留学生作业代写：Australia's policy of assimilating indigenous people

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Australia's policy of assimilating indigenous people，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了澳大利亚对土著人的同化政策。1931年，当澳大利亚在取得外交独立权之后，澳大利亚继承了对土著的“同化政策”。面对急剧增长的混血土著人，白人认为只有将混血土著儿交由有教养的白人家庭抚养，他们血液里的肮脏基因才会得到改善。不管混血土著是否愿意，他们将会被白人社会所吸收，接受白人的教育。
In 1788, the British set foot on the mysterious land of Australia. But the natives lived there for tens of thousands of years before the British set foot on the land. There is an irreconcilable contradiction between indigenous people and British people because of the competition for land, the differences in living habits and the lack of communication. According to religion, indigenous people believe that land is sacred and cannot be privately held, while the British need lots of land to meet their own development needs. And because of the language's differences, native and British people are isolated from each other. The indigenous people believed that the white-skinned British were the soul of their ancestors, while the British thought that the indigenous people were uncivilized and inferior. As the conflict intensified, the British adopted a policy of "genocide" and "apartheid" on the indigenous people, aiming to destroy the indigenous people and establish a "white Australian society".
After world war ii, especially after world war ii, the world aroused people's desire to equal human rights, and was strongly opposed to discrimination and inequality. In the face of international pressure, as well as the specific national conditions, Australia had to take a new policy - assimilation policy, under the condition of protect the rights of indigenous people live, destroy the aboriginal culture, establish a so-called civilized society, but its essence still think native cultural genocide policy. Strong racism is an important characteristic of assimilation policy.
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The formation and main contents of "assimilation policy"
The "assimilation policy" began in 1926 and ended in 1971. Australia inherited its "assimilation policy" to indigenous people when Australia gained diplomatic independence in 1931. Because at the time of white supremacy racist views are still dominant in Australia, many white people think native is low race, while the existence of the natives will defile white nobility and purity. In 1930, the indigenous population fell from 300,000 to 60,000, but there were as many as 24,881 indigenous people.
In the face of a rapidly growing mix of indigenous people, whites believe that the dirty genes in their blood will improve only if the mixed-race natives are brought up by educated white families. In 1937, federal and state officials in charge of indigenous affairs agreed. They believe that purebred indigenous people will eventually become self-destructive, and that the real danger is an increasing number of mixed-race people. In order to civilize the indigenous people and guide them towards a modern society, regardless of whether the mixed-race indigenous people are willing, they will be absorbed by the white society and accept the white education. The meeting also marks an increase in Australia's policy towards indigenous assimilation. The assimilation of indigenous people can be divided into the following aspects: the stolen generation. Tens of thousands of aboriginal children were forcibly taken from their parents, were sent to white families, or asylum, but these children in the white family and the authorities promised to "civilized, educated in different ways, indigenous children were forced to instill the white culture, poor living conditions. "I grew up alone, I was a black girl but I was in the white world. Trying to make me be bleached I hate them, but they cannot take away our for eons dream "this paragraph from the members of the stolen generation in a word, let's see it brings the enormous harm. Strict restrictions on indigenous movements. The Australian government has imposed strict controls on indigenous people in order to promote assimilation policies. They were driven to residential areas, where they had no right to drink and vote, no right to move freely, not to mention property rights. Improve the status of indigenous people. Politically. Strict limits on indigenous people at the same time, in order to quell the aboriginal resistance of love and the domestic part of the white dissatisfaction with the policy, the Australian government also issued by some laws to improve the natives. In March 1949, the Australian government has approved the new federal election list, allowing new south wales, Victoria and south Australia and Tasmania aborigines have the meeting to vote. In 1962, the right to vote expanded to the indigenous peoples of Queensland, western Australia and the northern territories. In terms of social welfare, the Australian government established the indigenous employment development commission to increase the employment of indigenous people. At the same time, the living standards of indigenous people have been greatly improved along with changes in the laws such as the national health and pension insurance scheme.
Knowing "what is an assimilation policy?" After that, we will focus on the analysis of "why is the assimilation policy produced?" . What factors contribute to the assimilation of the aboriginal population in Australia, which is the result of domestic or international pressure? The causes of assimilation policy can be divided into domestic factors and international factors.
Firstly, domestic factors can be divided into: racism, social and cultural factors, and economic development needs.
Racism. What is racism? Levistrauss defines racism as the following four aspects: "one, in the inheritance of one party, the intellectual ability and the moral inclination to the other, there is a correlation. The inheritance of these abilities and tendencies is Shared by all members of some human groups. These groups, known as "RACES", are graded according to the quality of their genetic property. These differences have led to the so-called "racial" command, exploitation of other RACES, and the possibility of destroying it. The reasons for racism in Australia are as follows: first, ignorance creates estrangement, and estrangement becomes a hotbed of racism. As is known to all, Australia is a colony of the British empire, and Britain has a great influence on Australia. The 18th century, Britain take the lead in the industrial revolution, the comprehensive national strength has increased, as the industrial revolution have spread to other European countries, Europe as the center of the world, actively colonial expansion abroad. Many whites believe they are "excellent" and "superior". As a result, they tend to be white in terms of other people. When the British arrived in Australia, the British thought that the aborigines were undoubtedly at the lowest stage of society in the face of almost naked, the indigenous people of the day. Similarly, the aborigines do not understand why the British must be wearing heavy, heavy clothing in hot weather. J the rich would shows due to ignorance misunderstanding: "native habits and characteristics of unique prompted me to their feelings of disgust, the mood is to use time and daily communication can eliminate". And a series of pseudo-scientific theories also promoted the development of racism. The white people of "noble blood" are very afraid of having contact with black people and wild men, and marriage can lead to the purity of blood. Therefore, the white people viewed the black and wild people in a negative manner, and put them in biochemistry. More determined that their flaws are unobtainable, and that a certain race will be "tainted" for generations.
So when the British facing and their different aboriginal people, in order to prevent "Anglo - Saxon" good pedigree is polluted, they want to avoid contact with listening to the natives, the failure of his policy of genocide and isolation, they thought of will have a genetic defect of the natives, especially with white aborigines into white society to improve their genes, and to ensure that when the British had to deal with the natives, able to maintain their own noble. Third, legalization of indigenous exploitation. Economic exploitation was the main thing in the British exploitation of the indigenous people. In order to legitimise its exploitation, the British preached that indigenous people were unbuilt and unreasonably resourced to optimize the allocation of ethnic groups. They wasted the precious land that god had given him, under which the British would take over the land and see that it would make sense to make the most of it. The misinterpretation of social Darwinism makes white racism more rampant. Social Darwinism emphasizes the progress of society, a renowned British social Darwinism, spencer once said: "if a race of invalid habitual survival and reproduction, and the average energy of the race will decline, and... If the conditions of survival are not met, the weak ones will die, and the rest will be able to meet the conditions of survival, which will satisfy the average adaptability of the race to the living conditions." And social Darwinism emphasizes competition. Liam. Sam once said: "the survival competition is the core of social life characteristics, if someone is on the side of the road collapsed, it shouldn't be a shame thing, people who want to struggle with nature, to endure a lot of hard work" the likelihood for the ailing racist belief that their society is after a hard struggle with other society evolved, and in fact caused by white slaughter, alcohol, STD native population decline because of indigenous society is low, is not enough for its competitiveness. Under the influence of the above conditions, many Australian white have extremely strong racist views, think oneself is better than that of the natives, in the treatment of the natives and starting from the social environment of the natives. The assimilation policy which aims to safeguard the superiority of white society is also popular with the people.
Social and cultural factors. In terms of social and cultural factors, cultural center theory and religion have a great influence on the generation of assimilation policy.
Religious influence, namely original crime thought and religious exclusion. First of all, original sin thought. There is a deep inferiority complex in Australia. This may seem contradictory to their arrogance, but it is in the context of Australia. First British came to Australia to the convicts, their social status in the UK is extremely low, but when they came to Australia, waiting for their is not a new world, but another purgatory. Poor natural conditions, hard living conditions, and conflict with indigenous people have made them feel abandoned. And the religious Christianity that they believe in has the original sin that the Christian belief that Adam and eve ate the forbidden fruit and disobeyed god's will, was "the glory of god". This sin is passed on to posterity and becomes the root of all human sin, disaster, suffering and death. A man is born and is a sinner before god. Under the influence of this doctrine, many britons who have come to live in Australia have become more convinced that they have come to Australia because of their SINS. This led to them in the face of other ethnic groups, there is actually a inferiority and unease, in order to conceal his unease at this moment, the powerful British empire became their lifeline, they declared themselves or their ancestors came from the British empire, has a superior Anglo - Saxon descent, has a brilliant culture, in order to maintain their false pride, they will surely not allow other cultures to challenge the British culture. Religious exclusivity. Moses said in the ten commandments: "do not believe in any other god except god. Not to be carved, to bow, to serve any idol. "it shows that Christianity has a strong exclusive color. Under the strong influence of religion, its believers must have a sense of rejection of other religions and cultures, and they reject indigenous and indigenous art as alien. Therefore, it is especially correct to maintain the rights of indigenous people and to eradicate the assimilation policies of indigenous cultures.
Cultural center theory. In the middle of the 19th century, most of Australia's immigrants came from Europe, with the British in the largest proportion. So Australian culture is largely influenced by British culture. Once the world's great powers, Britain has a glorious history, the splendid achievements will make the British people have strong national self-confidence, pride, and even lead to the emergence of national hubris psychological. They see Britain's moral standards, lifestyles and traditions as the best in the world. Thus, when white culture meets aboriginal culture, the superiority of British culture makes Australian white people form cultural centrism - belief in the superiority of an ethnic culture. So they believe that in an elegant English culture, the aborigines will be transformed and refined and intelligent. The assimilation policy has been a boon to indigenous people who craved "civilization, wisdom".
Economic factors, the need for Labour contributed to the assimilation of indigenous people. Australia is sparsely populated, but after world war two, the number of casualties in Australia to 102029, reduced Labour in the face of the post-war ruins in Australia, the Australian authorities don't want to have to find his way to solve the problem of shortage of labor. From Europe before the war, most of Australia's population, but the two world war ii, due to the high casualties of war, of the demand for labor in the the development of its economy after the war, immigrants from Europe. At the same time, the Pacific islands labor act of 1901, the immigration restriction act, the postal telecommunications act limited the immigrants of colored people. In order to meet the demand for labor, the Turkish labor force was taken into account. The Australian government in aboriginal policy improvement "is not so much out of humanitarian considerations, rather than because of cattle and other enterprises increased need for labor, from Melanesia transported into the workers as early as in the past ten years in the 20th century has been banned, and from Asia into the workers and greatly restricted. The world war greatly reduced the existing Labour force. That is why companies and ranchers have to pay attention to preserving the reserves of indigenous people. In the face of interests, so-called ethnic and cultural differences no longer focus on profits. The maximization of profits has become the most important thing, and the capitalists have chosen the latter in the face of expensive white workers and the extremely low wage demands of indigenous workers. Economic base determines the superstructure, when the economy needs to the natives, will have to provide convenience for the politics, if the indigenous assimilation can let more indigenous people come to cities meet the needs of labor, and can solve the problem of the survival of indigenous peoples, calm of the resistance of aborigines gradually rising, the government, what is there against it?
The international situation. The international situation has forced Australia to change its policy towards indigenous people. After world war ii, there was a wave of opposition to oppression and discrimination worldwide. Promulgated in 1948, the United Nations universal declaration of human rights, in the second ZhangGui manifesto: "everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this declaration, without distinction of any kind, as to race, color, sex, language, religion, here, or other opinion or social origin, property or other status.". People are looking to minority and indigenous people who are politically and economically marginalized. In 1952 the United Nations general assembly general committee will be Australian aboriginal policy with apartheid in South Africa's notorious, some African countries even call Australia "Asia South Africa". The poor handling of indigenous issues has undermined Australia's international reputation and severely affected Australia's exchanges with other countries. In the cold war, "when Australia was cheering for America against the Soviet union as a partner of the United States, it found itself in an awkward position for the injustice of the indigenous people. It is also influenced by the reputation of racism with the northern neighbor. So the Australian government urgently needs to improve its international image. Now that is characterized by the genocide of genocide, isolation policy has violated the human rights, then when maintaining the indigenous people's right to exist on the surface, but actually think the assimilation of ethnic cultural genocide policy can not only maintain Australia's international reputation, and can keep the white society "Snow White", it is not hard to understand why we assimilation policy of international.
Rome was not built in a day, and the emergence of Australia's assimilation policy was also the result of overlapping and integration of various causes. But there is no denying that racism plays an important role. Therefore, in the proper handling of ethnic relations, China should absorb the experiences and lessons of Australia's attempt to assimilate the indigenous people, and should not treat the minority affairs with the thought of the han nationality. But it is impossible to put a few people outside the country's affairs. Inassimilation, not exclusion, is the only correct way.
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不得不学的Essay写作方法

对于初到国外留学的同学们来说，Essay写作就如同噩梦一般，不仅要花大量的时间去写作，而且写了还不一定能及格，真的非常痛苦。但其实是同学们还没有掌握Essay的写作方法。下面就给大家讲解一下Essay的写作方法，希望能帮同学们写出一篇好的Essay。
一、审题
和在国内的写作要求一样，essay写作的第一步也是要审题。拿到你的题目后，先读一遍，把重点词圈出来。比如：analyzing，discuss， describing，evaluate，explain。然后开始联想老师上课时讲过的内容。
这一点非常重要，导师是强调不许抄袭，但是essay写作的观点最好是已经存在的，而不是你自己凭空提出来的。自己提出的观点乍看之下非常厉害，但是在导师眼里却不是这么回事。所以，审题不只是看题目，还要把题目和学过的内容联系起来。
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二、阅读
一定要读recommend reading。如果老师没有给你阅读书目，自己可以去搜索。
如何选择合适的文章来论证你的观点是一门很深的学问。简单来说，没有专家、实验、案例证明的观点在导师和考官眼里是属于没有依据的胡编乱造。所以，想写一篇高分的essay，一定要多寻找相关的论文，采用其中相关的观点。
如果向上一点提到的那样，自命不凡，老师给的reading你一个也没有用，这样子写出的论文极大可能性是跑题的，就算不是跑题，老师也会认为你上课没有认真听课，所以给你打超低的分数。
三、注意细节
这里所说的细节是指你的这篇essay要做好对应的参考目录和注释，有时候长篇的essay甚至需要附录，这样既能使你的essay看起来有理有据，又方便导师查看你所提到的研究、支持材料和参考依据的真实性。
四、运用技巧
写essay就和议论文是一样的，目的是表达你的观点，说服你的读者，所以结构要清晰，表达要简洁。首先，可以写一句总领句，提出你的观点。然后，马上进行分条缕析的拓展，用论据来支撑你的观点。要注意，每段只能写一个观点，每个段落之间要有灵活的过渡，以帮助读者理解。最后，用简短的结尾段总结概括你的所有论点。
以上就是关于Essay写作的讲解，Essay写作想拿高分，上面这四步缺一不可。
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Paper代写：Housing design

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Housing design，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了房屋的设计。根据建筑材料的不同，房屋的设计也不太一样。像以前用茅草搭建的房屋，它的屋顶就必须要倾斜度大于45度，以便于水的流出。还有木头搭建的房屋，缺点非常严重，有严重的火灾隐患，并且容易腐烂。
The United Nations states that “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing…” (UN, 1948). However, in many developing and third world countries, a large proportion of people are too poor to have even a decent house. The condition is similar in Devikulam. Devikulam is a small village located in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. There are about 90 households in the village, and almost all of the people are living below the poverty line. Within Devikulam, houses in an area called ‘colony’ are not adequately prepared for the heavy monsoon rain and people have expressed that they would like an improvement on their houses so they have better protection from the rain (EWB, 2011). Our team has identified this issue the prime problem of the community.
Houses provide people with security and comfort. Also, if the people in colony have better houses that can safely survive through the monsoon season, they will be able to spend their resources and time on doing more productive activities, rather than fixing homes every monsoon season. As a consequence, our team has decided providing colony people better housing with improved protection from the rain as a design topic.
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Research tasks
To assist with this topic the following sub-research areas were identified.
User needs regarding cultures and people
The current housing situation in Devikulam
Environmental factors
Materials available
Existing housing solutions
Different kinds of roofing methods
This report will focus on identifying and evaluating the existing roofing methods that could be used in the colony. The report examines four different types of roofing methods: thatching, tiling, roofing with slate and wood. A simple set of design criteria will be developed and will be incorporated into a decision matrix to compare each method. Finally, how this information will assist our team in finding the final solution will be discussed and recommendations regarding the most suitable roofing method will be made.
Evaluation of four types of roofs
Approach
There are many existing roofing methods. To be relevant to the purpose of the project, roofing methods that require modern resources and technologies that are not accessible to Devikulam have not been considered below. Instead, four roofing methods, thatching, tiles made from clay, roofing using slate and wood, were selected as they are all natural source roofing materials. Pros and cons of each method will be examined and this will be followed by source analysis.
1. Thatching
Thatching is one of the oldest roofing techniques (Letts, Quantrill, 2010). The materials used for thatching depends on the region; in England wheat straw is common (Letts, Quantrill, 2010), tropical countries use palm and Palmyra fronds (Keller, 2010) while countries like Korea where rice farming was extensive, use rice straw. Reeds are also used.
1.1 Advantages
It uses the local material and is produced by natural process.
As there is no need to import foreign materials, it is cost effective.
Attractive appearance (Botes, 2007).
It traps heat well; it is cooler in summer and warmer in winter (National Energy Services, 2008)
1.2 Disadvantages
Vulnerable to fire risk.
Susceptible to decay and decomposition.
The pitch of the roof should not be less than 45 degrees to allow water to shed quickly. The steeper the roof, the greater the durability of the thatch (Botes, 2007).
Attracts rodents and birds (National Energy Services, 2008).
The durability of thatching depends on the material used. Thatched roof using long stem grasses lasts long, between 50 to 60 years (Roofing Products, 2011) while that made of rice straw only last one or two years. One way to improve thatched roofs against rain water leakage is to use two layers of thatching. Knapp (2003) says that two layers are used for thatching in south India, Coconut or Palmyra fronds as a lower layer topped with a fine layer of paddy straw or grasses to content with monsoon rain. Palmyra trees are abundant in the area, and rice is grown on wetlands (EWB, 2011) so they can be used to form a double layer thatching.
1.3 Source analysis
Botes and National Energy Services are unbiased as they provide evenly weighted discussions of pros and cons. Botes, although he is an architect, is less reliable since the information is explicitly of his own opinion. Roofing Products is more informative than others, presenting facts rather than comparing pros and cons. Knapp back-ups his statements with other various researches which indicates high accuracy.
2. Clay tiles
Clay tiles are produced by baking moulded clay. The clay used, the temperature of kiln and the amount of time the tiles spend in the kiln determine the characteristics of the tile. The laying technique also depends on the type of tile used (National Roofing Contractors Association, 2011). Some of common tile types are illustrated in figure 1.
Figure 1: Different types of tiles (Roof Magician, n.d.)
2.1 Advantages
Tiles last long because they do not decompose and attract pests such as termites, birds, rodents
They are not flammable.
Provide good protection from rain.
Require little maintenance (RoofGenius, 2011)
2.2 Disadvantages
If tiles were to be made in Devikulam, the people need to learn how to make them.
Making tiles may require resources that are not reachable from the village. They include;
Highly skilled personnel who can teach villagers tile making.
Building a tile making facility may be inappropriate - Set-up cost will be high.
There may not be adequate fuels to feed the kiln and maintain high enough temperature to produce tiles.
Tiles are fragile, they are easily broken.
Tiles are heavy; the current mud house is likely to be too weak to support the weight of tiles (RoofGenius, 2011).
Figure 2: Bamboo roof in Osaka, Japan (Telford, n.d.)
Introducing clay tiles seem impossible, due to the cost and the fact that the entire house needs reconstruction with stronger materials. A more appropriate and simpler way is to use bamboo. Split bamboo can be laid similarly to Spanish tiles (see figure 1 for Spanish tile arrangement), using natural overlap to create a smooth surface for water to run from (Roofing Products, 2011). Figure 2 shows the actual bamboo roof made from using this technique in Japan.
2.3 Source analysis
RoofGenius delivers unbiased comparison between different types of roofing. Accuracy is high as the webpage is run by a retired shingler as well as a roofing contractor. Information is clear, simple and easy to understand even for people who do not have any background knowledge of roofing.
3. Slate
A slate is a type of rock that can be split into sheets of the thickness of 4 to 15 mm. These sheets are laid in a way that each layer of slate laps over the piece of slate below so the rain cannot get through the roof (premierslate, n.d.).
3.1 Advantages
It lasts long; invulnerable to rot and insects.
Well protected from a fire.
Little maintenance required. (RoofGenius, 2011)
3.2 Disadvantages
It is heavy; therefore houses in Devikulam would require extra strength to support a slate roof.
Slates are breakable (RoofGenius, 2011).
Similarly as clay tiles, slate roofs seem unfeasible for Devikulam because of the reconstruction reason. Also, slate or any similar kind of rocks that can be split into sheets may not be found in the area.
4. Wood roofs
Wood has been a popular roofing material due to its availability (Roofing Products, 2011). There are two types of wood roofs, using shingles and shakes. Shingles are produced by sawing a wooden block while shakes are split from a wood block (Advanced Housing Research Center, 2000). While shingles are less expensive than shakes, shakes last longer.
4.1 Advantages
It requires less specialised knowledge for processing and installation than other roofing methods such as thatching (Roofing Products, 2011).
Wood is a widely available resource.
4.2 Disadvantages
Regular maintenance is required (Roofing Products, 2011).
Susceptible to decay, especially in humid weather. Shakes and shingles that have absorbed moisture can result in swelling, shrinking, cracking and they encourage more moisture to get in. Mildew, moss, algae and lichens can grow on the shake roof which also speed up the decay process. Chemical treatment can be applied to increase the durability but not an option for Devikulam (Advanced Housing Research Center, 2000).
Fire risk.
It is clear that wood roofs in Devikulam would not last long because of the humid weather. Furthermore, frequent replacement of wood roofs due to decay may result in deforestation.
4.3 Source analysis
Since Advanced Housing Research Center is under the US federal agency the information is of high accuracy. It is factual and no indication of bias in the information.
How this research will be incorporated into team’s design topics
The findings in this report will provide our team background knowledge of different types of natural source roofing. All of the information collected by team members will be collaborated in order to choose a solution that can be successfully implemented in Devikulam. In particular, this report will be considered closely with the available material information so that the local materials are used as much as possible.
Recommendations
Even though clay tiles, slates and shingles and shakes come from natural sources, they are not appropriate for Devikulam due to various reasons discovered above. Instead, thatching and bamboo using Spanish tile arrangement have been identified as more suitable roofing techniques. Five possible solutions have been generated using these methods and are shown in the decision matrix in table 1. They are evaluated against five criteria; protection from rain, cost, time taken for building roof, labour and durability.
Table 1: Decision matrix
Criteria
References
Advanced Housing Research Center, 2000, Wood Shakes and Shingles: Tips for Longer Life, viewed at 27 March, < http://www.toolbase.org/Best-Practices/Failure-Prevention/wood-shakes-and-shingles>
Botes, J, 2007, Thatch Roofing – The Pros and the Cons, viewed 25 March 2011,
Engineers Without Borders Australia, 2011, 2011 EWB Challenge Design Brief, viewed 20 March 2011, < http://www.ewb.org.au/explore/initiatives/2011ewbchallenge#top>
Keller, M, 2010, How to Build a Palmetto Thatched Roof, viewed 26 March 2011,
Knapp, R,G (ed), 2003, Asia’s Old Dwellings Tradition, Resilience and Change, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 56.
Letts, J, Quantrill, K, 2010, Thatching with ‘Long Straw’, viewed 26 March 2011,
National Energy Services, 2008, Thatched Roof Coverings, Factsheet, viewed 26 March 2011,
National Roofing Contractors Association, 2011, Clay tile and concrete tile, viewed 26 March 2011, < http://www.nrca.net/consumer/types/tile.aspx>
premierslate, n.d., What is slate?, viewed 27 March 2011, < http://www.premierslate.com.au/what-is-slate/>
Roof Magician, n.d., Clay Roof Tile Installation, viewed 27 March 2011, < http://roofmagician.com/176/clay-roof-tile-installation/>
RoofGenious, 2011, Popular roofing materials, viewed 26 March 2011, < http://roofgenius.com/roofmaterialchoices.htm>
Roofing Products, 2011, Biomass Roofing For All Needs, viewed 26 March 2011,
Telford,R, n.d., Bamboo roof, Osaka, Japan, viewed 27 March 2011,
United Nations, 1948, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 25, viewed 27 March 2011,
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Essay代写：Human resource management of Singapore airlines

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Human resource management of Singapore airlines，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了新加坡航空的人力资源管理。如今，新加坡航空公司已经成为国际公认的世界级航空公司。新加坡航空作为一家以服务为导向的公司，以其高质量和有效的人力资源管理为公司的战略目标做出了突出贡献。在新加坡航空公司，员工的工作不仅能得到保证，而且他们的个人竞争力也会得到提高。
Singapore Airlines has become an internationally recognized, world-class airline company. Singapore Airlines as a service-oriented company, its high quality and effective human resources management for the company to achieve the strategic goal to make outstanding contributions. Singapore Airlines through innovation and unparalleled human resource management model competition in the aviation industry environment has always maintained a sustainable competitive advantage.
The Singapore Airlines was established in 1947.Singapore Airlines is famous in the world airline industry not only because their longest and most comprehensive in the industry, their focus on offer excellence service.
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Airline competition in the aviation industry has always maintained its brand image and competitive advantage through the five main factors. First, the rigorous selection and recruitment system. Second, the broad and extensive training and staff training. Third, successful service delivery team formation. Fourth, give front-line employees the right to control the quality of service. Fifth, the motivate staff.
This article aims at analyzing the SIA’s human resource systems which support the company business goals and the human resource function keeps the strategy consistency with their company strategy. First, this article is about the analysis of Singapore Airlines as a service supplier, using the best practice way to ensure the company keeps substance competitive advantages. Second, introducing SIA using best fit approach to ensure company human resource strategy fit for keep competitive advantage and business strategy.
The SIA’s goals and objectives are described by the superior which is statement in Jochen Wirtz, et al. research as following: First, ‘deliver the highest quality of customer service that is safe, reliable and economical’. Second, ‘generate earnings that provide sufficient resources for investment and satisfactory returns to shareholders’. Third, adopt human resource management practices company-wide that attract, develop, motivate and retain employees who contribute to the company’s objectives’. Fourth, ‘maximize productivity and utilization of all resources.’
Company to have the best practice ideas, then the company is preferred to adopt a common approach. In this view, he thought that the company identified and implemented best practices, and then such a company is bound to progress and improve.
Best practice methodology for SIA is clear and the implementation of a proper means of human resource management can help companies improve their competitiveness, create better performance and its stakeholders and benefit the interests of employees. In the implementation of this strategy, SIA also have to ensure the implementation of these strategies, strategy implementation to ensure balance. When Singapore Airlines ' best practice ' to achieve balanced and synergistic, it will bring more good performance for the company performance. As a result, they said approach covers different related prescriptive models of human resource management such as high-commitment, high-involvement, high-performance work system, and mutual gains models (Shields 2007, p. 90).
Singapore Airlines not only has excellent human resources management team, and there is a clear criteria for the optimal method, these two points to ensure that Singapore Airlines in the implementation of human resource management strategy, while effective measurement and monitoring of company performance, and performance. (Armstrong, 2006)
‘Building profits by putting people first’ said by Pfeffer’s (1994) who also claimed a well known model that statements seven mainly human resource practices which shown as: employment security, selective hiring, self-managed teams, high compensation contingent on performance, training, reduction of status differentials and sharing information.
Jeffrey Pfeffer (1994) defined employment security in his book ‘Competitive Advantage through People’ as ‘a guarantee of employment stating that no employee will be laid off for lack of work.’
Singapore airlines began with the strategy of human resources management, the most basic human and important position. In the description of the case, Singapore airlines recruiting can be thought of as first hired three percent of applicants, after training and try again eliminated five percent. This will ensure that the company's staff has the unique individual ability and in the company's standard and can provide perfect service. This layer upon layer of the screening process avoids the work again in the shortage of the employees find again, making it a chance to work employees lose and guarantee. Through the Singapore Company’s case, we can find many young people because of our human resources management system, are very eager to get the opportunity to work in Singapore airlines. And, in the experience of our work, not only for employees of the ability it through training and company culture of our influence, and they your CV in Singapore airlines such company experience but also for their future development to lay the foundation. Say so, in our job, not only the staff's working to get guarantee and their personal competitiveness also will be improved.
In addition, according to Ms Lam Seet Mui’s words, SIA seems employees as an individually unique element for company’s human resource management. Singapore Airlines and other companies in different places is delegated authority for front-line staff and service standards to maintain consistency. Such employees have personal jurisdiction at the same time, reducing the chance of error, in order to ensure stable performance of their work.
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Essay代写：The development of British aviation

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The development of British aviation，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了英国航空业发展现状。在过去的十年里，英国的航空业已经发生了翻天覆地的变化。其中最大的变化是低成本航空行业的出现，目前它几乎主导着航空短途市场。当然，越来越多的低成本航空公司，虽然市场竞争是越来越激烈，但消费者也有了更多的选择。
During the last ten years the airline industry in the UK has changed out of all recognition. This means that the biggest change has been the emergence of the low-cost airline sector, which now dominates the short-haul market. However there has also been considerable consolidation within the traditional full-service scheduled sector, with British Airways, bmi and Virgin Atlantic emerging as the three key carriers.
Many of the other British scheduled airlines that were in operation over the last decade have either stopped trading or have merged under the national airline, British Airways: these include GB Airways, British Regional Airlines, Manx, and CityFlyer Express.
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It is predicted that by 2010 the low-cost sector will have seen the largest growth in terms of both capacity and passengers carried, although it will also have to face challenges in terms of increasing competition on selected routes from European low-cost carriers. With the accession of eastern European countries into the European Union this market potentially represents the fastest growing travel destinations in Europe (Mintel, 2005). The big players in the low-cost airline industry are EasyJet, Ryanair, bmibaby, flybe, Monarch and Zoom airlines. However according to Mintel (2007), Ryanair is the market leader and carried 42 million passengers in 2006, followed by EasyJet with 34 million passengers.
As a result the increasing member of low-cost carriers, the market has become more competitive and consumers now have more choice. In response, scheduled airlines have tried to compete by offering their own low-cost models with varying degrees of success. In addition, business travellers who have traditionally expected fully serviced air travel regardless of the length of journey have now begun to choose low cost carriers over the traditional scheduled airlines due to reduced profitability and tighter budget constraints (Mintel, 2007).
The top three full-service British scheduled carriers are BA, Virgin Atlantic and bmibaby, who between them carry a total of approximately 50 million passengers each year. By passengers carried, BA and bmibaby can be ranked as the top two. However, as Virgin does not operate in the short-haul market but has a larger long-haul operation than bmi, it is the second-largest long-haul carrier.
The geographic nature and size of India plus its high population density in the major cities means that logistics and transport will always be critical areas for the Indian economy. The transportation sector was second to food in size and worth accounting for $61 billion in 2005 and is expected to increase to $301 billion by 2025 (McKinsey, 2007).
The growth of the transportation industry in India is primarily driven by the huge success of the low cost carriers, which according to GMID (2007) spearheaded total air sector growth of over 17 per cent. Low cost carriers achieved a growth of more than 114 per cent in 2006.
Furthermore the Indian airline industry has a 35 per cent share of the total value sales for transportation. Several low cost carriers have established themselves in India during the last three years, the most prominent of these being the low cost pioneer Air Deccan (with 2 per cent market share) with SpiceJet and Go Air being the other low cost carriers in India.
Scheduled airlines still dominate the market but low cost carriers are trying to catch up fast. From a share of 3 per cent of the total in 2004, they managed to reach 15 per cent in two years, exhibiting a growth of more than 107 per cent in current value terms (GMID, 2007). In 2006, scheduled airlines accounted for 84 per cent of the total seats sold followed by low cost carriers who had a creditable share of 15 per cent.
The national airline Air India commands the largest market share in value terms, with 19 per cent. Air India flies international routes and thus, the unit price of the tickets is higher, leading to the largest market share by value (GMID, 2007).
EasyJet was founded by Stelios Haji-Ioannou in 1995 as a low-cost airline to provide affordable travel and services to meet the needs of travellers in Western and Eastern Europe. More recently, it has also been expanding its services to North Africa. The company is now one of the world's leading low-cost carriers with a global share of 0.6 per cent in air travel in 2005 (GMID, 2005). The EasyJet fleet comprises over 110 aircraft made up predominately of modern Airbus A319s.
The strategy of EasyJet is to continue its rapid expansion of routes not just within Europe but also beyond, characterised by the launch of new destinations in Istanbul and also Morocco in 2006 (GMID, 2005). Not only has the airline sought to increase its geographical reach it has also been “active in increasing the breadth of its operations and frequency of services available” (GMID, 2005). EasyJet continued to “develop its presence as a leading player in the low-cost aviation sector in 2005 and into 2006 by improving and increasing its fleet of aircraft and also through the introduction of new routes” (GMID, 2005). To maintain its growth, the airline has embarked on an expensive and ambitious programme of expanding its fleet size (GMID, 2005). It is quite clear that EasyJet has designs on dominating the European low-cost aviation sector and invests heavily in new aircraft and reliability to achieve its aims and objectives.
In terms of Easyjet’s position in the global market place, as a result of the company's limited geographical range and low-cost niche market it does not compete with the global giants, such as Air France or British Airways, in the full-service aviation sector. However, it does compete with Ryanair, one of the most profitable companies in air travel (GMID, 2005). Both companies are in fierce competition not just in pricing but also for passenger numbers. Easyjet has continued expanding at a rapid rate since its launch, whilst Ryanair grew its business at a slightly slower pace. In addition to that EasyJet now has 2 per cent market share of air travel in both Western Europe and Eastern Europe (GMID, 2005).
Lastly it is important to highlight that EasyJet does not limit itself to flights, it also offers a wide range of complementary services through its online booking facilities, which is the hallmark of the competitive landscape for most operators within the low-cost aviation sector. EasyJet offers car rental, hotel accommodation, hostels and other services to create a more integrated holiday booking platform and to extend its product portfolio (GMID, 2005).
Mintel (2007) conducted a study on the most important factors British consumers choose when flying with an airline on holiday. The study was conducted with an age group of 15+ who had travelled by air in the past 12 months and the sample size amounted to 25,000 people. The data was collected through qualitative research methods; that is, telephone interviews and desk research (Mintel, 2007). This study has relevance as it looks at elements of the marketing mix; in particular price, quality, comfort, and customer service. With that in mind some of the data already gives an idea of the motivation and the needs of British EasyJet customers.
Recently, a small survey was carried out in the UK to explore the emerging themes and issues that might affect EasyJet’s ambition to enter the Indian market. The survey consisted of a structured questionnaire which was distributed to twenty five British and 25 Indian respondents living in Edinburgh between the age of 18 and 30 years.
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