美国作业代写：Business model in the Internet age

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Business model in the Internet age，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了互联网时代商业模式。互联网时代的到来，为商业模式的创新提供了全新的思维和内涵，互联网时代的商业模式创新路径不仅一条。营销模式的核心理念在于企业与客户之间存在的双向的信息沟通，在这种模式中，企业不再是顾客与市场外的组织机构，而是成为社交网络的一个节点，并同客户进行全面地、高效地沟通与互动。这种交互式、快速反应的价值原则就是要求企业在互联网时代能够时刻关注顾客。

With the continuous development of Internet technology, the competitive environment between enterprises has changed significantly, in the traditional social and economic period, the social differentiation into information technology-oriented new economy and traditional technology-oriented old economy two forms. Many companies are no longer limited to traditional business models, but to the innovation of business model, and some enterprises with their own unique business thinking and business logic completely subvert the traditional business model. For example: The millet Company established in April 2010, with its unique internet mobile phone business model quickly become the mobile phone industry leader. The emergence of this business model has completely subverted the traditional mobile phone industry business model, but also the traditional mobile phone industry business model has a certain sustainable role. Millet company founder Lei once said: "We are in the use of the Internet thinking of the mobile phone, millet mobile phone mode is the Internet business model." 2011, Tencent launched the "micro-letter" is to enable operators of SMS, MMS business profit plummeted, "micro-letter" in a few years has been done to the point of old and young people, the user is a breakthrough 500 million. The emergence of "micro-letter" has shaken the foundation of traditional operators for many years, and many operators have to search for a new source of profit in the arduous struggle. In June 2013, Alibaba Group launched the balance treasure, the balance treasure of the size in a short period of two years has exceeded 500 billion yuan. Statistics show that the balance treasure of this size has made it the world's fourth largest money market fund. The emergence of the balance treasure, greatly increased the bank's credit costs, banking industry is also facing a new, rigorous examination and challenge. Visible, in the Internet huge subversive force, many enterprise managers began to re-examine their business model, began to use the Internet thinking this new model to express the Internet age business model, which has played a huge role in the transformation of business model.

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In the Internet age, enterprises should not only establish the basic principle of customer-centric in the different value links of business model design, but also regard customers as the most fundamental source of enterprise value. In the continuous development of market economy, the idea of customer-oriented has come into being, in the traditional business model, the enterprises are advocating "customer first" business thinking mode, but many enterprises are only this sentence as a business must shout slogans. It was not until the advent of the Internet era and the continuous development that this sentence was truly realized. In the early stage of the development of the internet age, the market is full of many overt, recessive false advertising, information asymmetry, fraud problems seriously, these problems seriously affect the customer's purchase decision. The development of the Internet era has solved the problem of asymmetric market information, and many customers can master more commodity information as soon as possible through the Internet, which makes many customers choose their own products. On the Internet platform, customers are not only deciding what to buy. More decided where to buy it? Even decide what means to pay. Visible, in the Internet era, the relationship between customers more closely, spread in the customer's Word-of-mouth information is more important, in such an environment enterprises have to really see customers as "God." Therefore, in the Internet age, customer-oriented implementation is the cornerstone of the promotion of enterprise development, but also the internet age business model of the core issues.

The internet has some characteristics, such as equality, openness, cooperation, global, interactive and full time. Therefore, in the Internet age enterprises need not only strong Internet technology to support, but also must rely on the internet era of new thinking. In the traditional business model, there is a relatively closed mode, enterprises have a large number of, but not fully utilized resources, and enterprises have no ability to fully utilize external resources to enhance the enterprise's ability. With the advent of the information age, the emergence of the Internet and the use of the enterprise and external communication, cooperation between the links more smoothly, coupled with the increasingly rich customer demand and the continuous complexity of technology to create a different form of network alliance between enterprises. Therefore, in the Internet age, the most important value principle is opening, this kind of open thinking needs the modern enterprise must carry on the reorganization to own resources, to the enterprise's value chain to reconstruct, constructs the Enterprise Alliance to form the enterprise development brand-new pattern and the ecology circle.

The advent of the Internet era, for the business model of innovation to provide a new thinking and content, the internet era of business model innovation path is not only one. For example: "Experiential Design" is a customer-centric approach to the design of a business model. This way fully embodies the internet era of customer-oriented core ideas and values. In the information age, knowledge, service, information, technology and so on are a commodity, which broadens the content and extension of the product to a large extent, and in the Internet era, the customer's demand has also undergone a great change, "experience" as the carrier of value transfer, so that the attributes of the product from the traditional design to get rid of, Product design no longer follows a standardized model, gradually towards the experiential design towards personalized, customized direction of change. Another example: "Social marketing" mode mainly refers to the social network, micro-blog, "micro-letter" as the main representative of social media marketing. This kind of marketing way differs from the traditional marketing media, it has the two-way communication and the communication characteristic. In the age of the Internet, the core idea of the marketing mode lies in the two-way information communication between the Enterprise and the customer, in this mode, the enterprise is no longer the organization of the customer and the market, but becomes a node of the social network, and communicates and interacts with the customer comprehensively and efficiently. This interactive, rapid response value principle is to require enterprises in the Internet era can always focus on customers.

Visible, in the internet age, the rapid development of Internet technology, the continuous change of society, enterprises must take the business model of innovation as the main goal, set up a new customer-oriented marketing model, value model, profit model, operating mode.

In the Internet age, the innovation of enterprise business model is a kind of systematic innovation, which contains the thinking of the Internet in People's world view, runs through the practice of the enterprise, realizes the common innovation of different value links in different modes of Internet thinking, and finally realizes the innovation of business model. The success of Millet mobile phone, Qihoo 360 company anti-virus software subversion, Haier Company's internet business model of innovation and other successful cases to achieve the rapid growth of enterprises, but also in the fierce competition in the market to win the competitive advantage, still to a large extent subvert the traditional industry model and marketing logic.

In the Internet age, enterprises must follow the basic principles in the design of innovative business model, namely: the value principle based on the characteristics of internet age, which mainly includes the principles of cooperation, openness, interaction and speediness. These basic principles will help companies discover new value more effectively in the information age. For example: Interaction is mainly refers to enterprises and customers, and the two-way communication between their partners to obtain information on the basis of symmetry; Fast mainly refers to the enterprise in the face of the changing environment, in the face of different customers personalized needs, in the face of the different problems in the operation of enterprises to make rapid response The so-called openness means that the enterprise must allow more external resources to be able to flow into the enterprise at the right time, and the cooperation mainly refers to the cooperation between the enterprise and other enterprises or the stakeholders, and can fully share the benefits of each of them. Visible, enterprises set up these new ways of thinking can be quo in the Internet era, for their own development to provide a new way of thinking.

In the rapid development of the information age, the customer demand has undergone a major change, personalized demand is more and more obvious, this requires the enterprise must be in a short period of time to obtain a large number of customer information, from these data mining effective information resources, through the analysis of customer information to discover the potential needs of customers, In the end, the enterprise can design the enterprise's unique value proposition according to the customers ' potential demand, and finally, build a new business model around these values.

In a word, with the development and change of the modern information technology, the internal and external environment of the enterprise has undergone great changes, and the management and innovation of the enterprise in the Internet environment has also put forward the strategic thinking. The development of enterprise in the Internet era has pointed out the direction and provided the direction for the change of business model. Therefore, under the premise of the rapid development of Internet technology, the enterprises must take the customer as the orientation, the enterprise's value model, the marketing model, the profit model, the operation mode and so on, to realize the new development mode with the aim of business model innovation.

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essay写作常用句型分享

留学生平时要写作的essay，就是我们平时说的议论文，不过两者的差别是非常大的。很多留学生刚接触essay时往往会感到无从下手，不知道该如何表达。其实这都是同学们不熟悉的原因，这种时候同学们可以运用一些essay写作常见句型，会很有帮助的。

一、常见经典例句

1. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

2. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

3. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

4. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

5. No one can deny the fact that a person's education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

6. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

7. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

8. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

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二、常见经典句型

1. The author… begins his argument with an anecdote illustrating … that…

作者…….用一个典故展开他的论证…….

2. Author exemplifies the…, setting up him to introduce the argument that…

作者通过举例子…….，引入观点…….

3. To make his argument seem balanced, author moves to another point in his argument about…

为了使观点结构平衡，作者对另外一个论点…….进行深化。

4. Author uses statistics and facts, as presented by…, in order to show … in order to persuade his audience that …

作者使用数字和事实，如在…….中所呈现，为了说明…….，最终为了使他的读者认可…….

5. Author begins his essay with the statistic saying that…

作者通过在文章开始展现数字来说明…….

6. With key phrases like “…” and “… ,” author activates …

通过关键词汇如……和……，作者表达了…….

7. While one might view this as selfish, author reassures the reader that they are not alone in feeling this, further contributing to his argument.

或许有人认为这是自私的，作者强调了这样的观点并非个别现象，进一步强化了他的观点。

8. Author uses his words and research to reason with the reader and explain …

作者通过使用措辞和研究来和读者讲道理，并且解释了…….

以上就是essay写作中常用的句型及例句，同学们可以熟记这些句子，在写作过程中加以应用，提升论文的质量。

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paper代写-The economic legacies of Olympic Games are critical to their sustainability

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The economic legacies of Olympic Games are critical to their sustainability，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了奥运会的经济收益。作为世界上最盛大的赛事之一，举办奥运会能为主办国带来众多商机。奥运会经济已经被视为经济领域的一种特殊现象，包括关注经济、品牌经济、依赖经济和催化剂经济等。在关注经济方面，奥运会的举办将会引起世界各国的广泛关注，这将促进主办国的经济发展。对于品牌经济而言，举办奥运会可以为企业展示和宣传其企业形象和品牌形象。至于依赖和催化剂经济，举办奥运会会促进东道国的所有行业，即使这些行业与奥运会没有直接联系。奥运会的举办使奥运会经济成为一个有吸引力的经济领域，这是凝聚和广泛影响的综合效应。

1. Introduction

The essay is to discuss the economic legacies brought the holding of Olympic Games as the host country. Firstly, an overview of the economic influence brought by the holding of Olympic Games is presented. Secondly, the positive effects on sustainability of holding the Olympic Games are discussed in many aspects, including benefits on infrastructure development, globalization, employment, PE industry development, cultural development and an improvement of international image. Then, negative effects brought by the holding of Olympic Games are presented in various aspects. At last, conclusions are made according to comprehensive analysis on the topic of economic legacies brought by the holding of Olympic Games.

2. Legacy definition

It has been more and more common for government to apply the standard of legacy as the measurement of the influence of sports event on hosting countries. According to Carmichael, Grix and Marques (2013), the general definition of legacy is the long term or permanent outcomes for hosting countries, including potential economic, social, environmental, certain industries, material, physical and psychological factors. With an increasing value of legacy in event bids, the meaning of event legacy has been more specific defined as construction, people’s living quality and management outcomes both before and post event. Accordingly, the economic legacy of event should be defined as its infrastructure construction, employment rate, relative industry development and citizens living quality and satisfaction.

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3. Contextual and historical information about the holding of Olympic Games

As one of the most grand events in the world, the holding of Olympic Games would bring numerous of business opportunities for hosting countries. Olympic Games economy has already been treated as a special phenomenon in the field of economy (Rustem and Evgeny, 2015) The Olympic Games economy describes an economic response before and after the holding of Olympic Games, in various aspects related to Olympic Games. According to Sussangkarn (2016), the Olympic Games economy is a comprehensive combination of multiple economic phenomenon, including attention economy, brand economy, reliance economy and catalyst economy. As for attention economy, the holding of Olympic Games would attract much attention from all over the world, which would boost the economic development of the hosting country. As for brand economy, the holding of Olympic Games is likely to provide excellent chances for enterprises to display and advertise their enterprises images and brand images. As for reliance and catalyst economy, the holding of Olympic Games is likely to boost all the industries in the host countries even if the industries that have little direct connections with Olympic Games. It is the combination of aggregation and wide influence effect brought by the holing of Olympic Games that makes Olympic Games economy an attractive field of economy.

4. Identification of key stakeholders

There are many key stakeholders in the holding of Olympic Games from the economic sustainability. The first stakeholder is the government of host countries and host cities of Olympic Games. The direct influence on host counties and cities is much stronger compared to other cities in the country (Schnitzer and Kopp, 2012). The second stakeholder of holding Olympic is the citizens in hosting cities and countries. The influences brought by Olympic Games are more essentially on business turnover, employment rate, environment and people’s living quietly. The third stakeholders of holding Olympic Games are native brands and industries in the hosting countries. With the attentions brought by Olympic Games, the brands and industries were likely to increase revenue and its global reputations. The last stakeholders are the athletics in the games. They are the people who directly enjoy Olympic Games constructions and equipment. A good infrastructure construction is likely to improve the achievements of athletics by bringing them good mood and living convenience.

5. Positive legacy

There are many benefits brought by the holding of Olympic Games, among which its benefits on the short term economic efforts are the most immediate and obvious. According to Cordova (2015), the holding of Olympic Games has brought an income of more than 300 US dollars million for Seoul, Korea in 1998, and an income of 1.756 billion US dollars for Sydney, Australia in 2000. The short term economic influences brought by the holding of Olympic Games concentrate on areas like commercial advertisement industry, TV broadcast right, ticket proceeds and relative hotels and restaurants.

5.1 The benefits on the infrastructure construction and economic growth

One of the most direct and obvious influence brought by the holding of Olympic Games was its boosting of the development of infrastructure construction, especially the investment in the public transportation construction and Olympic gymnasium construction. For example, in order to be a good host, Sydney relocated a military warehouse to build the wonderful Olympic eco park in 2000, as well as the modification construction of refuse landfill. To future establish an environmental friendly Olympic areas, a 440-hectre Olympic park was built to promote the development of eco environment (Frawley, 2013). For another example, the holding of Olympic Games in Seoul in 1998 successfully push the government in many infrastructure constructions, including the expansion of international airport, repairmen of highways and Hanjiang regulation, as well as an improvement in the sewer system under the city.

The benefits on the development of infrastructure brought by Olympic Games are quite important to economic sustainability in the hosting countries. According to Wilson (2015), the holding of Olympic Games pushes government to concentrate its efforts in the improvement of city infrastructure which would likely to be good for citizens in a long time. For example, the building and improvement in highway and sewer system would not only be good for the holding of Olympic Games, but also brought many conveniences to peoples’ daily life and economic development. For another example, the reinforced environmental management would not only benefit for Olympic Game, but also would increase the living quality of original citizens, as well as bring new investment brought by immigrant investors.

5.2 The benefits on globalization

Because of the fact that Olympic Games are worldwide competition, which would bring a lot of global attention from various different countries, the participation and hosting of Olympic Games would provide a good opportunity for the hosting and participating countries to show themselves on the stage that would draw attentions of 7.3 billion people. According to Mao and Zhang (2013), the sponsorship of Olympic Games was likely to bring a triple returns for the sponsors, causing a lot of multinational enterprisers to compete for the sponsorship of Olympic Games. For example, Adidas earned a profit 7 billion US dollars with the sponsorship of Olympic Games in Atlanta, while Coca Cola gained a quarterly growth rate of 21% and quarter income of 967 million US dollars (Abeza et al, 2015). Actually, the sponsorship of Olympic Games would not only bring economic benefits for the sponsorship, but would also increase its reputation. According to Rivenburgh, Bernstein and Blain (2003), the built image of Olympic Games as a sponsor would last for a long time with the creation of wide recognition and positive impression all around the world. Therefore, the globalization benefits brought by Olympic Games, made every shareholder in the game a fortune and helped to gain sustainable development.

5.3 The benefits on employment

The holding to Olympic Games would also bring a lot of employment opportunities during preparation, operation and after-game periods. According to Calzada-Infante and Lozano (2016), the average preparation period for the holding of Olympic Games is six to seven years. A lot of job vacancies were required during infrastructure constructions, transportation constructions, communication constructions, service industry and environmental constructions. For example, the holding of Olympic Games in Seoul created about 760 thousand jobs for Korean citizens, while the holding of Olympic Games in Los Angles created more than 25 thousand jobs (Brown, Hixson and Mccabe, 2013). As for the benefits brought by Olympic Games in employment, the stakeholders were employers, employees and the hosting government. According to Chong and Hui (2013) a good employment was a crucial factor for the sustainable economic development in a country. Therefore, the employment benefits brought by Olympic Games further ensured a sustainable development in hosting counties.

5.4 The benefits on the development of PE industry

The most direct benefit brought by the holding of Olympic Games was in the physical education industry, because of the nature of Olympic Games was to spread and celebrate the athletic spirit. With the holding of Olympic Games, the PE industry in the hosting countries would benefit a lot, not only from the business opportunities brought by worldwide competition, but also by the learning opportunities.

5.5 The benefits on the cultural development

Besides, the cultural benefits brought by the holding of Olympic Games were also important for the sustainable development of a country. For example, the holding of Olympic Games in China in 2008, brought not only economic benefits for China, but also brought a China fever all around the world, with young people crazy about Chinese culture and Chinese elements. The cultural benefits brought by Olympic Games on Chinese culture gave China a chance to prove itself to the world, as well as an opportunity to the world to recognize and know Chinese mysterious culture.

5.6 The benefits on international image

At last, there were also some benefits of holding Olympic Games in the improvement of international images of a nation. The quality of Olympic Games would not only reflect the economic power of hosting countries, but also present cultural and political powers as well. The successful hold would win both respect and economic opportunities for the hosting countries, which would be crucial for the sustainable development of hosting countries.

6. Negative legacy

Despite the fact that holding Olympic Games benefits a lot for hosting countries, there are also some negative effects brought by the holding of Olympic Games. In some cases of Olympic Games host countries, there was an economic depression after the holding of Olympic Games, with declining demand for investment, declining employment rate and a low usage rate of Olympic stadium. The economic depression after Olympic Games would likely to cause many properties to be useless, which would bring a shock to economic development of the hosting country. According to Bulter and Bissel (2015), the economic depression after holing Olympic Games would be attributed to the fact of overinvestment in the process of preparing for Olympic Games. The most typical examples were China’s holding of 2008 Olympic Games and Alanta’s holding of 1996 Olympic Games.

7. The impact of Olympic Games on sustainability

The impact of Olympic Games on sustainability was quite controversial. In some cases, the holding of Olympic Games would like to contribute to the long term development of the company, while in other cases, the holding of Olympic Games would cause a series of problems. According to Streicher et al (2016), different results from Olympic economy mainly came from the initial design and planning of the constructions for Olympic Games. A good and sustainable design and planning would take the future application and usage of Olympic specific constructions into consideration, while a bad and unsustainable design and planning would lead to a large waste of Olympic specific construction because of its lack of further potential use, which would also cause a chaos in employment. Therefore, the impact of Olympic Games on sustainability relies on preliminary design and planning.

8. Conclusions

In conclusion, the holding of Olympic Games could bring many benefits for the hosting countries economically, culturally and politically. According to the analysis of the cases of Olympic Games holders, both positive and negative influences brought by the holding of Olympic Games were given. As for the positive part, the holding of Olympic Games was likely to boost infrastructure construction, employment rate and improve national image on the worldwide stage. As for the negative part, the holding of Olympic Games was likely to cause the issue of after-game economic depressions, which was likely to be caused by the over-investment of properties during the preparation of Olympic Games. Therefore, it would be better for future Olympic Games host countries to look for a way of balance which can both ensure the successful carrying out of Olympic Games and a sustainable development after the holding of games. Many suggestions were proposed for the after-game economic depression. For example, the design and building of Olympic stadium should care for both the use of Olympic Games and a future potential uses. Therefore, with a consideration for future application, the planning and building for Olympic Games would likely to bring only economic benefits to the hosting country, without any economic depressions.

9. Reference

Abeza, G., Pegoraro, A., Seguin, B. & Naraine, M.L. Activating a global sport sponsorship with social media: an analysis of TOP sponsors, Twitter, and the 2014 Olympic Games. International Journal of Sport Management & Marketing, 14(3), 184-213.

Brown, G.P., Hixson, E., & Mccabe, V. (2013) Privileged mobility: employment and experience at the Olympic Games. Journal of Sport Tourism, 18(4), 265-286.

Butler, S. & Bissell, K. Olympic Effort: Disability, culture and resistance in the 2012 London Olympic Games. Journalism & Communication Monographs, 12(1), 22-28.

Carminchael, F., Grix, J. & Marques, D.P. (2013). The Olympic legacy and participation in sport: an interim assessment of Sport England’s Active People Survey for sports studies research. International Journal of Sport Policy, 5(2), 1-16.

Calzada-Infante, L. & Lozano, S. Analyzing Olympic Games through dominance networks. Physica A Statistical Mechanics & Its Application, 4622, 1215-1230.

Chong, T.L., & Hui, P.H. (2013). The Olympic Games and the Improvement of Economic Well Being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 8(1), 1-14.

Cordova, A.J. (2015). Assessing the Economic Impact of Hosting the Olympic Games. Kahperd Journal, 23(2), 24-45.

Frawley, S. (2013). Organizing sport at the Olympic Games: the case of Sydney 2000. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 30(5), 527-544.

Mao, L.L. & Zhang, J.J. (2013). Impact of consumer involvement, emotions, and attitude toward Beijing Olympic Games on branding effectiveness of event sponsors. Sports, Business and Management, 3(3), 226-245.

Rivenburgh, N.K., Bernstein, A. & Blain, N. (2003). The Olympic Games: Twenty-first century challenges as a global media event. Culture Sport Society, 5(3), 32-50.

Rustem, N. & Eveny, M. (2015). Political Economy of Olympic Games. Review of Business & Economics Studies, 2(1), 23-34.

Schnitzer, M.& Kopp, M. (2012). Measuring the impacts of the Winter Youth Olympic Games 2012 the impact—stakeholder approach. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(15), 218-222.

Streicher, T., Schmidt, S.L., Schreyer, D., & Torgler, B. (2016). Is it the economy, stupid? The role of social versus economic factors in people’s support for hosting the Olympic Games: evidence from 12 democratic countries. Applied Economic Letters, 24(4), 170-174.

Sussangkarn, C. (2016). Comment on “The Long-Term Impacts of the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympic Games on Economic and Labor Market Outcomes”. Asian Economic Policy Review, 11(1), 66-67.

Wilson, W. (2015). Sports Infrastructure, Legacy and the Paradox of the 1984 Olympic Games. The International Journal of the History of Sports, 32(1), 144-156.

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Paper代写：Air pollution

本篇paper代写- Air pollution讨论了空气污染的问题。随着工业化、城市交通和人民生活的发展，空气污染的问题也越来越严重了。空气污染主要来源于工厂废气、汽车尾气和人们的生活活动，它不仅破坏了臭氧层，还给人们带来雾霾和酸雨，严重影响着人类的生存环境和健康。要想解决这个问题，政府就必须加强空气污染防治的投入，开发新的清洁能源，提升人们的环保意识。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

1. Introduction

As the development of industrialization, urban transport and people’s life, the air problem has been plaguing human beings. Air pollution has a direct impact on both the ecological environment and human health. There are many tragedies caused by air pollution, the haze in China is one of them. Factories cannot lose “good will” for profit, and human also can't just consider the happiness of the majority but ignore the misery a few people suffer, so it requires the government, enterprises, society and individuals together to reduce air pollution.

2. Impact on Society

2.1 Sources of air pollution

The main factor affecting the quality of air is the process of urbanization, and the sources of air pollution are more, but mainly concentrate in three directions, following are the details combined with China's air pollution.

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The first is the industrialization. Industrial waste gas contains a large number of harmful fumes, sulfides, nitrides and carbides, these components make air quality decline through industrial emissions, also these substances are not easy to spread, and the main component stays in the form of gas for a long-term. To observe the recent pollution of the city in China using the AQI evaluation standard (chart1), the Illustration1 shows that severe pollution areas are mainly concentrated in the most industrialized northern and coastal areas (Sherpa, 2013), especially the pollution index has reached 714 in Beijing, the number already is out of the range of AQI. The industrialization development is so fast, so the price is also huge. What’s more, the polluted areas are concentrated together, which indicates that the emissions of pollutants will have a certain degree of proliferation, and then it will impact the neighboring cities.

Illustration1: Map of air pollution in China

Source extracted from the website http://globalsherpa.org/china-air-pollution-health-environment/ on 9 May 2017

The different colors represent different pollution levels, and its meaning is shown in chart 1.

Chart1: AQI evaluation standard

Source extracted from the website https://www.travelchinaguide.com/climate/air-pollution.htm on 9 May 2017

The second is the exhaust pollution from urban transport. With the improvement of people's lives, trains, aircrafts, ships, cars and other means of transport have become an indispensable part, transport vehicles need to burn coal, oil and other substances, and then it will produce a lot of waste gas which that air can’t break down quickly. With the development of Chinese economy and the increasing of Chinese income, more and more people buy cars, in 1985, only a small amount of cars, and in 2005, there are almost 30millions of cars (illustration 2). The dust and gas from cars and trucks increase with the increase of the car,capacityof the environment to process these emissions can’t be compared to the growth rate of the car, which will undoubtedly exacerbate air pollution.

Illustration 2: The increasing of cars in China

Source extracted from the website http://globalsherpa.org/china-air-pollution-health-environment/ on 9 May 2017

Third is the human life activities. For example, the process of cooking and heating will produce a lot of fuel through the combustion of flue gas, and then, when people burn garbage, it will produce a lot of gas, which then enters the air and affects air quality(ESchoolToday.com, 2008). For Chinese, the most important source of the pollution is coal. From the beginning of 2009, China's coal consumption is soaringon a straight line(Illustration3), which is influenced bynot only the development of industrialization, but also the residents’fire coal. Especially in the winter of northern areas, there will be a large number of coal-fired heating, which increases the demand for coal, and will undoubtedly make air pollution more serious.

Illustration 3: Fossil fuel demand in major consuming regions

Source extracted from the website http://globalsherpa.org/china-air-pollution-health-environment/ on 9 May 2017

2.2 Impact of air pollution

(1)Impact to the ecological environment

Pollution has a certain damage to ozone layer. A large number of refrigerants and chlorofluorocarbon gas produced during people’s life and industrial production that greatly destroy the ozone layer and weaken its ability to block ultraviolet radiation.

The carbon dioxide produced by coal combustion and gas emissions generated by car filled with the Earth makes a greenhouse effect. The excessive greenhouse gas keeps the Earth's temperature rising, and “currently carbon dioxide is responsible for 57% of the global warming trend” (Socha, 2007). The glaciers have begun to melt and are increasing at a certain rate each year that will result in a change in the ecological environment of the Earth.

There are a large number of sulfur dioxide, sulfide and other acid gases in air can mix with the car exhaust emissions--nitrogen oxides in a short time, and then acid rain will come. Acid rain has a huge harm to plants, and will lead to the reduction of agricultural production, the erosion of buildings, and the death of a large number of shrimp.

These are some of the impact of air pollution that the global all face, for China, the more prominent problem is the haze, the following figure (Illustration4) is the distribution map of haze weather in China, which shows that now almost half of China is in the haze. In some cities, almost one-third of days in one year are in the haze, such as Zhengzhou. According to statistics, in 2013, there were only five days no haze in Beijing. The haze is composed of dust, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, organic hydrocarbons and other particles in the air. The main reason is the two points mentioned above, automobile exhaust and coal combustion, which explains why the haze is particularly serious in the autumn and winter, as people burn a lot of coal to keep warm(TravelChinaGuide.com, 2016).

Illustration 4: Distribution map of hazy weather in China

Source extracted from the website https://www.travelchinaguide.com/climate/air-pollution.htm on 9 May 2017

(2) Impact to human health

First of all, acid rain can make urban drinking water in chemical reaction, then cause a greater threat to human health. Second, human respiratory inhalation of air pollutants harms human body, such as upper and lower respiratory tract diseases. For example, “when exposed to ground ozone for 6 to 7 hours, scientific evidence show that healthy people’s lung function decreased and they suffered from respiratory inflammation” (Theworldcounts.com, 2014).

Now, Chinese “levels of the pollutant in the air are comparable to Japan in the 1970s when air pollution was a major problem there” (Jeffrey, 2008), and “Air pollution is killing about 4,000 people in China a day” (Theguardian.com, 2015). May be China has the world's largest number of deaths due to air pollution. Moreover, lung cancer is the main cause of death currently in China. According to "China Daily", the released data from Beijing Cancer Research Association show that in Beijing, lung cancer cases rose 56% from 2000 to 2009. So does respiratory diseases, 26% of people died because of respiratory diseases, but in the United States, the percent is only 2% -3%.

It can’t be underestimated that serious haze has serious impact on people, according to the statistics of Municipal Health Bureau in Beijing, thetreatment of patients in Pneumology Department of hospital will increase by 2-5 percent every time it is a severe haze of the weather. Over the past 30 years, the smoking rate of China's public has been declining, but the prevalence of lung cancer has increased more than 4 times. It must have a certain relationship with the increase of haze days.

3. Ethical Dilemma

3.1 Kantian Theory

Kant's “categorical imperative” emphasizes the general acceptance of self-discipline and moral principles (Velasquez, 2006). For human beings, no matter for air quality or for other environmental issues, they should keep a protective attitude, which is the primary task for human beings to maintain their own interests. They should know that man is a part of nature, and the protection of the environment is to protect human beings, which is a universally accepted view. On the contrary, destroying the environment is to destroy their home, which is not in line with moral principles.About the air pollution problem, the main source of pollution is the factory. The factory will pollute the environment, as industrial development will be bound to discharge of wastewater and exhaust gas, if the enterprises increase investment in environmental protection, to treat wastewater and exhaust gas first and then discharge, it will inevitably decrease the efficiency and the income of workers. For most factories, theydo not keep self-discipline,so they destroy the environment for their own interests.

It is not a good will to profit from pollute the environment, now all the world wants to lead a life that man and nature is in harmony, not to improve human life at the expense of the destruction of nature. To sacrifice the environment in exchange for money, and the cost of sacrificing the environment demands the whole society to borne together, this is not the respect for human. To sacrifice environment for the interests of the individual shouldn’tbe considered a moral behavior, the motive is not correct. Only “right intention would result in right consequences” (Taylor & Francis Group, 2017), this is what Kant said about "good will".

3.2 Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is opposed to Kant's theory. It focus on the purpose and resultsof an action (Velasquez, 2006), and not to follow the will of people, but the interests of the majority of people.The utilitarian is concerned with the happiness of the majority, but ignore the misfortune of the few. Industrial development and social progress almost let all people gethappiness, people lead a better life because of the development. Workers can work in the factory to earn a lot of money; students can use a variety of tools to help them learn well; white-collar workers can enjoy cool and air-conditioned office to word with clear mind in the summer, and so on.Factories product almost everything in life for people, energy such as coal make people enjoy warm days even in winter, increased traffic tools such as cars let it convenient for people to travel, and so on, all these are brought by the industrialization, and people are in the enjoyment of this life. But because of the air pollution caused by industrialization, and then the pain of the disease is brought to mankind, many people suffer from diseases such as lung cancer because of pollution, but compared to so many people in the world, there really are only a small part of people who suffer from pollution. If according to the utilitarian view, air pollution seems to be moral.

4. Recommendations

“The best way to protect air quality is to reduce the emission of pollutants by changing to cleaner fuels and processes” (Jerry, 2017), so people should find a way to reduce emissions of pollutants. Cooperative governance is a good choice, which emphasizes the collaboration of government, social organizations, enterprises, the community and the individual, and achieve effective results through co-governance approach.

(1) Carry out overall planning and rational distribution. Industry is still the leading one of economic development, a country's development is inseparable from the industry, so in the future, government should have a reasonable layout of the industry, so that the process of industrial production can reduce the air pollution.

(2) Improve people's environmental awareness. People will produce harmful gas in their production and life, so to improve people's environmental awareness is an effective way to prevent and control air pollution. For example, people can use solar energy, recycled products and so on (Rinkesh, 2009).

(3) Strengthen investment in the process of the prevention and treatment of air pollution. The funds are an important guarantee for the effective promotion of various control strategies. On the one hand, the state should strengthen research funds about the energy-saving and emission reduction. On the other hand, government should strengthen the integration of social funds, and social groups and organizations should increase investment to air pollution control, such as using environmental protection equipment.

(4) Formulate the relevant law. The government's legislation is the most powerful weapon for the implementation of environmental governance, which provides institutional security for air pollution control.

5. Conclusion

Air pollution caused by industrial development, urbanization process and human life activities is inevitable, and it is also an irrevocable fact that air pollution impacts on the ecological environment and human health. Society needs to develop and people need to enjoy the fresh air, clean water and green hills. So it is essential to set government, enterprises, society and individuals as a whole and control air pollution through cooperation.

Reference

Socha, T. (2007). Air Pollution Causes and Effects. Health and energy, 11.

ESchoolToday.com (2008). Air pollution - Causes of Air Pollution. Retrieved from http://eschooltoday.com/pollution/air-pollution/causes-of-air-pollution.html

Theworldcounts.com. (2014). How Does Pollution Affect Humans? Retrieved fromhttp://www.theworldcounts.com/stories/How-Does-Pollution-Affect-Humans

Jeffrey Hays. (2008). AIR POLLUTION IN CHINA. Retrieved fromhttp://factsanddetails.com/china/cat10/sub66/item392.html

Theguardian.com. (2015). Air pollution in China is killing 4,000 people every day, a new study finds. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/14/air-pollution-in-china-is-killing-4000-people-every-day-a-new-study-finds

Taylor & Francis Group. (2017). Kant’s ethics. Retrieved fromhttp://documents.routledge-interactive.s3.amazonaws.com/9781138793934/A2/Moral/KantsEthics.pdf

Global Sherpa. (2013). Beijing Air Pollution Exposes China’s Health & Environment Risks. Retrieved from http://globalsherpa.org/china-air-pollution-health-environment/

TravelChinaGuide.com. (2016). China Air Pollution. Retrieved from https://www.travelchinaguide.com/climate/air-pollution.htm

Jerry A. Nathanson. (2017). Air pollution control. Retrieved fromhttps://www.britannica.com/technology/air-pollution-control

Rinkesh. (2009). 41 Super Easy Ways to Stop Air Pollution. Retrieved fromhttp://www.conserve-energy-future.com/41-super-easy-ways-to-stop-air-pollution.php

Velasquez, M. (2006) Business ethics: Concepts and Cases (6th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

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Essay代写：How Can Territorial Disputes be Best Resolved

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- How Can Territorial Disputes be Best Resolved，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了领土争端。近年来，领土争端已经成为一个非常严重的问题，为了维护国家的独立、主权和尊严，大多数国家都会选择通过某些法律途径来捍卫自己的主权。然而，为了在法律上解决这类问题，作为国家，他们需要增强其综合国力。众所周知，综合国力是衡量一个国家是否足够优秀的重要标准，因此各国通过不断加强综合国力来捍卫国家的独立和主权。

Introduction:

Territorial dispute has become a really serious issue in recent years, in order to defend national independence, sovereignty, and dignity, the majority of countries choose to stand for their positions through certain legal ways. In the literature, the territorial dispute has become a major issue over the past decades (O’Shea, 2012);the number of disputes is keep increasing recently, it has been involved with many reasons and neighborhoods in regarding to territorial dispute. From my perspective, I think there’s no doubt and it is really understandable that some nations defend their sovereignty by various channels, because everyone has a right to stand for themselves, this is a part of human rights. However, in order to legally resolve this kind of issues, as nations, they should have responsibility to enhance their comprehensive national strengths. As we all know, comprehensive national power is an important criterion for measuring whether a country is good enough, so nations could be able to defend national independence and sovereignty by continuously strengthening comprehensive national power.

Body:

China as one of developing countries, it has been struggling with many territorial issues. In recently years, there are many territorial disputes challenges that China has faced, the issue of South China sea dispute is a major hidden danger in the development of the relationship between China and Philippines. In the literature, it has been described that the territorial disputes over islands in the South China Sea; it is basically related to the islands group in the northwest, There are many countries has been involved, it relates to the scar borough shoal in the north east, and particularly, it relates to the spratly islands group (Owen and Schfield, 2012). The graph shown below gives a clear map in regarding to the territorial issue, which basically includes countries such as Vietnam, Taiwan, and Philippines (Figure 1). Philippines as a particular country, it has been more involved with the territorial disputes compared to the other countries.

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(Figure 1: South China Sea Dispute Map)

The relationship between China and Philippines has affected by the territorial disputes, moreover, there are many neighboring countries of China has also been involved in regarding to the issue. Singapore as a successful democratic country, According to the lecture, we know that as a nation, it could be able to defend itself and its population, Singapore’s sovereignty is based on borders, population, independence, and security; they do have really strict law system to build the country, it can somehow help country to defend their sovereignty; as citizens, they would have right to publicize. However, for the issue of South China Sea dispute, Singapore arouses those disputants to solve their difference is an acceptable way, from Singapore’s perspective, it doesn’t matter who owns which islands, but once there are disputes, then there must have issues need to be resolved, it’s important to find out in a way that does not lead to ships confronting each other (Chua, 2014). Based on the literature we have just look through, we found out that Singapore is in a position that trying to find a way to solve the issue. In other words, they prefer to solve the issue of territorial dispute in a peaceful way. It is a challenge for both China and neighboring countries of china to solve the territorial dispute in a peaceful way, because for those countries, it is difficult to reach to the same points, so it’s hard to avoid disputes in some way. However, Singapore is trying to keep the balance between two countries, and it is playing a coordinator role, it is trying to resolve the issue through a peaceful manner though it’s really challenge. From China’s perspective, as we said before, it is important to enhance comprehensive national power, so nations will be able to defend themselves. In additional, since this issue is related to the sea, so as Chinese citizens, they have responsibility to improve their marine consciousness. It is important to establish the concept of marine security, and strengthen the marine consciousness by certain ways. Moreover, in order to defend sovereignty, it’s also important to strengthen costal defense. Establishing an effective safeguarding system can somehow help nations to defend themselves. In order to have a peaceful ad stable development environment, it’s really important to ensure the safety of shipping, industrial development and security. Lastly, there are many nations have been involved, so from China’s perspective, it’s important to implement multilateral cooperation and security mechanism, and keep communicating with neighboring countries. Keep communicating and cooperating with neighboring countries could be the best way to reduce the disputes, joint development is the basic policy of maintaining maritime right, once they have common goals, it will be easier for them to achieve a peaceful environment. For both China and Singapore, they do have common goal in regarding to the territorial disputes, both of them are trying to find a better way resolve the issue.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, there are many nations have been struggling with the territorial disputes recently, not only China, but also some other countries in the world. In order to resolve the issue, firstly, it is important to set up the correct values based on the territorial disputes, rather than conflicting. Secondly, as we said above, once multilateral cooperation and security mechanism has been initialed, it will be able to provide a long-term cooperation relationship among countries, this can somehow reduce the territorial disputes based on the cooperation. If it is possible, there are some nations could follow some other nations’ law systems, for example, Singapore has built a strict lay system that could be able to build the country, defend its population and sovereignty. Lastly, as the number of territorial disputes issue grows in recently years, as citizens, we have the right to defend ourselves, and defend our nations by a certain way. As nations, they have responsibility to defend national independence and sovereignty.

References:

Chua, Daniel Wei Boon. "The South China Sea Disputes: Singapore as an “Honest Broker”?." S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies Commentary 25 (2014).

O’Shea, Paul. "Sovereignty and the Senkaku/Diaoyu territorial dispute." EIJS, Stockholm School of Economics Working Paper 240 (2012).

Owen, Nick A., and Clive H. Schofield. "Disputed South China sea hydrocarbons in perspective." Marine Policy 36.3 (2012): 809-822.

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