Annotated Bibliography写作讲解

在美国大学的学习期间，同学们会遇到无数的assignment和essay，写得大家都快麻木了。而assignment又类型繁多，每次的写作类型都可能不一样。Annotated Bibliography就是比较常见的一种assignment，下面就给大家讲解一下。

要写好一篇Annotated Bibliography。首先，你要知道到底什么是Annotated Bibliography。

Annotated Bibliography

简单来说，Annotated Bibliography是带着注释的参考书目。再给你说直白点吧：如果你已经知道怎样写一篇论文的Works Cited或Reference的话，那么你已经会写Bibliography了，然后就需要添加注释（Annotations）了。写Annotated Bibliography需要包括整篇论文总结、阐明你所引用资源的可信度，同时讨论资源对你论文的研究是否有用。

但是大家要记住，并不是所有的Annotated Bibliography都是同样的写作方式。有些包括个人的总结和信息性的注释，有些是对资源的批判，所以一定要向你的导师问清楚Annotated Bibliography的具体要求。

Annotated Bibliography的准备工作

说了这么多，到底怎么写Annotated Bibliography？首先要做好研究调查工作！

如果没有足够的资料，那么你就不可能搞定Annotated Bibliography，因此前期你需要做大量的调查工作，花些时间泡在图书馆，感受一下凌晨四点的图书馆。在收集资源的时候，一定要做一些笔记。你并不需要花时间去记一些小细节，但是以下的你必须做标记：

资源的主要思想

关于论题或作者信誉的问题和评论

你的论文可能需要的关键点或引用

资源在你的论文里是否有用

Annotated Bibliography的CSE写作原则

现在你有了足够的资源之后，也有了笔记，就可以以行云流水般的手法敲出一篇Annotated Bibliography了！

Elements of Annotated Bibilography

Step1：引用格式

首先区分是按照哪种格式来写，美国大学论文常见的有APA、MLA或其他的引文格式。每个条目要包含一个完整的文献条目。

Step2：总结资源

总结是对资源的主题思想的解释。有些人可能会读你的总结来了解文章是关于什么的。要客观，只要简单适当的说一下这些资源是关于什么的就可以了。

Step3：评估资源

现在你要写一两个简短的段落去告诉读者你对资源的想法，带着评判的眼光回顾每个来源，检视一下这几个方面的问题：

这个文章对我的研究报告有什么用处？

这个信息可信吗？

结果是否有偏见，是否客观？信息是基于事实还是主观想法？

信息是否及时，还是已经过期了？

看吧，搞定一篇Annotated Bibliography只要三步而已。如果你需要简单的方法来记写作步骤，那就记住CSE写作原则：Cite（引用）, Summarize（总结）, Evaluate（评估）

以上就是关于Annotated Bibliography的写作讲解，Annotated Bibliography说难不难，说简单也不简单，所以同学们写作的时候还是要认真一点。

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Paper代写：The Treatment

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The Treatment，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了电影《刮痧》。《刮痧》的故事背景是一个在美国圣路易斯生活的华人家庭，当丹尼斯肚子受凉引发肚子疼时，刚刚到美国的爷爷利用中国传统的刮痧技艺治疗好了孙子丹尼斯的病。但是在刮痧这种技术并不被美国人认可，并被误认为是老人虐待丹尼斯，然后发生的一系列的故事，结局是误会解决，老人和孩子的得到了合理的对待。

The Treatment story happened in a Chinese family living in st. Louis of The United States. When Dennis had a cold in his stomach which caused a stomachache, his grandfather who had just come to The United States used The traditional Chinese scrapping technique to treat The illness of his grandson Dennis. However, the technique of scrapping was not recognized by Americans, and it was mistaken as an old man abusing Dennis. Then a series of stories happened, and the result was that the misunderstanding was solved, and the old man and the child were treated reasonably.

To know a thing, one must go from the outside to the inside and see the essence from the appearance. The Treatment of Chinese and western cultural conflicts must also follow this line from The perspective of cross-cultural differences. Surface culture generally includes: the architectural style of the local architecture, the language and lifestyle of life, the art of life that can be accessed, and the political and economic system adopted locally. Deep culture generally includes the local group's values, cognition and behavior. This paper will explain the conflicts of cross-cultural differences in movies from several aspects.

The surface culture includes the architectural style of the local architecture, the language and lifestyle of life, the art of life that can be accessed, and the political and economic system adopted locally. In The movie The Treatment, The hero, xu datong, on The surface, is already a Chinese who has integrated into American society. However, the scrapping of the old father brought about a series of distrust of xu datong in the American society, which resulted in the loss of jobs and contacts. The story of this kind of film profoundly reflects that although xu datong has been recognized by the public in the surface culture, he still hasn't integrated into the local society in terms of ideology, especially culture, and also reflects the differences between Chinese and western cultures.

Deep culture generally includes the values, cognition and behavior of local groups. Values are the most obvious and central thing. Values are a concept formed by local culture, local way of life, behavior and local geographical environment. It is the root of the conflict between different cultures.

America's founding fathers believed in "the beginning of man and the beginning of nature". Hence the separation of the three powers, the numerous and numerous rules and regulations, let people have rules to follow. Influenced by Confucianism, people in China believe that human nature is basically good. The sex is similar, the habit is far away." Therefore, Chinese traditional culture has always attached great importance to moral education, emphasizing the guiding power of role models or models. In the film, although we do not see the cultural conflict in this aspect on the surface, but after a careful taste, it is not difficult to conclude that it is because of the different interpretation of human nature in China and the United States that the whole "scrapping" lawsuit event occurred.

On the basis of the thought of "unity of heaven and man" and the theory of "Yin and Yang". TCM holds that the structure and function of the human body can be summarized by Yin and Yang, and the occurrence of diseases is caused by the loss of the relative balance between them. Western medicine accepted the idea of "separation of man and nature", based on anatomy. Strive for "accuracy" and scientific verification. In The movie The Treatment. On the surface, the difference between eastern and western medicine seems to be the source of this series of misunderstandings.

There are many values in one's cognitive structure. When one value orientation conflicts with another value orientation, people often need to make a value first choice.

Americans emphasize the individual interest and take the attitude of limited dedication to the collective; However, Chinese people believe that the interests of the collective are higher than the interests of individuals, and we should not let the small family mislead the public and emphasize the complete dedication to the collective. In the film, xu datong fails to attend a company meeting when jianning gives birth, which is unacceptable and forgivable in American society.

Americans emphasize human rights. In the film, the obstetrics and gynecology nurse of guangci hospital mentioned in the court that, because jian ning had a difficult labor, xu datong made a clear choice to "protect adults", because in his opinion, this is human nature. While there is life, there is hope. The nurse said he did not give the child a right to life.

When sending father home, xu datong realized his father's mood. He stole his son from the orphanage in defiance of us law so that his father could see his grandson before returning home. In his mind, family was above the law. This behavior conflicts with American values of respect for the law.

From the movie, we can see a lot of common but unexpected situations, which also reflects the differences between Chinese and western cultures in the real level. In the process of cultural communication, one culture always requires that one culture should obey its own rules and conditions, and understand the behavior of the other culture according to its own rules and conditions, so as to make a judgment in accordance with its own cultural habits. In many cases, however, such predictions are misleading. We will explore the reasons for the differences between Chinese and western cultures from different perspectives.

Chinese culture was conceived and developed on the loess plateau and maintained long-term continuity and stability. Chinese ideology and culture is a culture where Confucianism is established in one respect and compatible with Taoism. With its unique long and simple tradition, cohesion and digestion, it entered the period of modern world integration and cultural exchange. The descendants of the yan and huang dynasties, who have a history of 5,000 years, still inherit the fine traditions of their ancestors in the modern society of the 21st century.

Western modern culture mainly developed from the pagan culture of ancient Greece and Rome. The basic characteristics of the ancient Greek ethics and values are known and respected. "Perfection as a natural being", especially intellectual and philosophical meditation, is emphasized as the highest virtue. The culture that nurtured and originated on the coast doomed their character to openness. It's a big difference from Chinese culture!

Philosophy is the idea about the world that people gradually form in their daily life. From the 14th century, the west began the Renaissance, the reformation and the enlightenment. These three movements all advocate humanism and stress human nature, so western rational thinking is particularly strong. Western medicine is also based on rational thinking, that where the sick should be treated where. East Asian culture, represented by traditional Chinese culture, advocates the relationship between people and stresses the causal cycle. Chinese medicine is also based on this philosophy. It holds that the human body is a system, and problems in one place may be caused by problems in different places. Therefore, Chinese medicine can only prescribe one medicine for one disease, and it does not recognize panacea. In the film, scrapping is a common treatment in the eyes of xu datong and many audiences. It is also normal for a sick grandfather to treat his grandchildren. But in the eyes of westerners, the marks on the back are caused by the abuse of the old father, so it is unreasonable to beat the son. Consciousness. Here is the common recognition and formation of the unity of consciousness, this consciousness has national character.

Chinese people pay attention to: "countries even" spirit of collectivism, the collective interests above personal interests, the realization of the overall value realization is the true, so in the ideal to Chinese people, especially young people, usually related to family and country to country in terms of responsibility and obligation is usually attributed to must want to undertake. Americans pay attention to the individual, individualism is very strong, pay attention to nature, personality and natural, independent personality does not pay attention to consider the feelings of others. Therefore, the trend of American liberalization is very obvious, and there is a lot of anarchism. People mostly choose according to their own preferences and prejudices. Although the director arranged a very happy ending in the film, there are many misunderstandings caused by consciousness in the cultural exchanges between China and the United States in real life, and many problems cannot be solved in a happy ending.

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Argumentative Essay怎么写

Argumentative Essay是众多Essay类型中的一种，所以同学们必须要掌握它的写作方法。在写作Argumentative Essay的时候，如果你有自己认同的观点，那么最好对这个观点进行精雕细琢，这样也更容易说服读者，下面就给大家详细讲解一下。

Argumentative Essay写作步骤

Step 1：仔细阅读Essay要求和相关问题

在每一篇Essay写作之初，都需要确定Essay的写作类型。对于Argumentative Essay来说，是以观点（Opinion）为主还是以对比比较（Compare and Contrast）为主，甚至有些Essay是以问题和解决方案（Problem and Solution），起因和影响（Cause and Effect）为主。写作的不同类型将直接决定文章的结构和主题。

Step 2：关注相关问题的重点词汇

Argumentative Essay写作的时候，术语的选择非常重要。对于需要探索的问题，重点标注关键词汇，并且灵活运用相关或者类似的词汇，这样会让你在写作的时候大大提高效率，也能帮助避免写作的时候重复使用词汇。这是你学术能力的重要体现，展现你对此问题的理解程度。

Step 3：表明你的态度

Argumentative Essay和其他类型的Essay相比，最大的特点就是体现思维的碰撞。无论你支持或者反对这个观点，都需要表明你的立场，表明支持和反对的理由。并且在结尾表明你的观点，为这篇文章做一个总结和升华。

Step 4：设定全文的整体布局

对于全文的布局要有明确的把握。写Essay最常见的结构就是五段式。其中包括: introductory paragraph, 三段主体段落和结尾段落。需要注意的是，第二、三、四段是全文重点，一定要注意内容的可读性。不管你选择什么样的写作结构，你只需要按照以下的思路来构思就可以：

1）Tell what you’re going to tell them (introduction)

2）Tell them (body)

3）Tell them what you told them (conclusion)

了解了Argumentative Essay写作的步骤之后，现在我们来详细了解一下文章每一个部分写作的技巧和方法。

Argumentative Essay开头的写法

开头段需要简明扼要地表达Essay的主题，吸引读者的注意，使他们有欲望继续读下去。学会制造噱头，可以是一个问题，一段引文，一个事实，一段轶事，一个定义等等。开头段的段末是中心句。中心句式对全文主旨的简要城市，通常只有一句话。主旨必须是你最有说服力的一个或者几个论点。以下是开头段常用的写作方法。

1）现象法：现象法是比较常用的开头方法，即在文章开头明确指出某种社会现象，某种社会问题，一般应用于现象解释型和问题解决型的essay写作中。

2）对立法：对立法主要分析人们对某个问题不同的观点和不同看法，并根据这些问题，讨论提出自己的想法和观点。这种开头比较适用于有争议的主题。

3）观点法：观点法的精髓在于开门见山，在essay开头就明确提出文章需要论证的观点。

4）比较法：比较法是对不同的观点进行比较，用于比较不同的观点侧重于过去和现在的看法。现在需要讨论的观点是文章的写作重点。

5）问题法：问题法通常对essay要讨论的问题进行设问，通过解答的方式引出所需要论述和阐述的观点。这种方式更能吸引读者的阅读兴趣。

6）引用法：引用法是在essay的开头引用一些名人名言、谚语等。这些引用是为文章论点服务的，以便顺其自然地引出即将论述的观点。在引用的时候一定要注意引用的相关性，不要为了文采而写作，要为essay中心服务。

Argumentative Essay主体段落的写法

定下文章主体部分的结构。主体部分至少要有三个段落，每个段落讨论你论点中的一个要点。尽量用事实来支撑论据。公认的事实比较容易得到人们的认可，在可能的情况下，要从不同角度选用事实来支撑证据。Argumentative Essay不一样要包含反驳与抗辩，但它们可以使文章更有力度。想象一个和你争辩的人，想想对方最有力的证据是什么。

Argumentative Essay结尾段的写法

结尾段需要包含文章所有要点，并以深刻的思想结束全文。结尾的时候一定要点题，对于自己的观点一定要明确地表现出来。

1）总结法：对essay所论述的内容进行总结归纳，申明文章主题思想，总结自己的想法观点。

2）后果法：对essay所讨论的现象或者问题可能产生的一系列后果进行相关预测分析，以便采取积极的应对策略。

3）呼吁法：以呼吁的方式进行结尾，呼吁大家行动起来。呼吁不是空喊，要有实际的号召力。

注意用词的准确

Argumentative Essay需要注意的一点是用词准确，意思就是说保证文章的相关论证保持客观公正。要达到这样的要求，就需要恰当地使用一些限定词，这样就能最大限度地提高文章的说服力和可信度。

经常用到的限定词有很多，例如perhaps, mainly, commonly, typically, often等，都是较为常见的。在写作的过程中，一定要在用词准确的基础上避免口语化，以书面语的形式展现自己的观点和想法。限定词要多使用单词，比如look into的效果远远低于investigate，单词更显正规，短语更为通俗化。

除了限定词，Argumentative Essay还十分讲究行文流畅，过渡连贯，所以写作时应该尽量使用连接性的短语或者单词。经常用到的如: first, second, moreover, furthermore, for one thing…for another. On the one hand… on the other hand等，可以适当选择放置位置，放在段首还是放置在文章中都需要根据实际需要，符合文章的条理性即可。

以上就是关于Argumentative Essay的写作讲解，其实要写好Argumentative Essay并不难，关键就在于细节的处理。只要大家把细节处理好了，那么得分肯定不会低。

想要了解更多英国论文写作技巧或者需要英国代写，请关注51Due英国论文代写平台，51Due是一家专业的论文代写机构，专业辅导海外留学生的英文论文写作，主要业务有英国代写、essay代写、assignment代写、paper代写。亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多关于英国代写以及英国留学资讯，我们将为广大留学生提升写作水平，帮助他们达成学业目标。如果您有英国代写需求，可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Paper代写：The art of lopez's paintings

本篇paper代写- The art of lopez's paintings讨论了洛佩斯的绘画艺术。洛佩斯是当今西班牙最负盛名的具象现实主义艺术家，一位执着于生活、重视真实体验的艺术家。他用传统的具象现实的表现手法描绘着当今社会，赋予了传统绘画以新的时代内涵。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Lopez was born in 1936 in tormeroso, Spain, to an ordinary peasant family. He was supposed to be a farmer following in his father's footsteps, but he was influenced by his uncle, the painter fernando torres, and became fascinated with the art of painting. At the age of 14, lopez was admitted to the SAN fernando academy of fine arts in Madrid, where he received traditional painting and sculpture training, which laid a solid foundation for the later art of figurative realism. Five years later he successfully completed his studies and won a scholarship to study in Italy. The study tour in Italy inspired lopez to focus on Italian art in the early Renaissance and inspired his future career.

In fact, while lopez was a student, a group of artists founded the surrealist society "the seventh side of the dice" in Barcelona, including the later world famous tapis. But across Europe wind surrealism is not much affect the development of art, lopez lopes graduated from academy of fine arts with several painter friend soon established the "Madrid realism group", although there is affected by the surreal slightly, but Mr Lopez still showed never drift with the current independent attitude. In this period, lopez's works gradually showed the tendency of magical realism, which is not difficult to understand. Spain has always had a tradition of magic. From greco to goya, many of their works reveal fantastic, mysterious scenes and atmospheres. The kitchen is a typical work of magic realism completed by lopez in this period. The work depicts the scene in a corner of the kitchen in a figurative way. The table cloth, bread, wine bottle and other items on the table are very realistic, but the coffee cup is tilted and floating above the table. The figure of a woman appeared at the top of the picture, with a rigorous upper body shape, but gradually disappeared in the air below the chest, floating in the air like a ghost, and the atmosphere was treacherous and mysterious. The 1963 oil painting "the soul" also belongs to this category. Lopez suspended the characters in an otherwise ordinary space, making the picture appear unusual and weird. However, this intention was soon abandoned by the artist, who found that the illusory composition was far less impressive than the emotional truth. Lopez replaced magical realism with representational realism. He made this remark about his realistic painting: "when reality is exposed to you and becomes a part of you, you are more sure of the reality and feel safer. In my case, I gradually lost all my skills. This is the path to the next level. Lopez's "next level" here should be what he said: "my paintings not only present the reality, but also inject some special meaning into it -- some inner feeling generated by the painted images. From then on, lopez established a delicate, implicit figurative realistic painting style, which continues to this day!

In 1966, the lopez family moved to their new home in Madrid. The brand new living space inspired the artist to create works. In the following years, he created delicate and simple paintings such as "toilet", "wash basin and mirror" and "bathroom door", taking the interior space of his new home as the object. These works are extremely realistic, simple and elegant colors, giving people a sense of loneliness, but they can always feel the presence of people from the small parts of those indoor objects. Lopez closely connects his inner world with the plain space where he lives through the exquisite description of the picture. Isn't this ordinary space the hiding place of rich emotions for artists?

The theme of lopez's creation is basically from the ordinary things in life. From the 1970s, he tried to give a meaning to the still life painting. In this context, the skinned rabbit was born. With unmatched virtuosity, it depicts a skinned rabbit on a broken wooden table in a platter. The picture shows the usual calm, but this seemingly calm atmosphere actually hurts the viewer's heart. The pile of skinned flesh and blood makes people feel terrible. In the face of death, human beings are as fragile as small animals, aren't they? Lopez is good at depicting everyday things, a door, a bathtub, a faucet, a sheet... These commonplace objects have become emotional representations of the vicissitudes of life under the artist's pen. "Why are there so few paintings on everyday subjects?" asks lopez. Why not paint the mundane picture of sitting around a table eating?" In his opinion, realistic artists should not only depict the real world, but also establish some connection between man and nature, which is the responsibility of artists.

Not only did lopez achieve great success in figures and still lifes, but his landscapes were also praised. During the period of the artist in Madrid, he created a number of panoramic urban landscapes based on the scenes of Madrid. He depicted the urban streets and the wilderness of Madrid in an affectionate and detailed way, and his reflection and perception of life could be felt everywhere. He went out of his way to rework the huge, long frames, some of which he altered for more than a decade -- a far different picture from the original. It took lopez 20 years to complete "south of Madrid", and seven years for another, more famous work, "Gran Via". "Gulan avenue" depicts the scene where the street of alcala meets the street of gulan. The early morning sunlight falls on the street and the roof of the building. The audience can see the city block through the vision of lopez as if they are standing in the middle of the street. In order to maintain the same sense of reality, lopez would come to the same place at the same time every morning and paint for 20 minutes, which is the accumulation of countless 20 minutes. Because of this, he drove the changing cars and passers-by out of the picture, keeping the pure and eternal "gulan avenue".

In 1992 viktor navorski, a former President of the Soviet union, was arrested on charges of corruption. Iris shot the documentary "sunshine on a fruit tree", which truly records the long process of lopez's creation of this painting of the same name. The oil painting sunshine on the fruit tree is the most outstanding work of lopez. The painter faithfully recorded the growth and change of branches and leaves and fruits, marking the evolution of life and showing the painter's exploration and persistence on the origin of life. From the picture, we can also clearly observe the painter's thinking and exploration of painting skills. "I stick with papaya trees because I can feel the beauty of life just by looking at them," he says. The fragrance of the fruit excites me. Sitting in the shade of the papaya tree, I felt as if I was wrapped in an atmosphere of love. Lopez is just such an artist who is obsessed with life and attaches great importance to real experience. He used the traditional concrete reality of the performance of the techniques described today's society, the traditional painting with a new era of connotation!

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Essay代写：Early education investment in Britain

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Early education investment in Britain，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国早期的教育投入。英国政府为保证早期教育资本投入的合理运用，于2007年制定政策，规定所有地方当局根据当地的情况制定出单一投入拨款的分配方案，以保障当地所有受英国教育质量标准局监管的学校或早期教育组织中的3～4岁儿童可以获得法定的每周15小时的教育。英国政府儿童、学校与家庭部门指出，单一资金分配方案指的是每一个地方当局都应制定出台一套符合地方实际的分配方案，以保障教育投入使用的公平性与透明化。

Since 1997, early education has been strongly supported by the British government, which has formulated a series of policies to ensure that every child can get a good preschool education. In 1998, when the new Labour government introduced he National Childcare Strategy, aims to strengthen the pre-school education policy and financial support for a wider range of children and family help, at the same time to provide more jobs for the society. The government has spent 8.5 billion on pre-school education since 1997. Since September 1998, all 4-year-olds have been offered 2.5 hours of free education, five days a week. At the time the government set a target of reaching three-year-olds in all of Scotland and covering at least 66% of England by 2002. In 2003, the British government stipulated that all schools, organizations and individuals under the supervision of ofsted could apply for free education hours grant based on the number of 3-year-olds actually resettled or 90% of the number of resettled 3-year-olds per semester. The rule became the "90 percent base line" rule. Although today the proportion of children aged three benefiting from free hours of education in the UK has far exceeded 90 per cent of the number of resettable children, the provision still applies to ensure that all schools, organisations and individuals receive adequate educational input to ensure early resettlement of children aged three. In 2014, all children aged three and four in England received 570 hours of free pre-school education a year. This amount of free pre-school education is guaranteed by government funding and benefits all public and private schools supervised by ofsted. Some free early education is also available to 2-year-olds from low-income families or with special educational needs.

The cost of educating two children a year is estimated at 6,000. The costs vary depending on the age of the child and the size of the institution: 125 a week for a baby; The cost of housing a child of about one year is 120 a week; It costs 110 a week to house children aged two to three and 108 a week to house one aged three to five. Because of the relation between labor cost and location, the cost of early education in London is much higher than that in other parts of Britain. The British government for early education funding is not directly distributed to all schools by the education quality standards to supervise, but distributed to local authorities, issued by the local authorities according to the various index, such as the number of children school free education part, whether for low-income areas, English as a native language, the proportion of children, a year of school, the local authorities estimate of the cost of local education, student's liquidity, and so on. Only public schools are fully funded by the government, while most private and community-run schools, play groups and private child-minders operate by charging parents for their children. After 1997, the government plans to spend 470m to subsidise private and community-run kindergartens and playgroups to create free school hours for more children.

The British government in order to ensure the reasonable use of early education capital investment policy in 2007, all local authorities according to local conditions to develop a single input allocated according to the plan, in order to ensure all by the local education bureau of quality supervision of school or the 3 ~ 4 years old children in the early education organization can obtain the legal education of 15 hours per week. The department for children, schools and families of the British government points out that the single allocation of funds does not mean that the whole UK will have a single distribution scheme. Because the education cost of different regions in the UK is different, the single distribution scheme means that every local authority should formulate a set of distribution scheme in line with the local reality. The distribution plan will be implemented from September 2010 to ensure fairness and transparency in the use of education.

In 2008 and 2009, the department for children, schools and families of the British government issued guidance documents to help local authorities formulate matching schemes for education investment and ensure the rational use of early education investment. The guiding document stipulates that local authorities should clarify the importance of a single fund allocation plan for early education, establish an accurate education cost model through investigation and research, understand the actual needs of schools, and formulate and improve the allocation plan before April 2010. The guidance document also emphasizes the importance of cooperation between local authorities and schools. Inter-school organizations should play an important role in the formulation of plans, truthfully communicate and feedback the actual educational costs and difficulties, and actively cooperate with local authorities to provide opinions and Suggestions for the investigation. It is pointed out in the guidance document that in addition to the public schools that are completely guaranteed by the government, representatives of inter-school organizations should also come from private schools or self-run organizations or even independent child-care workers, so as to ensure that the needs in various fields are fed back and paid attention to. Local authorities after receiving guidance document, shall be immediately form early education work team composed of experts, design and implementation of the local cost of education research, verify and analyze the collected data, typical cost model is established, the model is validated by other research methods, design and establish the investment scheme, evaluation function and influence of the scheme, put forward the transition distribution policy, consulting organization between school representatives and expert opinion of proposal and suggestion, finally introduced before April 2010 and is based on the distribution of the education investment budget plan formulation.

In this workflow, local authorities play the most important role in policy formulation and implementation. In order to regulate this process, the British government stipulates that local authorities should most effectively support the allocation of government's early education investment in local areas when formulating investment plans. More flexible support for all schools, organisations and individuals supervised by ofsted to ensure that parents can take full advantage of the free hours; Maintain the diversity and selectivity of the education market; To encourage the improvement of education quality, and fully realize that the improvement of education quality is positively correlated with education input; Encourages and supports the closing of achievement gaps between students in different schools and is fully aware of the additional costs of supporting children from low-income and disadvantaged families; Ensure the process is clear, clear and transparent.

At the same time, the British government stipulates that, in order to ensure the efficient operation of the educational input distribution scheme, local authorities should adhere to the following ten principles: when allocating funds, schools and organizations of different natuses should be considered equally to ensure the fairness of distribution; In the allocation of funds, the transparency of the allocation process and standards should be ensured, and the differences in fund investment between schools and organizations of different natuses should be reasonably explained and publicized. In the allocation of funds, the amount of funds allocated should basically conform to the cost model, the main cost factors should be carefully considered; When allocating funds, schools should put forward reasonable requirements. When the fund allocation scheme changes, the development of various schools or organizations and individuals should be guaranteed. In the allocation of funds, in addition to ensuring the needs of government-funded schools, we should also ensure that private schools, organizations and individuals receive adequate support and take into account many factors such as cost, income and public resources. In the allocation of funds, the investment budget should not be calculated according to the number of children who can be resettled by the school or the organization, but according to the actual number of resettled children in each semester, to ensure the accuracy of capital investment; Sustainability may be considered in the allocation of funds, but should not be widely applied and clear criteria should be established; In allocating funds, schools, organizations and individuals of various natuses should be guaranteed sufficient financial support to meet the needs of stable development in the future. When implementing transition policies, impact assessment should be carried out and prudent operation should be carried out. The formulation and implementation of policies should seek the opinions and Suggestions of all relevant parties and should be completed through cooperation between local authorities and representatives and experts of inter-school organizations.

The UK government has highlighted the importance of local authorities working with schools, organisations and individuals in securing funding for education. When formulating policies, local authorities must ensure that local representatives of schools, organizations and individuals of various natures are consulted and that they are involved in the process of policy-making, implementation and supervision. The British government requires local authorities to maintain a close and active partnership with representatives of local early education practitioners. At the same time, representatives of early education should be actively informed of the formulation and implementation process of policies or allocation programs, and actively cooperate with other civil organizations, such as the alliance for preschool education, to have an in-depth understanding of the needs of early education. Working groups are also set up within local authorities to discuss and exchange policy or allocation formulation and implementation process with relevant early education representatives on a regular basis, so as to apply the obtained information to internal cooperation and improve work efficiency. Through internal and external cooperation, local authorities can obtain sufficient detailed and extensive data and information to ensure the efficient and fair application of government investment in early education. According to the cost survey, the basic input allocation amount should be calculated according to the following equation.

Thus, local authorities can formulate local education input budget according to this distribution formula, which is detailed into the government financial allocation available to every school, organization or individual. It is worth noting that, in order to improve the educational opportunities and quality of children from poor families, local authorities should, in formulating their budgets, specify the proportion of children from poor families in their districts or schools in order to ensure special allocations.

Since March 2012, the British government decided to further reform the early education distribution system. Although the single local distribution scheme caters to all schools, organizations and individuals of various natures, its operation is more complex. The reform, which began in March 2012, aims to establish nationwide allocation quotas for education investment at different levels, applicable to schools, organizations and individuals with different levels and characteristics. Local authorities can refer to this allocation system when allocating education investment to make education investment budget more quickly and simply. Since some local authorities still use a single allocation scheme, the British government USES a basic funding guarantee for some public schools to reduce the impact of budget fluctuations on schools, organizations and individuals. However, the basic fund is guaranteed not to cover privately run schools, organizations and individuals. The reform is still a work in progress. The department for education said it hoped the reform would give full play to the advantages of the early education allocation scheme, reduce its complexity and strive for a more stable, transparent and efficient allocation of early education investment in the UK.

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