional system in the future. By the time of the American revolution, each colony had its own parliament, and with the exception of Pennsylvania, the other colonies had a bicameral parliament.

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Assignment的作业类型

Assignment，就是国外大学平时的作业，这些作业关乎学生们的成绩，所以非常重要。而Assignment只是作业的统称，其类型有很多，想要写好每一种类型的作业是非常不容易的。下面就给大家讲解一下Assignment的作业类型。

1、Presentation

这类Assignment中文翻译过来应该叫做演讲吧，通常以小组的方式进行，每组大概4-5个组员。一般来说每个组员都会提前分配好任务然后自己去查资料，最后全组一起做PPT，把所有的内容都整合在一起，之后在全班面前边演示PPT边描述，一个人大概讲3-5分钟左右。不同课程要求时间不同。

2、Essay

Essay就是传说中的论文，也是大家公认，最虐的Assignment类型之一。Essay会给一个话题，然后大家要根据那个话题去各种找资料，根据找到的资料写论文，字数范围一般1000-3000个单词。

3、Lab Report

如果你是理科生Lab Report是绝对逃不了的一种Assignment！只要你是学理科或者工科专业都会有实验课，实验结束后，一般会要你根据你自己的实验结果，写Lab Report，也就是实验报告。Lab Report的格式跟Essay类似，区别在于篇幅比Essay小，也不需要太多的引用，最重要的是实验的结果跟相应的计算过程以及实验的过程跟成败。

4、Reflection

Reflection顾名思义就是“反思”，最经常要写Reflection的专业：比如说Nursing，Education，OT，PT等这类专业，通常课程都会配有Practical或者Placement，也就是实习。实习一段时间后，要根据自己实习的情况作总结反思，也就是写Reflection。

5、Group assignment

Group assignment其实也是Group assignment的一种形式。除了Presentation之外Group assignment还有其他的形式：

①可能是共同完成一份

②闭卷但是可以小组讨论的试卷

③也有可能一起写一篇可能要上万字的Essay

④或者一个Project小组的组员最简单的可能是同一个tutorial班里内部分配，也有可能是开学前老师对所有学这门课的学生随机分配，课后自己去Email联系然后约时间地点去面基讨论作业。

6、Portofolio

最后要介绍一种叫做Portfolio的Assignment，如果是读商科专业的小伙伴，Portfolio倒是很常见，Portfolio跟做英语的阅读理解有点类似，要先看一篇或短或长的文章，然后文章后面会有好几道题，要根据所学内容联系题目进行分析。

以上就是给大家总结出的Assignment作业类型详解，如果有的类型和自己专业没关系的话可以忽视，选择对自己有用的了解就可以了，希望大家可以认真对待Assignment，拿到满意的成绩。

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Paper代写：Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis

本篇paper代写- Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis讨论了马哈拉诺比斯。作为印度统计领域学家，马哈拉诺比斯以其对大规模抽样调查的统计和开创性贡献而闻名世界。马哈拉诺比斯以创新的技术应用和先进的科学社会价值取向，为复杂技术环境的发展做出了巨大的贡献。由于他在学术上的杰出成就，特别是统计学的贡献，印度政府决定选择6月29日作为国家统计日，以纪念他的生日。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis was born on 29 June 1893 and died on 28 June 1972. As a father figure in Indian Statistics, Mahalanobis is well-known for his statistic and pioneering contributions to large scale sample surveys. He is also remembered for his historic role in modernizing the Indian statistical system, applications including dams and five year economic plans and contributions to statistical systems of other countries as Chair of the UN Subcommission on Statistics.

In the nineteenth century, a social and cultural awakening shook the province of Bengal. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis’s grandfather set up an organization named the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj and his father was an active member of this organization. Coming from a family like this, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis could be called as a child of a renaissance. Prasanta Chandra finished his schooling in Calcutta in 1908. In 1912, he graduated with honors in Physics from Presidency College. In 1915, he went to England to finish Tripos in Mathematics and Physics from Kings College, Cambridge. Getting a first class in Physics, he was awarded a Senior Research Fellowship. But it was a pity that he did not complete his studies because of the war. Afterwards, he found a job as a teacher in Calcutta and did many interesting things during his leisure time.

His interest was wide. In Cambridge, his tutor, W.H.Macaulay aroused Mahalanobis’s interest in the journal Biometrika. Mahalanobis was so keen on the articles that he bought the whole set of volumes he could find and took it back to Calcutta. These books opened a new world for him and changed his life for ever. After he went back to Calcutta, one of his mentors, Acharya Brojendranath Seal who had an interest in statistics, asked for Mahalanobis’s help to analyze examination results of Calcutta university. It has an important impact on Mahalanobis’s life and work. Then, Mahalanobis met Nelson Annandale who was the Director of Zoological and Anthropological survey of India. Annandale required Mahalanobis to analyze the data of anthropometric measurements on Anglo-Indians of Calcutta. Afterwards, Sir Gilbert Walker asked Mahalanobis to conduct research on some meteorological problems. Owing to Mahalanobis’s important discovery on Meteorology, he was given a post as Meteorologist in the Alipore Observatory from 1922 to 1926.

The most important thing that Mahalanobis had done was to set up the Indian Statistical Institute with the help of other colleagues. Moreover, Mahalanobis invited Norbert Wiener (1894-1964) to work at the Indian Statistical Institute for seven months from late 1955. Through bringing international experts to his students and staff, Mahalanobis had achieved the creation of a world class institution within a decade of India’s independence.

His most prominent contribution to India or even to the whole world was the introduction of Mahalanobis distance. It was a distance measure in statistics based on correlations between variables by which different patterns could be identified and analyzed. It gauged similarity of an unknown sample set to a known one. Mahalanobis distance had far-reaching repercussions in many scientific fields. For example, it could be used in an automatic on-line cutting tool condition monitoring process based on digital image processing. The other instance was to identify the human facial expressions based on the application of Mahalanobis distance.

With innovative application of technology and advanced approach to the social value of science, Mahalanobis had made great contributions to the development of the sophisticated technology environment. Thanks to his outstanding achievements in his academic career especially the progression of statistics, the government of India had decided to choose 29 June as National Statistical Day in the memory of his birthday.

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Essay代写：The royal court of England

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The royal court of England，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国的王室法院。英国普通法的形成和发展是一个漫长而繁杂的历史过程。而王室法院作为英国普通法诞生和发展最主要的依托，其背后的制度优势是使其区别于其他法院并最终影响普通法精神的重要原因。另外，王室法院的发展本身，也是英国普通法发展的重要一环。

The formation and development of English common law is a long and complicated historical process. To understand and trace the historical origin of the development of English common law, it is necessary to refer to the royal court. Just as the parliament of the continental law system played a decisive role in the formation of the code, the development of English common law was closely related to the royal court. The development of the royal court itself is also an important part of the development of English common law.

Before 1066, England was divided into separate kingdoms, large and small, each with a sphere of influence and a manor. They governed their own judicial cases and civil disputes in their own estates or regions, and gradually formed their own judicial habits, which were called "community common law". At that time, the court was not purely a judicial organ, but more like a public council to deal with various public affairs and civil criminal disputes in the community. It was not until the Norman conquest of England in 1066 AD, when a centralized government was established, that things began to change. Instead of completely overturning the existing order, the duke of Norman chose to accept the rules of the traditional English law of local "secession". However, such a judicial system was too chaotic after all. If there was no relatively unified judicial system in England, which was already a loose feudal manor model, it would be very unfavorable for the royal family to safeguard its own rights and interests. Therefore, in order to strengthen the centralization of power, the king decided to start with judicial jurisdiction and judicial system, and established the circuit system. It is amusing to say that the circuit was at first a pleasure carried out by the king in order to make the place fit for his court, when all the tax money and food had been used up. These itinerant judicial officers were appointed by the judges and by the Treasury.

The establishment of circuit system has important influence and significance. First of all, it made the royal court gradually understand the common laws in different places, most of which were Germanic common laws. In essence, the process of royal court's circuit trial in different places was also the process of learning and digesting the common laws in different places. After these judges returned to the central government from the local areas, they summarized and integrated in constant exchanges and practices and applied them to judicial trials in various regions, thus gradually unifying the local customary laws. Moreover, the king strengthened the king's control over the national judicial system by constantly expanding the jurisdiction scope of the royal court. As a result, more and more residents resort to the royal court, which results in the accumulation of royal court cases, and the whole royal court is buried by the cases. In some places, representatives from the region were sent to the king's office to deal with the case and communicate with the king. It was soon followed in almost all regions, and the delegates gathered round the king to give their opinions and opinions on cases and public affairs of the state, which became the house of representatives. Local residents, who "appealed" frequently, used to take their cases to the ministry of finance, which set up a judicial body, later the central court. It became a royal court along with the general court and the fiscal and taxation court under the ministry of finance. In the following hundreds of years, through the accumulation of cases and judicial practices, the British royal court gradually emerged and developed. The development of English common law system and its origin also started from here.

In the above discussion, we have retained one of the reasons why royal courts are more popular than other courts. Because in England at that time, the court system was established not only by the royal court, but also by the county court, the court of baihu and the court of manor. And the popularity of the royal courts depended not just on the king's coercive orders. Under the system of feudal manorial system in Britain, the king did not have jurisdiction over the territories divided by his subjects, so the royal court, as the court of first instance, carried out circuit in various places and the local manor court and baihuyiyuan court were equal and free competition. There is no doubt that the royal court won in the end. Such a victory has its essential reasons and institutional advantages, which are embodied in two aspects: writ system and jury system.

Writ system itself is not the same as writ doctrine. The latter only refers to the permission system adopted by the judicial organs for the investigation activities or coercive measures taken by the investigators during the investigation stage to infringe upon citizens' personal rights or property rights. In the 11th and 12th centuries in Britain, this writ refers to an executive order issued by the king requiring relatively artificial or non-specific behaviors. By Henry ii, it had become an order from the king's clerk of the court ordering both parties to settle their disputes before the king. Subsequently, due to the various types and forms of disputes, the writ also changed a lot. Under the influence of different disputes, different kinds of writs appeared gradually, such as debt writ, tort liability writ, negligence liability writ and so on. At the beginning, writs only dealt with disputes related to land ownership. Later, as the number of cases increased and the jurisdiction of the royal court expanded, the number of writs also increased. As the civil law system is legislation-centered, many rights and obligations are predetermined by law, and corresponding procedures and measures are stipulated to guarantee them. However, the Anglo-American law system is different. The Anglo-American law system takes the justice as the center and safeguards the basic rights of citizens through judicial means and judicial remedies, while their codes rarely publicly state the specific rights they have. Some people may say, if the law does not stipulate the rights of citizens, then how does the law protect the rights of citizens? For example, in the tang dynasty, there might be no law such as the law on the protection of consumers' rights and interests, but this did not prevent a citizen in the tang dynasty from claiming rights from the seller because he bought fake cloth. Moreover, in Britain, the specific implementation of citizens' rights by means of judicial relief does not need specific provisions of laws. That is to say, where there is jurisdiction, there is remedy, and the right to remedy is called a right, and the writ itself is the mode of jurisdiction. Therefore, the writ system itself is a right, and it is a right that can be remedied.

The jury system is very old, it's not even English. The earliest jury was that when the king ordered his ministers to make a tour of the place, the local ministers sent local villagers to accompany the inspection to understand the situation of the people, and the form of subpoenas. After its development to a certain stage, it has the nature of an advisory panel and is applied in the trial of judicial cases. Members of the jury are questioned when the judge considers the evidence or facts in the case to be insufficient. The members of these juries are neighbors of the parties involved and are familiar with the facts of the case. However, with the development of time and judicial activities, in the clark London act of 1166, there were a number of functions and powers of the prosecuting jury, who were obliged to answer questions about what they knew, and there was also the element of an advisory panel. Until later, with the expansion and complexity of the case, the jury members sometimes knew nothing about the facts of the case, they did not know about the case, so they were appointed to judge only the facts of the case. This kind of jury that only judges the facts of the case eventually developed into a small jury, and the indictment jury gradually evolved into a pretrial hearing system for felonies, namely the grand jury.

Of course, even with the royal court, the writ system and the jury system, the development of the common law system was not smooth. In the process of development, there will also be various obstacles and difficulties, among which there are two main obstacles: one is the rise of Roman law, the other is the monarchy. Although Roman law came into being and flourished as early as BC, it was not immune to the revival of Roman law across the continent in the 16th and 18th centuries, but the common law eventually prevailed. The main reason for the victory was precisely the precocity of the common law, which had been in the making since 1066 and had been in the making for hundreds of years, having already formed its own style, culture and interest groups. It was almost impossible to overthrow them and re-establish them. History also proves this point. And in this struggle, it was the king, or the royal family, who led the revival of Roman law. Because of the natural connection between Roman law and the centralization of power, the king who wished to strengthen the centralization of power naturally wished to return to Roman law. However, the middle class, represented by judges and lawyers, made painstaking efforts to safeguard the supreme authority of law, which was the process of gradually establishing the principle of "the supremacy of law" in the common law. Although it was not until the 19th century that the principle of supremacy of law was finally formed, its spiritual origin was reflected as early as the birth of the common law, and it was constantly developed and strengthened in the struggle between the common law and the royal power.

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