留学生作业代写：Hunter notes

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Hunter notes，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了猎人笔记。屠格涅夫是一位优秀的、享有世界声誉的俄罗斯现实主义作家。屠格涅夫的第一部现实主义巨著《猎人笔记》由二十多个独立成篇的故事组成，每一个故事都在讲述农奴在俄罗斯所面临、所感受、所看到的一切。因此，作品的主题也别具一格，有着作品本身的特色。在书中残酷的、窒息人性的农奴制度下，这些俄罗斯农民虽然性格各不相同，却又互相补充，体现了俄罗斯农民卓越的创造才能和美好的精神境界。

The serf in Turgenev's works is not a man who has no thought and no soul as a "labor tool" by the landlord. But each character image represents a class of advanced Serf's image, after reading each piece can let the reader see a bright, give the reader with enlightenment.

Some serf hunters represent advanced farmers, live a more independent life, have ideas, have a mind, understand the meaning of life, have life goals. In Hall and Karinech, the author portrays two serf-images of Hall and Karinech, two distinct models. Hall is a different peasant image, he is short, but very strong, bald, long with an old man's face, "very much like Socrates." Not only does he care about the things around him, but he also cares about politics and the world; "and Karinech, contrary to him, is an ideal family, a romantic, a fanatic and a visionary." Karinech is close to nature, and Hall is close to man and society. "He has a variety of talents, singing, playing, reading and writing, will read the hemostatic mantra, will cure, proficient in the common people difficult to learn the beekeeping-although he is a serf, but in front of the owner without any servile state."

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In "Lone wolf" an article to the reader to introduce a forest Forma Kuzimich image, nicknamed "Lone Wolf." He was very law-abiding, faithful to the landlord, he was honest, he was always meticulous in his work, and he did everything according to the law. But also not blindly obey the orders, according to the rules of affairs, they also have ideas, know different people, let a person very admire. In the woods he guarded, no one could take anything, not even a branch. But the forest-keeper is indeed for serf, so others dislike him, and do not associate with him. But he is not as unreasonable as other people think. He knew what caused the theft, so there was a sympathy for the robber in the depths of his heart, and the robber and his horse were released.

These serfs are, in some ways, more or less admirable. In some chapters, Turgenev describes the plight of Russian peasants under the serf system, which has a certain revelation and critical effect on serfdom. On the one hand, Russian farmers have a rich spiritual world and creative power, on the other hand, they are in bondage and the destruction of the right to status, this very disproportionate and very contradictory situation "clearly confirmed the abolition of serfdom" Turgenev in this show his anti-serfdom ideas. In short, "Hunter notes" in the description of serf life, but also mainly express their simplicity, purity, good nature and rich spiritual world.

In the "Hunter's note" This work mentioned many kinds of prey such as rabbits, especially snow rabbit, the author of a large number of pen and ink on the Snow rabbit deep description of the snow Rabbit timid ' limping ' on the edge of the woods quietly walking ... The hunter killed a snow rabbit with a gun, the Hound brought it back, and the hunter cut the snow rabbit's leg down to feed his hounds ... "The slaughter of Turgenev, which lists so many prey, shows that the Turgenev has a wealth of knowledge and experience in this field." The authors also mention a variety of birds that can be prey, and the author's description of bird capture can be nuanced.

There are only a few fishes in the book, The Big head. "There are countless fish in the Ehtar River, but most of them are the biggest, and the farmers are able to catch the fish in hot weather by squatting under the bushes." The above discussion shows that Turgenev is not only a great writer, but also an outstanding hunter.

Hounds can be said to be hunting scenes by hunters. They are very loyal to their owners, regardless of how the host treats them, they will not abandon the owner. Hounds can catch prey that hunters cannot reach and prey that hunters cannot see. Turgenev's description of the quality of the hounds is intended to show the serf's loyalty to the landlord, just as the hounds are to the hunter. The Hound is the embodiment of Yelmole, the book mentions that Yelmole never feed his dog, but he must take it when hunting scenes, no matter how it hunts. This is a powerful proof that Russia is a country with a deep hunting culture.

In Turgenev, the hunting scene shows people's life, activities of the place, giving people the enjoyment of beauty.

In "Yelmole and the Housewife," the author of such a delicate description of the natural scenery on the Ehtar River "this narrow river twists and turns, the shape of the snake body, the whole river is not half-Russian straight." Some, looking down from the hills of Qiaoba, can see about 10 of the dams, ponds, mills, gardens in the Russian valley, surrounded by firecrackers and lush orchards ....

"The kite, the Green Hawk, the tea Falcon are flying under the still treetops; the Mottled Woodpecker pecked at the thick bark; the chirping of the Blackbird and the Chaijan of the song from the Oriole, the robin, the with and the warbler in the low undergrowth, and the songbirds running and jumping on the path; the Snow rabbit timidly Limping ' on the edge of the woods, walking quietly; the reddish-brown squirrel was lively in the woods and picked it up, and suddenly the tail cocked up and sat down. This also shows that Turgenev is very good at observation, only in this way he can describe the movements of these birds nuanced.

All these descriptions of scenery can give the reader a kind of beautiful enjoyment, the author's description of the hunting scene is not just for hunting, but in our previous impressions, hunting was brutal, and the hunting ground was shocking, with the bodies strewn with animals and the poor little animals who fled in the harsh gunfire, and in the Hunter notes, Turgenev's hunting Ground scenery description is full of poetic and romantic flavor, people feel very quiet and peaceful, it seems not in the hunt, but the gossip of the walk, this aesthetic feeling let people charmed.

There are contradictory dual personalities in Yelmole. Yelmole is a old-fashioned hunter. "But Yelmole is also extremely good at avoiding the danger of scatter and gunpowder spreading or mingling, and his agility is often surprised by onlookers." His gun is a single barrel, with Flint, with a ' recoil ' force of a particularly large temper. So Yelmole's cheeks are often enlarged than the left cheek. How on earth did he use such a gun to hit his prey? Even the most nimble and dexterous man could not conceive, however, he often came with a fruitful. "It also shows that Yelmole is a clever and adaptable person."

In some chapters, Turgenev describes the plight of Russian peasants under the serf system, which has a certain revelation and critical effect on serfdom. On the one hand, Russian farmers have a rich spiritual world and creative power, on the other hand they are in slavery and the destruction of the right to status, this very disproportionate and extremely contradictory situation. This is not only the real life, but also the progress of Turgenev's ideological stance and keen artistic vision reflects.

From the above analysis, it can be seen that the theme of Hunter's notes is pluralistic, this article analyzes the theme and description of "Hunter's Notes" from three aspects, which are the praise theme of serfs, Hunter's hunting theme and contradictory theme. The study of the theme of the work of the author to express the love of nature, the characterization of the Russian character, the landlord, farmers and the interests of the common interest of the focus on a more profound understanding of the hunting theme of natural and aesthetic significance of the deepening. The lack of this article is not particularly clear in the article, the argument is insufficient, the language is not fluent gorgeous and so on, for these deficiencies will be further added to the explanation.

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申请文书写作小贴士

最近几年，选择出国留学的学生越来越多了，所以国外大学学位的竞争也是非常激烈的。有能力申请国外大学的学生，其实他们的条件都差不多，所以决定成败的关键可能就是申请文书的比拼了。一篇好的申请文书，就可以让你在众多的竞争者中脱颖而出。那么申请文书该怎么写呢？下面就给大家分享一下。

1、入学申请文书写作的准备工作

国外大学入学申请文书需要提供个人的资料信息，还会对学生的GPA水平有一定的要求。要知道，在同意你的申请之前，学校需要通过你的申请文书了解你这个人，所以申请文书重要性不言而喻。

基础指南：

每个大学或学院对于入学申请文书写作的要求都会有一些区别和侧重。你需要充分了解你所申请学校招生委员会的实际需要并进行充分沟通防止产生偏差，在一切的前期准备完成后你需要认真考虑根据你的实际情况你的入学文书写作的主要话题和侧重点在哪里，充分进行头脑风暴，将你的所有的可能的想法都写到纸上。从你列出的列表和选项中删去不需要的内容，总比你根本没有想起这些内容要好的多。

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另外，最好避免按照网上的模板去编造一篇“中庸”的入学申请。你的入学申请的每一项及每一个重点都应该是跟你有关并能突出你的独特特质和能力。你可以想象，假如你是一所主要学科集中在经济学学科的大学或学院的招生办公室成员，每年有成千上万的入学申请呈现在你的面前，在这些申请中，你作为招生人员，肯定是优中选优好中选好的，不是吗？

一般来说，入学申请文书主要内容是讨论申请人自己的情况，比如你的生活经历、理想和未来、个人回忆等等，另外还会包含一些特定的内容，比如你的个人爱好、你的生活哲学或者你曾经受到的教训和启示等等。

最后，你需要你的朋友、家人的帮助，了解在他们心中你是什么样的。通过这样的一个小调查，会有助于你更加深入了解自己，帮助你选择写作的内容和主题。

2、写作技巧之：介绍（Introduction）

像其它的论文一样，入学申请的第一段会帮助你的读者熟悉你的申请及个人的总体情况。

基础指南：

在这一部分，Hook sentence是及其重要的。你需要有一个令人印象深刻的叙述或者其它内容来勾起读者的阅读兴趣，同时，你也需要注意你的论文主题和内容需要紧密切合和一致。从第一段到后面的申请主体（Main body），你需要有一个良好舒缓的过渡，防止突兀，令人无所适从。

入学申请的第一段内容是否疯狂刺激并不是最重要的，重要的是你写的确实是你自己，不要编造不存在的事实，这是非常忌讳的。

3、写作技巧之：主体和结论（Main Body and Conclusion）

放在一块说这两部分并不是说在申请的写作中这两部分可以混为一谈集成到一块。事实是，一个好的入学申请仍然需要一个结尾段，但它应该是从主体段落之后良好过渡到结尾段的，而不是孤零零的一个与主体段落截然不同的内容。

基础指南：

建议使用讲故事的方式来达到灵活且吸引人的目的，同时，你需要考虑以下内容的写作来支持你的整篇申请：

a. 在你的各种个人信息之间寻找平衡点，不要给出读者太多或者过少的个人信息；

b. 避免空洞的段落使你的申请变的平庸和无聊；

c. 你需要在你的生活、你的兴趣、你的研究领域同招生委员会的兴趣点之间找到足够的结合点；

d. 不要仅仅为了让人留下深刻印象而使用晦涩的词汇和短语；

e. 文章的一致性非常重要，切勿偏离写作主体；

f. 结尾和你对自己的总结和自评很重要，不要忘记这一点。

以上就是对于申请文书写作的一些心得和体会，希望对同学们有所帮助，也祝同学们能够拿到心仪大学的offer。

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paper代写-Poverty reduction policies

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Poverty reduction policies，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了扶贫政策。作为世界上最严重的社会问题之一，贫困问题一直都是许多国家关注的重点。要想解决这个问题，我们必须要有持续的经济增长，以此增加社会总收入，创造更多的就业机会和收入，然后重新进行分配。另外，我们也可以增加对低收入家庭的福利，例如免税等政策。

Introduction

As world’s one of the most serious social problems, the issue about poverty has raised attention from many nations.

Poverty reduction policies

There are two major types of poverty: absolute poverty and relative poverty. The first happens when people have insufficient income to afford the basic necessities of life, such as food, rent and clothing. And the second happens when people have income significantly less than the average income for society. In a developed country, like the UK, absolute poverty is generally very rare. However, relative poverty is a significant problem.

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Policies to reduce relative poverty in a developed economy like the UK, could focus on four major aspects. The first is sustained economic growth. The argument is that promoting economic growth, increases total income in society, creating more jobs and income, which could be redistributed. In the past 100 years, economic growth has been a major factor in reducing the levels of poverty which were seen in pre-war Britain. However, it is not necessarily the case that income and wealth will trickle down to the poorest. There is a concern that economic growth could widen relative poverty because it benefits the highly skilled and wealthy classes more than those at the bottom. Economic growth will reduce income inequality when the following circumstances happen. The first situation was when Wages of the lowest paid rise faster than the average wage. The second is regarding government benefits, such as; unemployment benefits, sickness benefits and pensions are increased in line with average wages. Thirdly, economic growth creates job opportunities which reduce the level of unemployment. Unemployment and lack of employment is one of the biggest causes of relative poverty. Fourthly, minimum Wages increased in line with average earnings. However, the economic growth may not reduce income inequality and poverty. Economic growth often creates the best opportunities for those who are highly skilled and educated. In recent years, in the UK, we have seen faster wage growth for highly paid jobs than unskilled jobs. Moreover, modern economies are creating an increased number of part time / flexible service sector jobs. In these sectors wages have been lagging behind average earnings. In the UK, government benefits have been indexed linked. This means increased in line with inflation. This means that benefit incomes have fallen behind average earnings. Economic Growth will not necessarily solve unemployment. For example, growth cannot solve structural and frictional unemployment; this is unemployment caused by lack of skills and geographical immobilities.

The second is to reduce unemployment. Unemployment is a major cause of poverty because the unemployed have little income, relying on state benefits. Unemployment can be reduced through both supply Side and demand side policies. There are several policies to reduce unemployment. Monetary policy aims to cut interest rates to boost AD. Fiscal policy aims to cut taxes to boost AD. The education and training are to help reduce stuctural unemployment. And the geographical subsidies are to help firms invest in depressed areas. The introduction of lower minimum wage is to reduce real wage unemployment. And the More flexible labour market is to make it easier to hire and fire workers.

The third is regarding progressive taxes. Increasing progressive taxes, such as the higher rate of income tax from 40% to 50%, will take more income from those on high income levels. This enables cuts in regressive taxes and increased benefits which help increase the income of the poor. This can be an effective way for reducing relative poverty.

However, critics argue higher income taxes create a disincentive to work., leading to less output. This is because higher tax makes work less attractive and reduces the opportunity cost of leisure. Therefore, people work less and enjoy more leisure. This is known as the substitution effect. Similarly, higher corporation tax may discourage investment in the UK

However, this is disputed by other economists. Higher tax reduces incomes and this may encourage people to work more, to maintain their income. This is known as the income effect. Evidence suggests that higher income tax has little incentive on the supply of labour, suggesting labour supply is relatively inelastic. However, it also depends at what level income tax is set. There is certainly a level where higher income tax will reduce incentives to work. Other problems with increasing income tax, include tax evasion and the fact firms may adjust wages to compensate for the higher taxes.

Fourthly, it is necessary to increase benefits to the poor. Means tested benefits involve increasing welfare benefits to those on low incomes. For example, universal tax credit or child benefit. There are two advantages of means tested benefits. Firstly, they allow money to be targeted to those who need it most. e.g family tax credit or pension credit. Secondly, it is cheaper than universal benefits and reduces the burden on the tax payer. However, the problem with using benefits to reduce poverty include:

• Means tested benefits are often unpopular because people are stigmatised as being poor.

• Also it may create a disincentive to earn a higher wage, because if you do get a higher paid job you will lose at least some of your benefits and pay more tax. This is known as “the benefit trap” or the “poverty trap”. The poverty trap occurs where people on low incomes are discouraged from working extra hours or getting a higher paid job because any extra income they earn will be taken away in lost benefits and higher taxes. To avoid the poverty trap the government can grade benefits so that there isn’t an immediate cut off point.

• Some relatively poor may fall just outside the qualifying limit.

• Also not everyone entitled to means tested benefit will collect them because of ignorance or difficulties in applying.

The government used to prefer universal benefits because it avoided the above problem, and people feel if they contribute towards taxes they deserve their benefits regardless of their wealth. However, in recent years, the welfare state has faced increased demands due to demographic factors leading to more calls for means tested benefits.

The fifth focus for making policies to reduce relative poverty in a developed economy is national minimum wage, The government could increase the national minimum wage. This is an effective way of increasing the incomes of the low paid, and therefore reducing wage inequality. However, the problem is that it may cause unemployment because firms may not be able to afford the workers. If it does cause unemployment, poverty could worsen. However, if firms have monopsony power then they will be able to afford higher wages.

A related concept is the voluntary living wage, an attempt to encourage firms to pay higher wages.It is essential to enforce a Living Wage, which we can understand from the following perspectives. It firstly helps to reduce inequality in society. Firms can afford higher wage rates for lowest paid workers by reducing wage rates of top paid workers. Higher pay can help to increase labour productivity, motivation and reduce labour turnover rates. Guy Stallard, head of Management at KPMG Europe,(who voluntarily use living wage rate) said: “We have found that paying the living wage has benefits on both sides, as increasing wages has reduced staff turnover and absenteeism, whilst productivity and professionalism has subsequently increased.” Firms have a degree of monopsony power in employing workers. This enables them to pay wages lower than marginal revenue product. The it is essential to focus on benefits in kind. These are important public services which are provided free at the point of use (or subsidised). They mainly involve education and health care. Free education enables those from low income families to gain skills and qualifications which can help lead to better jobs and higher incomes in the future. The following point is regarding universal basic income (UBI). A universal basic income or citizen’s income involves giving every citizen a weekly benefit – regardless of circumstances and income. The idea is to ensure everyone has a minimum income guarantee, but without any disincentives of losing means tested benefits from working more. A citizen’s income, basic wage or Universal basic Income (UBI) is a concept of paying everyone in society a universal benefit – regardless of income and circumstances.

The main advantage is that ensures a minimum standard of income for everyone – without any costs and bureaucracy of means tested benefits. Also, it avoids the disincentive to work that can occur with means tested benefits. The disadvantage is that is an expensive undertaking to pay everyone in society a universal benefit and there is a concern it may encourage some to live on benefits without contributing anything useful to society. Citizen’s income would primarily be paid for out of general taxation, though in some models it could involve redistributing profits from publicly owned industries.

The policy to reduce poverty regarding citizen’s income has several benefits. It is a means to test benefits are becoming increasingly complex and cumbersome. There are costs – both financial and time – for people to apply and receive benefits. Efficiency savings from abolishing the bureaucracy behind means tested benefits would enable more to be spent on actual benefits. The increasingly flexible labour markets make conventional benefits more limited. Modern labour markets have seen a rise in self-employment, flexible hours and zero hour contracts. This means that people can end up receiving very low income in certain months, but not be eligible for any work related or unemployment benefits because they are not classed as unemployed or normal employment. It changes the incentives to work. A problem with conventional means tested benefits is that it can create a disincentive to work longer hours or get a better paid job because the marginal gain in income is relatively low (high marginal tax rate). This is a form of the poverty trap. A citizen’s income ensures any extra income from work is kept and not lost through withdrawn means tested benefits. It prevents people slipping through gaps. The increasingly complex benefit system requires people to know what benefits they are entitled to and how to apply. There may be time delays in receiving benefits. Some people may become homeless because of delays in receiving benefits. A universal citizens’ income will prevent these gaps and help to reduce temporary cash flow crisis which could have adverse long-term effects. It supports people who fulfil socially beneficial tasks. A universal citizens income would offer support to mothers bring up children or people acting as care assistants. It brings about more health benefits. A universal basic income could have positive impact on reducing medical costs associated with types of poverty and homelessness, e.g. high blood pressure, type II diabetes. It supports entrepreneurship. Somebody who wishes to work on new business ideas could use a citizen’s income to support their initiative. Conventional benefits would not be given to people working on self-employment start ups. Alternatively, it may give people more time to find the most suitable long-term job – rather than rushing into the first job which comes along. This could increase the long-term efficiency of labour market. And it reduces need for the governments controversial current tests and sanctions related to evidence of work-search activity.

As for the policies to reduce poverty in developing economies, the focus may be on different policies. The first one is education. It is suggested to implement greater spending on education and training can enable higher skilled workforce. The second is to search aid from developed countries can be used to invest in better health care and education. However, some argue aid can encourage dependency. Diversification of economy away from agriculture to manufacturing. This enables greater economic development, but may be difficult to do without the right skills and infrastructure.

In developing countries, policies for economic development mainly concerns the enforcement of macro Economic Stability. Macro economic stability would involve a commitment to low inflation. Low inflation creates a climate where foreign investors have more confidence to invest in that country. High inflation can lead to devaluation in currency and discourage foreign investment. To create a low inflationary framework, it requires:

• Effective monetary policy. E.g. given a Central Bank independence to control inflation through using monetary policy.

• Disciplined Fiscal Policy – i.e. avoid large budget deficits.

• For example, if you look at current situation of China and India – they both have high rates of economic growth, but the concern is that their economies could easily ‘overheat’ and cause inflationary pressures. Therefore, to keep a lid on inflation is an important underlying factor in sustainable economic development.

A potential problem of macro economic stability, is that in the pursuit of low inflation, higher interest rates can conflict with lower economic growth – at least in the short term. Sometimes, countries have pursued low inflation with great vigour, but at a cost of recession and higher unemployment. This creates a constraint to economic development. The ideal is to pursue a combination of low inflation and sustainable economic growth.

It depends on the economic situation, some countries may be in a situation where there is a fundamental lack of demand due to overvalued exchange rate and tight monetary policy. Therefore, economic development may require demand side policies which boost aggregate demand. Macro economicstabilisation may involve policies to reduce government budget deficits. However, this may involve spending cuts on social welfare programs.

Another policy is to have less Restrictive Regulation and Tackle Corruption. Some developing countries are held back by over-restrictive regulation, corruption and high costs of doing business. To attract both domestic and inward investment, it is necessary to remove these costs and create a climate which is conducive to business. To tackle corruption may not be easy, but it is often one of the biggest constraints to economic development.

Also, in the effort to reduce levels of regulation, it is important that useful regulations such as protection of environment aren’t discarded in efforts to attract inward investment. Otherwise economic growth may come at the expense of sustainable development. The third policy mainly concerns privatisation and de-regulation. An important aspect of China’s rapid economic development, was the decision to move from a Communist economy to a mixed economy. Several state owned industries were privatised. This gives firms a profit incentive to cut costs and aim for greater efficiency. De-regulation involves making state owned monopolies face competition. This greater competitive pressure can help to create incentives to cut costs. Greater competitive pressures may also be gained through liberalising trade and opening markets to international competition. A potential problem of privatisation is that it can exacerbate inequality in society. In Russia, privatisation enabled a small number of oligarchs to gain control of key industries at low cost. Arguably, this does little for economic development because the nations resources become owned by a small number of very rich individuals, and there is little ‘trickle down’ to poorer members of society. It is also necessary to have effective tax structure and tax collection. One of the challenges developing economies often face is to effectively tax and collect what they are supposed to. If the government is unable to collect sufficient tax from the richest aspect of the economy (e.g. production of natural resources) there will be little funds to finance necessary public sector investment in services with a high social benefit. For example, the average tax rate in Sub-Saharan Africa is only 15% of GDP – compared to an average of 40% of GDP in developed world.

But average revenue collection rates in Sub-Saharan African countries stood at only 13.3 percent of GDP during 1990 to 1994. They increased very slightly to 15.6 percent during 2000 to 2006…. And the researchers found that – and this is even more alarming – most of this slight increase came from sources such as value added taxes, which tend to burden the poor more heavily than the wealthy.

Moreover, more investment in public services are needed. In areas such as education, health care and transport, there is often market failure – the free market doesn’t provide sufficient levels of education. A key factor in improving economic development is to increase levels of literacy and numeracy. Without basic levels of education and training, it is very difficult for economy to develop into higher value added industries.

Evidence on returns from investing in education are mixed. Often investment takes a long time to feed through into directly higher rates of economic growth. Additionally, we need diversification away from agriculture. A constraint developing economies may face is that their current comparative advantage is in the production of primary products. However, these limit economic development due to volatile prices, low income elasticity of demand and finite nature. Therefore, economic development may require government encouragement of new industries in different sectors, such as manufacturing. This may require a temporary commitment to tariffs

Attempts to diversify away from agriculture can have mixed results. Sometimes, countries with a poor basic level of infrastructure struggle to make effective use of capital investment in manufacturing. Some argue government attempts to encourage manufacturing industry is misplaced because they tend to have poor information about best kinds of industries to promote. It is better to allow free market to decide to which industries to invest in.

The connections between policies, governance and development

According to Altinay (2010), global governance refers to the administration and management of multi-national challenges when there is a lack of a world government. Joseph (2012) states that various kinds of rule-making systems and different ways of political coordination, as well as a diversity of policy-making methods, result in the needs for global governance.

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Paper代写：Review of Children of Syria

本篇paper代写- Review of Children of Syria讨论了叙利亚儿童。叙利亚爆发战争，导致很多儿童都无法去学校接受教育，只能跟着年长的孩子学习一些知识。虽然他们受到了战争的严重影响，但儿童教育仍然受到叙利亚父母的高度重视。有的家庭有机会移民，但却害怕会被当作恐怖分子对待，然而儿童们却感觉良好，他们受到了同学的欢迎，在异国享受全新的生活。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

The documentary shows how the Syrian Children struggle to live by tracking the changing lives through a family with four children, Sara and other three siblings, who live together with their parents together. Personally, I think children in the frontline in Syria have no opportunity to accept normal education in school. As the father says, he is responsible for destroying children’s future right now and he has sacrificed his children for the revolution.

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The younger children just follow the elder ones to learn some knowledge. One thing is that when the Sara explores the abandoned houses for toys, her elder sister educatesher not to take other’s things. Thus it can be seen, the children are still well educated to be in accordance with Syrian culture. Being a part of culture, children education is still highly valued by the Syrian parents, but they are just seriously affected by the civil war.

When Sara is asked how she loves Syria, she describes her love as “so much” and makes an extremely large circle. When they have to leave Syria for safety reasons. They express their love for this country and culture. It is not an easy thing for Syria refugees to move away. But the family are lucky immigrants with their refugee passports. After flying to Germany, Sara has begun her new life. The cross-cultural awareness with cultural emergence has been reflected in this documentary this way. Sara’s mother has concerns and fears initially, especially the religious intolerance, worrying themselves to be treated as Muslim terrorists. In contrast, the children show more expectations and excitements. Fortunately, children feel good as they are welcomed by classmates, enjoying their totally new life in Germany.

Personally, I think the war is the pushing factor to their changeable life. Although Sara and her siblings used to miss good chances to accept education and had to live in the war, they are absorbing in Syrian culture and accepting new culture in Germany. Therefore, this is an impressive documentary enabling to reflect on different aspects during the Syrian war.

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Essay代写：Absolute justice does not exist

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Absolute justice does not exist，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了绝对正义的问题。正义是人类长期追求的一种美德，一种做事的原则。当我们在审判案件时，倾向于先把正义放在第一位。但从某种意义上讲，绝对正义在现实生活中是不存在的。因为我们权衡事情并作出最终决定时，不可能阻止个人的思考。而一旦考虑到个人因素，那么正义是无法实现的。因此，绝对公正是不存在。

Justice, a virtue that has been long pursued by man, stays as a principle when social interactions come along. This word has been gilded by man’ s desire. When we judge cases in our life, we tend to put the principle of justice first. In particular, when people have encountered some social inequalities, justice would be upheld as an assumption on which judgement needs to be made. People seem to, however, live under the illusion that justice has been spread into every little bit of society. From my perspective, justice is a relative concept. In this sense, absolute justice can not be found in real life.

To begin with, it is worth mentioning that justice does not amount to equality (Rawls, 1999). A sense of emotion or mentality creeps on the word of “justice” so that it could be seen as a subjective noun. On the other hand, equality appears more objective. It could be judged from visible facts such as balance sheet and allocation of revenue. As such, it is fair to say equality, to some extent, can be measured from facts. When we judge whether a phenomenon is equal, there are many standards serving our measurement. However, the judgement on justice needs to be traced back to subjectivity for each person holds his own opinion about this virtue. In a word, how justice can be judged depends on personal thinking and individual condition. Different persons have different views on justice. It is common that even a matter has been judged as equal, it could trigger massive debate——for example, “'Runner Fan”, nickname of Fan Meizhong who was a Chinese teacher leaving his students in class and running to the playground when the terrible Wen Chuan earthquake happened in 2008 (People’ s Daily Online, 2008). His irresponsible escapement conformed to the principle of equality for he absolutely had the right to run and no one could deny this fact. Nevertheless, his act by no means could be defined justified. In other words, it was a practice of equality but in no way of justice. If Fan was a man of justice and self-sacrifice, he would urged and guided students to run out of classroom first rather than just left them. Consequently, he was condemned by the general public for his selfish decision, even his life was as equal as students’ and what he did was just to use his right of protecting himself.

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Rawls believes that justice stays as the principal value for social system and it calls for equality all the times. As such, social wealth, freedom, opportunities and income need to be equally distributed to ensure each one could enjoy them and only the most needed could enjoy more (Rawls, 1999). As I understand, social equality is the very basis of justice and this means equality is just a part of justice but not all of it. Justice touches upon a long list of aspects including bailout, assistance and equality. If we have achieved equality, that does not mean justice exists everywhere. Equality is just a step toward justice. If we are eager for justice, then equality needs to be ensured. In the sense of equality, both the rich and poor shall be treated impartially; however, in the sense of justice, it seems that the poor need to capture more attention. It is because justice is a subjective concept that can be judged, to some degree, by compassion and humanity.

The concept of “veil of ignorance” is put forward to illustrate under what circumstances could real justice exist (Rawls, 1999). And this concept indicates how subjective the judgement on justice is bound up with individual thoughts. In this concept, only those who have no idea of their social statuses or identities can make judgements of justice. Their ignorance of abilities, positions and social class would ensure them to express impartial views on distribution of wealth and resources for only under such circumstance could they shrug off the limited thinking that can be traced back to individual conditions. This is because people are inclined to safeguard their own interests even at the expense of others’. In this sense, they tend to make decisions that go a long way back to themselves. And this is so unfair that the most needed could not be attended to for the rich at the advantage have more power. As such, only if people get rid of the understanding of respective status could they make fair decisions.

However, it can not be denied that we always know who we are and where we are. There is no likelihood that we live under a totally ignorant environment. It is unrealistic that we have no consideration about ourselves. To couple with, our mentality also has a great deal to do with our decision. And our mentality is shaped by living experience, environment and personal social class. Therefore, it is impossible to block personal thinking away when we weigh plans and make final decisions. The personal factors have to be taken into account. And then justice can not be achieved. As such, it is safe to say the absolute justice in no way exists for decision makers have emotions, feelings, thinking and other subjective factors.

Apart from that, Nozick (1974) explains utopia as a minimal state, even from the traditional view, utopia stands isolated from a state. Utopia is what Nozick is eager for. In the sense of utopia, the state is not entitled to intervene civil rights and has power at a minimum level. Such state with minimum power, however, can do more than any other kind of state does. From Nozick’ s perspective, meta-utopia consists of three parts: nation, community and individual. In this sense, nation is under a neutral condition where it has no right to interfere with individual business. Waves of individuals can voluntarily gather together to build up numerous communities. Only when all individuals can be assured of complete freedom and rights can we put a label of justice on the state. Rights stand as the paramount principle when social justice is measured. And this is the framework of a minimal state.

As such, it is safe to make a conclusion that Rawls places emphasis on morality and injects his compassion about the poor into his views on justice. He takes into consideration moral weakness and inherent selfishness in a bid to prevent justice from the impact from personal factors. Arguably, his theory was put forward on the basis where the dark side of human has been blocked away. Nevertheless, this is by no means practical and realistic for it is unlikely to block off dark human natures as a human can not be totally kind and unselfish. On the other hand, Nozick builds up a concept of utopia where a state of justice has no political right to impact individuals. In such a state, individuals possess infallible freedom and their rights can absolutely ensured. Individual rights draw a limit for national power so that the nation has to run without interventions in individual rights and interests. However, it can not be denied that such state in no way exists. Therefore, full freedom cannot be ensured in Nozick’ s view. And then it is hard to see justice spread out in this state. In a word, from whether Rawls’ s or Nozick’ s perspective, justice seems never realistic because both of them exaggerate the bright possibilities and ignore the dark ones——Rawls puts the “veil of ignorance” first while Nozick, individual rights. That is to say, if justice is to be achieved, moral weakness and national intervention have to be minimized into nothing. And this can’t come into being.

Dworkin (1981) elaborates his opinions on equality of resources, which run against how Rawls thinks about this issue. He recognizes a few deficiencies in his theory. And to make an improvement, what the heart of Dworkin’ s opinions lies at is a distributive plan according to which resources are transferred or distributed through auction or until such distribution can’ t be more equal. However, I dare say, such distribution is an endless process so that a fully equal distribution never comes along. As such, Dworkin’ s theory shares the similar problem with Rawls’ s and Nozick’ s. Equality of resources is just an extremely ideal thing as utopia.

As I understand, even Rawls, Nozick and Dworkin have a long list of differences in the views on justice, all of them, essentially, put forward their respective ideal models of justice, as Rawls comes up with the “veil of ignorance”; Nozick, “a minimal state”; Dworkin, “equality of resources”. Regrettably, the three models of justice are all beyond social matters. In this sense, absolute justice, as they describe in their theories, is unlikely to exist in human society.

References

Dworkin, R. “Equality of Resources.”Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 10, No. 4. (Autumn, 1981), pp. 283-345.

Nozick, R. “Distributive Justice.”Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: basic books. 1974. pp. 149-182

Rawls, J. A Theory of Justice. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1999.

“Runner Fan prompts change”. People’ s Daily Online. June 27 2008. Retrieved: http://en.people.cn/90001/90776/90882/6437963.html January 25 2017

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