美国作业代写：Commercial advertising photography

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Commercial advertising photography，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了商业广告摄影。商业广告摄影的创意，是在选择和确定某种表现形式和方法之后根据商品的特征来达到宣传商品主题、塑造广告形象的目的而从事的一项艺术创作活动。商业广告摄影的创意表现包含了主题形象的塑造、表达方式的确定、主题与概念关键词的视觉表述，以及意境的营造、画面影调的处理、结构的安排等诸多方面，其中对于主题形象的把握、对拍摄商品理念和信息的传达以及想象力在摄影作品的合理运用进行阐述。

In commercial advertising photography, creative ideas can enhance the vitality of the work. Good ideas play an important role and are the key to the success of commercial advertising photography. It is very important to grasp the theme of commercial advertisement creativity. The innovative features of commercial advertising photography pose many challenges for photographers. In addition to the professional photography skills, commercial advertising photographers need good image processing skills, which can enhance the photographer's work and contribute to the expression of his thoughts.

The expression of theme is the core of creative expression of commercial advertisement.

A good commercial advertisement should be a simple and succinct summary of the commodity subject to be described by the author on the basis of fully understanding the performance of the commodity. This requires us to have a keen observation on the one hand and accurate positioning of the goods on the other hand. "If you can't condense the content of what you want to tell the consumer into a single purpose, a single subject, your AD will not be creative," he once said. From this point of view, the idea of commercial advertising photography is tailored to the products on the basis of careful observation of product performance and understanding of product positioning. He should be an abridged version of the process, presenting our creative theme to be concise and to the point. Commercial advertising creative concept should not be bound by the concept or in its current form, it needs us to expand the imagination space, according to the requirements of the product to select the visual images to viewers transfer product idea.

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The theme of commercial advertising photography is actually a simple concept. We have grasped the premise of the commodity subject and how to present the theme perfectly is the purpose of advertising creativity. Commercial advertising photography should be closely related to the theme of advertising. Therefore, the image of good products is a top priority for advertising photography. When we are done with the theme, we need to create the image of the product through artistic conception, and then reproduce it with the photographer's lens. Advertising photography can attract readers, arouse consumers' desire to buy, make the reader finish see picture impressed and prompt it to further understand the product, the photographer is presented to our advertising photography is vivid and accurate become important influencing factors.

In commercial advertising photography, the photographer on the performance of goods various aspects advantage plays a key role, on the one hand, grasp the characteristics of the goods and on the other hand to the characteristics of the goods by the reduction of artistic, is a creative work. It requires the photographer to have a good shooting technique, and also requires the photographer to have outstanding aesthetic ability and solid artistic foundation. Photographer, shape, structure, color, texture, stereo feeling, etc., by means of photography to the filming process, at the same time with the aid of image of tone and light and shadow to foil and build atmosphere, and through the use of light, in the form of image design, to display products, give a person leave deep impression.

Attractive photos should be pursued with creative vision and expression. In addition, the design of the whole picture should be novel, so that it can stand out in the same kind of advertising photography works and give people a bright feeling. The novel commercial advertisement photography works should reflect the theme of advertisement, also must grasp the image of the subject. The product image of the original modelling, will give us fresh and fresh feeling. We should be active and break the rules. In shaping product image, always seize the advantages and characteristics of goods, the integrated use of good foil with body and the environment, or to an analogy image of the product can reach the effect of advertising goods advantage, make it more competitive.

Second, the idea and information of conveying commodities are the basis of creative expression.

A good commercial advertising photography idea must be based on understanding product features and functions. Secondly, it locates the consumer market of the product and finds out the difference between the product and the similar products in the market. Because the creativity of advertising photography faces different consumption objects, different people's consumption psychology and aesthetic requirements should be distinguished.

The photographer should create a kind of living logic and conform to the concept of people's life. When conveying the idea and information of the goods, it is necessary to consider whether the expression is accurate or not, and also to grasp this expression and show whether it can reasonably express emotions. Photographers often highlight the subject by highlighting the performance characteristics of the product and emphasizing the advantages of commodities in their areas of concern. When designing and designing, the photographer must be careful not to change the structure and performance of the product, including the shape and texture of the product. To creative photographers can use in the plot display imagination for fabrication and exaggeration, in the art means such as emphasis, rendering, foil, contrast, must be reasonable, cannot pretensions affectation, exaggerated.

The purpose of commercial advertising photography is not just to promote products, but also to convey some ideas and information related to the goods, can be a function, can also simply introduced the design, the fashion, explain characteristics to let consumers better understand the goods, as well as benefits. Therefore, many advertising photography works have the nature of illustrations and illustrations.

3. Imaginative picture design is the way of creative expression.

Commercial advertising photography is different from common documentary photography and photojournalism, his creative process is not a sudden and accidental, but need a long-simmering, hammering out so that the process of gradually mature and perfect. The object of our deliberation and deliberation is the product of performance. The product expresses its unique aesthetic feeling through photography, so as to express the appeal of the advertisement in a kind of style. The process of conceiving, that is, the process of creation. The characteristic of the creative thinking of commercial advertising photography is based on the image based on the image. Based on this, the imagination is the premise and foothold of the photographer to complete the work. Thus it can be seen that imagination is an important way to inspire commercial advertising photography, and the richness of imagination is also an important criterion to measure the creative ability of advertising photographers.

Commercial advertising photography creation needs to use synesthesia imagine (produce interaction between various feeling of psychological phenomenon, namely to a sensory stimulation triggers another kind of feeling, in psychology is called "synaesthesia" phenomenon. The most common synaesthesia is "color - listen" synaesthesia, that is, the sense of color can cause the corresponding hearing, the modern "color music" is the application of this principle. To guide readers to understand more needs imagination and implication. Sometimes, the attraction of a work is created by the imagination left in the author's creation. Synesthesia imagines two different objects that are not associated with each other, connecting them through a certain point, thus creating a new image.

Imaginative graphic design requires a variety of creative forms. The realistic type of advertising photography relies on the audience's understanding of the external characteristic structure of the product, and its good production technology can highlight the product concept. Symbol and metaphor is also the performance of the method is commonly used in advertising photography, Suggestions and reference function of this sort of thing can have very good publicity purposes, and the performance of the speech is often present in the form of a comedy, funny and interesting.

In the aspect of creative conception, commercial advertising photography should emphasize on the image of the product and imagine it based on the product image. On the basis of accurately grasping the theme, we are accurate in meaning, and in the meantime, we will convey creative ideas and attract readers' attention in the picture. The photographer should fully expand the imagination, expand the thinking space, and achieve a new breakthrough.

Conclusion:

Commercial advertising photography of creativity is based on customer needs, starting from the essential characteristics of goods, the logic and law of art to life as the breakthrough point, to contact and reference, it is different from other creative art photography. Modern creative new, strange, qiao, well to the performance of the advertising theme and the thought connotation, including establishing subject, refining the theme, look for performance and style, form, etc., is a long-term practice and exploration process over and over again. The development of commercial advertising photography brings new opportunities and challenges for photographers. Photography is no longer the only yardstick to measure the level of commercial photographer, the stand or fall of photography, not only to look at the creative level of the photographer and grasp, for goods subject to whether the photographer in commercial advertising photography works effectively and the ideas and information relating to the goods, whether the rich imagination dissolved in work.

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51due为留学生提供最好的essay代写服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多essay代写范文 提供美国作业代写服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

如何在短时间内写出高质量的essay

想必了解留学生的都知道，国外大学的作业是非常繁重，所以留学生熬夜写论文作业是经常发生的事情。甚至有的时候几份essay作业一起下来，留学生就得在短时间内写作几份essay了，那么如何在短时间内写出高质量的essay呢，其中的技巧就给大家讲解一下。

写作构思

阅读题目要求，做好写作构思

毋庸置疑，写作最开始的第一步就是看清需要我们写什么话题，这一步做的主要目的就是认清题目的具体要求，是让我们从两个观点中找出自己支持的观点；还是说要求我们自己写一个认为当前存在的问题，给出解决此问题的solution方案。

1、从两个观点中选一个并给出支持的题干，样例如下：

2、另外一个是需要写一个自己认为当前存在的紧急问题，并给出方案的essay，样例如下：

很显然这两个题干要求不一样，要求也就不一样。第一个样例是观点限定了，只能二选一。第二个essay则是大的方向没限定，需要挑一个自己认为最严重的问题，然后针对这个问题给出方案。

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读完上面的题干，我们就需要做一下构思了。

由于官方要求的结构是两方面讨论，只讨论一方面会被认为不充分，所以我们的模板是写4段式，body部分只需要写两段，所以想出两个大的方面即可。那么针对二选一观点的，我们可以分别就正反两个观点各选一段，只不过都举出对应例子来支撑所支持的观点即可。对于下面不限定方向，需要自己写solution的也只需要想两个solution即可，然后针对这两个solution给出原因解释以及适当的例子支持；也可以一段写原因，即为什么这个问题很严重，一段写solution，即解决方法。

句式多样性

写作部分是唯一一个需要我们show off自己写作功底的部分，所以一定要保证句子有多样性。那么这里的多样性具体包含哪些呢？

1.多用被动语句

之所以这样，是因为被动语句更学术，也更有说服力。自己可以具体比较下面两个句子哪个更有说服力。

We believe that he will succeed.

It is believed that he will succeed.

很显然是第二个更有说服力。

2.多用从句

这里的从句形式很多，包括定语从句，状语从句等等，但是不建议用多层从句嵌套。如果在写的时候涉及多层从句嵌套了，就要想着把他拆穿两个简单句了。如果依然想写道一个句号结尾的句子里，这个时候就需要用到下面我们说的连词。

3.适当用连词

这里的连词有很多，如常见的并列连词and，转折连词but等等。虽然语法上分析同一个连词可以在一个句子中用多次，但是不建议写作中一个句子超过三个and子句。如果超过了，就需要试着拆分句子为多个单独的句子，抑或用上面的从句来适当减少这种连词多级连用。

4.适当用倒装句

具体的倒装句规则这里就不详述了，主要是记住几个可以用作部分倒装的短语，如Only if……, ……以及not only……,but also等等。

有一个很万能句子：only in this way can we slove the problems. 可以放在结尾段丰富语法。

5.适当用强调句

强调句也分很多种，这里我们只讲一种最常见的it is …… that ……

这里我们以一个具体例子来介绍。

原始句子为“共产党领导我们走向胜利”

The Communist Party leads us to victory.

如果我们强调只有"共产党"领导我们走向胜利，该怎么说呢？这里我们就可以用it is …… that说法，如下：

It is the Communist Party that leads us to victory.

强调句型中的要注意的就是还原，还原回一般句子。大家可以看一下，去掉it is……that之后就是原句The Communist Party leads us to victory. 是不是很快就能学会这个语句呢？

写作内容

有一个概念就是related words，整个文章不可以全部是模板，也就是套话，需要有实质性内容。一篇完全和题目无关的文章是没有分数的。为了冲击内容高分，我们也需要尽量去丰富自己的词汇。

比如说题目讲global warming，那么brain storm后，与环境相关的词汇, 我们可以想到 greenhouse gases, sea level rise, deforestation, emission from vehicles等等一系列，这些词都可以尽量的加在自己的论述和举例中。

开头结尾

写好开头和结尾，拒绝冗长的描述

开头段我们就需要开门见山，开头第一句可以用paraphrase的方法简要描述一下prompt中涉及的问题，然后直接亮出自己要说的观点或者话题。

结尾段则需要再次重申自己的观点，并根据body部分给出自己观点的概括来强调这一重申。用一些经典的模板是完全没有问题的。

以上就是关于短时间写作essay的技巧，给同学们分享的这些写作技巧希望下次就可以用到哦！

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paper代写-Literacy Acquisition of Bilingual Learns in Early Childhood

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Literacy Acquisition of Bilingual Learns in Early Childhood，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了双语教育。双语教育，指的是在学校中使用第二语言或者外语来进行传授课程。其目的就是为了培养学生的第二语言，让他们能够熟练运用。总的来说，如今的双语教育并没有得到应有的成效。其中原因可能是因为学生缺乏学习的动机，或者是学习之外没有适当的语言环境，这些原因都导致双语教育存在很多问题。

Introduction

According to the research of Literacies in Challenging Context (Zammit& Callow, 年份 ) literacy is cultivated by complex factors. Literacy is influenced by political factors, ideological and values, the level of economic development, technological innovation and progress as well as educational practice and settings. The various factors are more remarkable in bilingual learns. The numerous elements which shaped the acquisition process of one’s literacy are metabolic and also challenging for learns and teachers (Tse et al., 2012).

In recent years, when it comes to the teaching process of different ages of students, the curriculum arrangements shows a lot in common. For instance, the most apparent feature is that almost all the teachers utilize frequently and extensively of multimedia methods to help their students have a better understanding of the contexts. In the research (Oriyama, 2011) Pedagogical activities are no longer satisfied with the conventional methods but also requires some additional means to encourage students acquire language skills.

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With regard to the concrete characteristic of different stages of students, the distinction is that the older students need more specific and complicated courses plan and complex teaching materials (Duran, 2017). For early year children, phonics and games about literacy are quite helpful, while for middle school and senior middle school students teachers need abundant teaching skills and advanced curriculum setting (Popko, 2004). This paper will focus on the literacy acquisition of bilingual learns in early childhood. That is to say, related researches about early year bilingual learners will be analyzed and some teaching implications will be summarized from the researches.

Relations Between Teachers’ Teaching Activities and Bilingual Learners

On the one hand, there are many similarities in the study (Englezou and Fragkouli, 2014) and the study (Sawyer et al., 2016). The researchers selected the test group from early childhood bilingual learns and their teachers from international school randomly. Using observation as the main method to achieve the research aims these two experiment made great findings. With regard to the research findings, the evident finding is that the various methods teachers applied into the teaching process indeed affect the learning outcome of early childhood students in literacy acquisition. For instance, diverse interaction activities in the study (Englezou& Fragkouli, 2014) and the use of the first language as an assistant to improve the level of linguistically responsive practices in the study (Sawyer et al., 2016) in educational contexts precisely promote the literacy learning.

On the other hand, evident differences demonstrate in these two researches. Three dominating differences will be discussed in this paper. Firstly, the purpose of the study (Englezou and Fragkouli, 2014) is to investigate how teachers’ literacy skills and exercises stimulate the literacy acquisition of children in early childhood. Different from the purpose in the first the study, in the study (Sawyer et al., 2016) multiple targets were set: Measuring teachers’ application of linguistically responsive practices with Dual Language Learns; describing teachers’ beliefs about the influence of language and culture in educational contexts; examining the relations among the use of linguistically responsive practices, beliefs about language and culture, ability to speak the students’ first language and classroom composition.

Secondly, since different purposes exist in the studies different emphases were put upon different dimension. In the study (Englezou and Fragkouli, 2014), the research outcome summarized from the main teaching processes which consist of oral language development, printed language development, teaching literacy through play, preferred activities according to gender and teachers’ management of children with EAL( English as Additional Language). In the study (Sawyer et al., 2016), Language and Literacy practices,teachers’ beliefs about language and culture, Spanish-speaking ability of teachers, classroom composition and interactions were deemed as the key aspects .

To discuss more straightforward, the study (Englezou and Fragkouli, 2014) focus on more concrete teaching procedures in literacy and language development on account of the observation established on all the pedagogical practices. Nevertheless, the study (Sawyer et al., 2016) pay more attention to more abstract and embedded concepts, such as the ability of teachers to speak Spanish and their beliefs about language and culture. Because of that, the first study (Englezou and Fragkouli, 2014) showed more details about the test process in which various teaching methods affected children’ literacy learning skills. On the contrary, the study (Sawyer et al., 2016) did not display sufficient performance of students in the learning process but described a great deal of causes.

Finally, the outcomes and implications of the study (Englezou& Fragkouli, 2014) and the study (Sawyer et al., 2016) represent distinct differences. To be more specific, connecting the outcomes with the purpose and detailed test process, the study (Englezou& Fragkouli, 2014) lay emphasis on plentiful different forms of teaching and found that almost no special attention and course setting were allocated to bilingual learners when carry out all the teaching activities. As for the study (Sawyer et al., 2016), the outcome and hypothesis made a noteworthy distinction. Three questions were raised before the test but only to find out that not like assumed, teachers only applied few linguistically responsive practices in teaching and only the capacity of whether a teaching speak the same first language with students affected the linguistically responsive practices. On account of different outcomes different reflections possibly be explore in the studies (Barnard& Glynn, 2003).

Reflections and Implications

selected the research (Englezou& Fragkouli, 2014) and the research (Sawyer et al., 2016) as two typical articles is beneficial for improving my own teaching skills as an early childhood teacher.

In the research (Englezou& Fragkouli, 2014), teachers designed a number of teaching methods, such as preferred activities according to gender, teaching literacy through play and oral language development activities. To some extent, although all the ways played a positive role in literacy learning process, these ways have not found the fundamental issues of the weaknesses of bilingual learns when they learn literacy with other children whose first language are English.

In order to address the issues, except for a more appropriate teaching framework which should be revised by educational institution, teachers should pay more attention to every single student and know their features as well as learning habit deeper, especially the bilingual learners (Brooks, 2017). What is more, in the challenging teaching contexts, teachers need to apply the teaching aids more efficiently and make the best adjustment of these supplements to enhance the teaching quality instead of wasting the materials. Only by applying teaching methods efficiently can achieve the teaching tasks.

In addition, in the research (Sawyer et al., 2016), the focus of the experiment was on the language and Literacy practices,teachers’ beliefs about language and culture as well as the capacity of teachers in Spanish. These are more insightful concerns in the research of the influence factors of bilingual learners. Whereas, the results of the research displayed to be far from satisfactory due to some limitations.

It is worth mentioning that, the research stated that the teachers’ beliefs in language and culture is likely not automatically translate into practices, but we have to acknowledge their relationship (Peercy et al., 2013). Thus it is important and urgent to correlate the teachers’ personal cultural background and beliefs when across bilingual learners in teaching practices. Can a student performs good or not in literacy learning not only affected by teachers but also shaped by the development level of economy, technological innovation and progress as well as educational practice and settings (Alptekin& Tatar, 2011). In this regard, the appropriate estimate of teachers’ personal language and culture background proved to be significant and need a lot of work to do.

Conclusion

Undeniable, Literacy teaching and learning for bilingual learns are facing with challenges. The challenges not only comes from the changing social factors but also on account of the individual difference of bilingual learners. Through the discussion in the paper, reflections and implications on both specific teaching methods and in abstract teachers’ beliefs along with culture background can help to have a better understanding of literacy teaching so as to obtain better teaching effect.

References

Alptekin, C., & Tatar, S. (2011). Research on foreign language teaching and learning in turkey (2005–2009). Language Teaching, 44(3), 328-353. doi:10.1017/S026144481100005X

Barnard, R., & Glynn, T. (2003). Bilingual children's language and literacy development : New Zealand case studies. Multilingual Matters.

Behrent, S., Doff, S., Marx, N., & Ziegler, G. (2011). Review of Doctoral research in second language acquisition in Germany (2006-2009). Lang Teach, 44(2), 237-261. doi: 10.1017/ S0261444810000455

Brooks, M. D. (2017). How and when did you learn your languages? bilingual students’ linguistic experiences and literacy instruction. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 60(4), 383-393. doi:10.1002/jaal.573

Duran, L., (2017). Audience and young bilingual writers: bilingual on strengths. Journal of Literacy Research, 49(1), 92-114. doi: 10.1177/ 1086296X16683420

Englzou, E., & Fragkouli, F.(2014). Literacy in the early years and English as an additional language: the case of a British international school. Journal of Research in International Education, 13(1), 46-62. doi: 10. 1177/ 1475240914528851.

Erting, L., & Pfau, J. (1997). Becoming bilingual: facilitating english literacy development using asl in preschool. sharing ideas. American Sign Language, 26.

Oriyama, K. (2011). The effects of the sociocultural context on heritage language literacy: Japanese-english bilingual children in sydney. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 14(6), 653-681. doi:10.1080/13670050.2011.570739

Peercy, M. M., Martin-Beltran, M., & Daniel, S. M. (2013). Learning together: creating a community of practice to support English language learner literacy. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 26(3), 284-299. doi: 10. 1080/ 07908318.2013.849720

Popko, J. (2004). Language and literacy teaching for indigenous education: a bilingual approach. Tesol Quarterly, 38(1), 175–176.

Sawyer, B. E., Hammer, C. S., Cycyk, L. M., Lopez, L., Blair, C., Sandilos, L., & Komaroff, E. (2016). Preschool teachers’ language and literacy practices with dual language learners. Bilingual Research Journal, 39 (1),35-49. doi: 10.1080/ 15235882. 2016. 1138904

Tse, S., Hui, S., Ng, H., & Lam, W. (2014). A comparison of hong kong primary 4 students' relative progress in chinese and english reading attainment in 2013 1. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Studies, 3(2), 37.

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Paper代写：Lin Zexu--A National Hero of China

本篇paper代写：Lin Zexu--A National Hero of China讨论了民族英雄林则徐。林则徐出生在清代，是一所老式私立学校的教师之子。1838年，道光皇帝指派总督林则徐停止鸦片贸易。起初，林则徐试图采取一些措施，杜绝在广州非法进口鸦片，但却没有效果。这让林则徐不得不采用武力解决问题，强行逮捕那些鸦片商人，并缴获他们的鸦片，统一进行销毁。这次事件也被称为虎门销烟，奠定了林则徐民族英雄的地位。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Abstract: This historical novel tells the story of a Chinese national hero named Lin Zexu, who devoted his whole life to his service to the country. The novel presents the characteristics of Lin Zexu by recording his life stories, mainly following the story line of the destruction of opium. The story begins by introducing the main character's childhood, which was mainly about his education, and experience of early career. Then the story focuses on the event of destruction of opium at Humen, the most globally well-known contribution Lin had made. It introduces the historical background of how opium trades started, what was China like before the elimination of opium trades, and what happened after the destruction of opium.

Born in Qing Dynasty, Lin Zexu was the son of a teacher working at an old-style private school. The father himself did not go to school until he turned 13 years old. His classmates were much younger than him and often laughed at him. Learning from his past, Lin's father brought Lin Zexu to school when he was only four years old. Lin sat on his father's lap while listening the lecture given by the father.

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Lin's family was very happy even though they were very poor. Once his neighbor came by his house and heard loud laughter of the family. Out of curiosity, the neighbor visited the family and found out the family were sitting around the desk for a meal, with only one dish, tofu.

Lin's father kept an open mind on education. He taught his students both knowledge and morality. With his systematic guidance and teaching skills, many of his students passed the Chinese imperial examinations and ten people even got the degree of jinshi, equivalent of a modern Doctor of Literature degree. The degrees in Chinese imperial examinations represented the ladder of success because this examination was the only way for the poor to office.

As a child, Lin was unusually smart. He could create a good poem when he was only nine years old. In 1806, Lin was 21 years old. It was in this year he started his political career as a clerk, recording trades at Port of Xia'men. Port of Xia'men was well developed with many kinds of trades. This job expanded his vision. It was then he came to know the existence of opium smuggling and started to collect first-hand information about it. Then he made up his mind changing this bad situation.

Because of his devotion to work and high moral standards, Lin was recommended to become an examiner of the imperial examinations. After his father heard about it, he reminded Lin should be extremely careful and fair in choosing talents.

No matter at what grades of office, he always did impressive work. He rose quickly through his several provincial services.

At that time China only allowed trades with European countries at the port of Canton. The Canton System, also known as the single port commerce system, was devised to limit trades with European countries. China was basically self-sufficient. But many products in China, particularly silk, porcelain and tea, were demanded in large amount by Europe. This resulted in huge trade surplus for a long period. China received a large flow of silver from European countries, which made some aggressive people very uncomfortable and discontent.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Great Britain was about to finish its first industrial revolution, which started from 1760. Britain had made lots of breakthroughs and innovations on technologies. Transitions from hand-made to machine, new production processes, the use of steam power and new machinery all greatly contributed to much larger output. To earn more silver, Britain was very eager to export its products to a large eastern country called China.

Unfortunately for Britain, China imported far less products than it exported. China only needed stuffs like jewelries and watches from the Europe. The British East India Company was the major "victim" of this situation since it had monopoly of British trade. The fact China had been strictly controlling trade made Britain realize that they should look for a different way to make the trade happen.

In the nineteenth century, some people in China were already using opium for recreational purposes. But due to a limited amount of supply, the price was too high. Not so many people could afford it. The British East India Company was growing opium in India in a very large scale. The company then decided to sell opium to individual dealers along the coasts in China. Through middlemen, opium was soon sold to many Chinese people, especially those rich people looking for recreation.

Chinese people were told opium was a medicine and could do magic to health. Because of the closed-door policy the country had been insisting on, Chinese people were ignorant of what was really going on outside of China. The Daoguang Emperor himself even asked whether a trip to Britain could be made on land. Most people were unaware of the harm that opium could bring. Besides, the imperial examinations China adopted for selecting officials included mostly literature, instead of science and technology. This resulted in a lack of common senses that might seem obvious today.

Soon many Chinese people became addicted to opium and had to pay for more. As they wished, Britain received reverse silver flow.

Since the opium supply had expanded, it became a trend for people to smoke opium. First the trend started among the rich. Some rich people were actually aware that they would become addicted once they started using opium. But they did not care because they had the time and money for this expensive "hobby". More sadly, something that could kill time and bring them easy joy were exactly they were looking for.

Then the poor followed the trend even they could not afford it. Smoking opium was a representation of social status in the society. Opium could get people addicted very fast and then it was very hard to quit. The poor often had to give up everything to buy more opium, even selling their children on the street.

It was quite a horrible scene in the country. Women were smoking opium before they prepared for a nap. Men were smoking opium while lying on deck chairs. Soldiers were smoking opium even they should stay strong to do their job. Officials were smoking opium because they also wanted to have fun. People lost their purposes of life.

In this country, people from rich to poor, including all trades, were looking for this self-destroying "happiness". This was because people were not happy in the first place. After years of wars, Chinese people lacked a sense of security. The Qing government was corrupted, unable to manage the country at all.

The Qing government realized the reverse silver flow and so many people were addicted to opium. The government became aware of the serious situation but they could not find an effective way to solve the problem. Besides the incompetent and useless management of the country, as China had not explored sea and did not have navy, the country could not combat marine troops sent by Britain. Later, the government allowed plantations of opium in China for the purpose of reducing import of opium and collecting more taxes from opium plantation.

As a result, import of opium was reduced to a certain extent. But the government was caught in another dilemma, which was even more people were using opium. The people who planted opium naturally became addicts of opium. The society fell apart. If the government did not allow plantation of opium, the smuggling of opium could not be reduced and much less tax would be handed to them. If plantation of opium continued, less food were produced because there was not enough arable lands already.

In 1838, Viceroy Lin Zexu was appointed by the Daoguang Emperor to stop opium trades. Lin was famous for his high moral standards, outstanding achievement and being formidable at work. He was known by the Daoguang Emperor because of his excellent work and contributions to people at his many positions, especially his achievement in elimination of opium in Jiangsu Province.

At first Lin visited many opium dens to do investigations in Guangzhou, where the only port allowing foreign trades was situated. Britain sold nearly 1 400 tons of opium to China every year. He arrived in Guangzhou at the beginning of the year 1939. Lin tried to implement certain measures to eliminate illegal opium importing in Guangzhou. Thirteen Hongs of Canton, a neighborhood where foreign countries traded with China, was required to pass on Lin's order to the foreign dealers, "hand in all opium and promise in written not to bring any more opium into China". But of course, the foreign dealers would not follow his orders so easily.

Lin wrote an open letter to Queen Victoria questioning the moral standing of the British selling opium to China. He said China would forbid this harmful drug for good. Lin seemed to believe Britain was going to reflect their behavior after reading his letter. Like all Chinese people, Lin were under the influence of Confucianism. The core of Confucianism was humanism. Lin expected the foreign trader would respond to his moral standards.

Then Lin tried to forfeit foreign opium stores by giving Chinese teas to Britain as compensation. Britain had a large demand for Chinese tea at that time. The British dealers did not agree to make the exchange. Lin had to resort to forces to resolve the matter. Over 1700 Chinese dealers were arrested, along with 70,000 opium pipes being handed in. Some Chinese opium dealer were sentenced to death. To make the foreign opium dealers surrender their opium stocks, Lin ordered to block the path to Canton port. The foreign dealers were isolated in Guangzhou.

Charles Elliot, the British Superintendent of Trade, arranged the British opium ships to flee and prepare for engagement.But the foreign dealers were isolated in their warehouses by Lin. At last the foreign dealers surrendered 20,283 chests of opium without compensation. On June 3, Lin ordered to destroy all the opium publicly on the beach in Humen, a place near Guangzhou. The destruction of opium at Humen was soon well known by the world and agitated Britain.

Lin later demanded the foreign dealers to sign bonds promising they would not smuggle opium into China again. But only some businessmen who did not smuggle opium signed the bond. Lin kept the the port of Canton out of opium smuggling for several months.

The Daoguang Emperor was very satisfied with the work Lin Zexu had done to eliminate opium trades. The emperor sent his calligraphic works to Lin as his birthday present. Lin was honored national hero for his achievement in eliminating opium trades by his contemporaries.

But Britain began to show its real intention of smuggling opium into China. In 1840, the British navy attacked Guangzhou. Lin was well prepared and successfully defeat the British navy. The British navy then sailed north to attack Dinghai, Zhejiang Province. As the local officials failed to prepare well and Chinese troops did not own the advanced weapons like those the British navy had, the city was taken by Britain on July 5. In August 9, the British navy arrived at the port of Tianjin, threatening to attack Beijing on its next move.

The Daoguang Emperor was very anxious and did not know what to do. He sent an official named Qishan to find out the intention of the British navy, whether it was China's trade policy or the elimination of opium trades. Qishan framed Lin Zexu by reporting it was because of the elimination of opium trades that the British navy started the war. The Daoguang Emperor was eager to make peace with Britain. As a result, Lin became the scapegoat and was exiled to Xinjiang, a border of China. Qishan took over his office. However, the British did not stop attacking China.

It was such an irony that the Daoguang Emperor thought exiling Lin Zexu to Xinjiang would keep China safe. The destruction of opium at Humen was only a catalyst for the war. The truth was the British had been finding an excuse for its fascist invasion. The subsequent wars and treaties proved the fact the British invaded and occupied China with gunboat policy.

After saying goodbye to his wife, on his way to Xinjiang, Lin Zexu expressed his patriotism by creating a poem. The poem meant "One should uphold his country's interest with his life, he should not do things just to pursue his personal gains and he should not be evade responsibilities for fear of personal loss". This soul-shaking poem also reflected Lin's great personality. The country betrayed him, but he still loved his country and put the interests of his country before himself.

In his four years in Xinjiang, Lin Zexu remained his hardworking style. He spent a lot of time doing researches in the whole province. He was one of few people who recorded Muslim culture at that time. Lin came up with the national defense theory that Russian Empire was a possible threat to China. After sixty years, his theory was proved by what happened.

After four years in Xinjiang, Lin was rehabilitated and became Governor-general again. Lin died in 1850 on his way to suppress the Taiping Rebellion in Guangxi Province. His life was devoted to his service to his country at last.

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Essay代写：The music therapy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The music therapy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了音乐治疗。音乐一般被视为一种艺术形式，很少与治疗相关。然而，却有许多历史文化可供证明。音乐与心理学之间有着悠久的历史。音乐的演奏和制作都可以在心灵和身体的疗愈中起到重要作用。音乐的社会和情感特征使它成为语言的完美替代品。当病人失去了口头交流的能力时，音乐的治愈能力就显得尤为重要。音乐可以将患者的状态从隔离状态转变为文化与情感的交流，从而增加治愈的成功率。

This popular press article is taken from Scientific American Mind, a famous psychology magazine. In the feature article of Volume 26, Issue 2, the ability of music to heal both mentally and physically is discussed.

Music is traditionally perceived as an art form and seldom correlated with healing. However, there are many cultural evidences available. The article approaches the relationship between music and psychology from the following four aspects

First, the social and emotional feature of music makes it the perfect substitute for language. The healing powers of music is especially important when the patient has lost the ability of verbal communication. Music can transform the state of the patients from isolation to communication with cultural and community influences

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The correlation between music and psychology has had a long history. Both music hearing and music making can play an important role in the healing of the mind and the body.

In the wall paintings in Egypt from thousands of years ago, music is used as the means to increase the fertility rate. In the jungles of Peru, chanting is used as a main way of treatment by the Buddhists. In the tribes of Ghana, drum beats are often used in the process of the therapy.

There are increasing emphasis on the importance of music in therapies, which have been applied with success in multiple occasions.

Therapists developed a treatment methods featuring singing. They encouraged patients to make simple melodies with a couple of words and phrases, and tapping the rhythm of the melody with their fingers.

Beginning with short and simple melodic phrases, patients are able to sing longer and more complicated tunes as the treatment progressed, which would be much more difficult without the help of music.

Finally, music has shown promising potentials in the treatment of dementia and autism. Compared to other form of stimulations, music is the most versatile with the least amount of risks for the patient. Since music works on several parts of the brain through stimulations, the memories of music are most likely to survive from accidents and diseases.

“Current emotion research in music psychology” by Swaminathan and Schellenberg, published in Emotion Review in 2015, is a scientific journal article that establishes the correlation between music and psychology through emotion and communication.

The authors have reviewed relevant articles published since 2000, while trying to resolve the three main objectives of the paper.

The emotional feature of music is believed to be universal to all cultures. Listeners from a different culture can easily identify the emotional elements in a foreign music piece, such as happiness, sadness and fear.

The authors distinguish the difference between understanding a piece of music from generation of an emotional response to it.

Different people have different ways of responding to music, which determines their habit of music listening. It is common of all the listeners that they are stress-free listening to music.

The mechanism of emotion induction by music is then examined, but no conclusion has been reached regarding whether cognitive appraisals is associated with the process or not.

In the third section of the paper, the relationship between music preference and the level of emotional response is explored.

Finally, the authors conclude that music and psychology are deeply connected through generation of emotions. The process is also largely influenced by the psychological condition and music preferences of listeners.

Music cues used in the communication with infants proved to be even more effective than language. Thus, there is no doubt that music should be considered an essential part of being human. The correlation is also drawn between music and language.

Indeed, the essential elements of music, such as volume and tone, is also important for speech. When one is angry, he tends to speak in a higher tone, volume and more rapidly.

As the magazine article is targeted at audience from different backgrounds, it is much more general in the selection of examples and topics.

In comparison, the scientific journal article is more detailed in elaborating the topic of interest only.

The focus of the magazine article is on the treatment method and effects,

However, the scientific journal mostly analyzed how music and psychology is connected. In conclusion, the magazine article is more utilitarian, while the scientific journal is more about explaining the mechanism to the readers.

Both articles have discussed about the correlation between music and language. The magazine article discusses about the two from the functionality perspective, as music can serve as a substitute of language when needed. The journal article explains in detail why music can act as an effective substitute by a decomposition of elements of music and language.

Another connection between the two articles is the reference to culture, the first used examples of different cultures to prove a point. The second article uses culture as part of the argument, claiming the universal and distinctiveness of music

Music is not traditionally perceived as a treatment method, but it is more deeply rooted in human history and culture than expected.

The thousands of years of development and integration has made music a crucial element for the life of human beings.

People are only beginning to uncover the potential of music to help heal the brain and reconstruct the mental world of the patients.

In addition to the physical aspect, the emotional aspect is equally important, as it serves as the basis of all clinical applications

Although humans created music as a form of art, the development of humans is inseparable from music as well. The nature of music is similar to language when it was originally created, which is the need for humans to express themselves.

It then became the unique functionality of music to influence the mood of people and generate emotional responses from them.

Overall, the three important features of music are musical elements, social and cultural conditions, as well as personal experiences and preferences.

The association between music and psychology is thus established in three ways: the intrinsic nature of music that is imprinted in the linguistic abilities of human being, the extension of the self into the larger social and cultural contexts, and the specific needs and experiences of individuals that determine their emotional responses to music. Each of the three ways are important in determining how psychological activities are correlated with music.

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