如何写好proposal

想必留学生们都知道，在写作dissertation之前，必须先把proposal搞定才能正式开始毕业论文的写作。而proposal就是告诉导师你想要做什么样的研究，待导师批准后才能进行下一步。如果导师不同意，那么dissertation就要搁置了。所以proposal的重要性可想而知，下面就给大家讲解一下proposal。

通常提案内容包括

标题（Title）

介绍 (Introduction）

研究，目的和目标 (Aims & Objectives)

研究方法 (Methodology)

文献回顾 (Literature review)

研究范围和限制条件 (Scope & Constraints)

章节大纲 (Outline of sections/chapters)

时间安排 (Timetable)

文献 (References)

标题

标题的选取最有技巧性，可能会make或者break整个论文。尤其是对自己未来的第一份工作比较有想法的同学，可能会考虑自己的毕业论文和相关领域或者话题挂钩，这样能够增加面试通过几率。

提案阶段的标题不一定完美，因为这只是个初步想法，之后可能会对语言有进一步措辞，但切记标题的中心要进口文章内容，确保文章和题目相互呼应，否则驴唇不对马嘴了。

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小贴士：

1、选择你喜欢的领域和切入点，有助于帮助你focus整篇文章的写作。

2、有时间和条件的同学可以看看往届毕业生的论文，或许会获得一些灵感，而且还能避免和往届作品题目冲撞。

3、仔细消化导师的反馈意见，大部分导师都会告诉你，你的想法是否有可研究性，或者是否被往届学生所研究过。

4、一旦选好题目，就要一头扎进去，不要朝三暮四总是想换题目。

介绍

论文的介绍应该给读者/导师一个清晰的概念，作者的研究方向以及预计研究成果。内容方面可以包括：

概述：概述研究的对象/理论有哪些问题事件

解释：解释为什么你觉得这些问题值得探讨研究

描述：描述你想如何做调查研究，并且你所期待的结果

总结：总结这篇论文最终会获得哪些成果

小贴士：

1、这是一个很好的摆事实挑问题的好机会，尽可能地想一想研究过程中可能会发生的问题，并和导师讨论如何提前解决。

2、想得高分的同学们可以适当地发挥延伸，尽可能超越自己学科知识的等级，讨论对当前理论、科研或者社会方面的影响。如此一来，一不小心就可以得distinction啦。

3、如果同学们卡在介绍这一环节，想不出可以写的东西，那一定要和导师沟通，或许需要换一个话题。

研究目的和目标

目的（Aims）其实就是大目标，宽泛的指出大方向，研究此论文的目的。

目标（Objectives）更加具体，细分出想要达到大目的所经过的一步步小目标，以及如何实现这些目标。

建立目标的时候，推荐大家使用SMART分析法。

Specific具体-你的目标细化到一步步都可以较容易的实现么？

Measurable可衡量-你所设置的目标可以用什么方法进行检测是否达到标准么？

Achievable可实现-你的目标切实可行么？

Realistic现实的-你手中有资源确实可以支撑做整个的调查研究么？

Time-constrained时间强制性-你确定有足够的时间使你达到目标么？

小贴士：

1、设立目的或者目标没有数字的限制，只要你可以把大目的和小目标解释清楚，使之环环相扣，就ok啦。

2、尽量使用肯定、强劲有力的描述词语，避免模糊不清的比如perhaps，consider，possibly。动词上的使用可以选择develop，construct，measure等等。

研究方法

研究方法可是提案里的重中之重，内容包括

- 项目研究的方法

- 理论框架

- 资料源和信息源

- 获取数据的方法

- 分析数据的方法

小贴士：

1、有时候资料和信息源可能就是简单的图书馆，但是也要系统的、有顺序的列举出你所要找的资料，给读者足够的信心认为你认真对待而不是随便的找寻资料。这也增加了资料的可信度。

2、有时候解释研究方法可能和向小朋友解释步骤一样，简单直接，自己都觉得可笑，但其实这很正常。

3、不要在这里放调查问卷或者采访稿子，这些应该都放在附录中。

4、时刻询问导师意见，尤其如果你选用最原始的调查方法，导师可能会给一些更有效的建议。

文献回顾

文献回顾也称之为Literature Survey，主要考察学生在写作时的阅读量以及涉猎范围广度。

浏览以往的文献，可以了解这一领域先前所做过的研究，也可以找到领域的科研带头方向和人物，有了方向标，自己的论文自然不会太过拼凑。

小贴士：

1、写文献回顾的目的是挖掘没有被人发现或研究的gap，这样能够体现你自己的研究成果，以及在此领域所做的贡献。

2、写文献回顾的时候可能会涉及很多的paraphrase，记得做文献标注哦。

研究范围和限制条件

研究范围的设定要适量把握，适当宽泛但确保目标不是过大，可以实现；适当狭窄但也要给出充足时间，保证完成研究。最重要的还是研究范围要和论文中心思想以及你所设定的目标挂钩。

在研究过程会有许多限制因素，最普遍的是时间限制，因为没有足够的时间，所以研究的范围和深度广度都会受到影响。其他的限制因素包括没有足够的数据、没有充足的过往文献、项目资金匮乏等等。

小贴士：

1、设定研究范围时不要过于宽泛，因为如果目标太大、涉及面过于广泛，很有可能无法达到目标，那整篇论文研究全部fail。

2、设定研究范围时也不要过于狭窄，否则导师可能会觉得你没有志向没有野心，甚至懒惰不愿意深度研究。总而言之就是尽可能地push自己，挑战自我。

章节大纲

拟写章节大纲不仅给导师、读者还给自己一个清晰明了的结构图，指引下一步的书写。对于章节要详细到标题和副标题，结构方面要涵盖以下环节，确保每个环节用200到300字简单概括环节中心思想。

- 简介

- 文献回顾

- 方法论

- 结果（如果你的论文使用大量数据）

- 讨论（论点分段写，每一个论点用一直两段文字概括）

- 总结

时间安排

有多少同学是提前几个月兴致勃勃的准备，然后信誓旦旦的承诺要遵循时间线一点点写，到最后是临时抱佛脚，夜夜赶工草草收工。

一份可实现的时间表要细化到每一章节每一环节所需要的具体时间和日期。每写完一个章节或者架构环节，可以发给导师预览。

小贴士：

1、一定要频繁和导师交流，确保大方向正确。最可怕的就是动笔写作后很少和导师交流，导致最后交稿导师不满意，需要做大幅度改动。

2、同学如果中途去度假休息，也要进行标注哦，可以同时提示导师，避免爽约。

3、每个时间段适当地多预留出几天，以便突发事件发生或者需要做修改等等。

文献

不同学校不同专业的文献要求可能略有差异，所以确保询问你的学院或者专业导师，论文文献的格式。

以上就是关于proposal的写作讲解，写好proposal，无疑离成功又近了一步哦，希望大家都能顺利地完成自己的毕业论文。

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英文论文写作结构及技巧

在英国留学，写作英文论文就像是家常便饭一样。当然，英文论文写作会比吃饭难一些，毕竟大家的母语不是英语，所以使用起来肯定会有所不同。在写作英文论文的时候，要注意论文的结构是否清晰，以及运用一些必要写作技巧，这些都能给论文带来很大的提升。

论文结构技巧

一般文章的写作也需要有这一步，但对论文来说，更为必要，其要求也更细一些。一般情况下，一篇论文要有序章、入题的第一章、主体章节，以及结束语。章和章之间有一种逻辑联系，防止盲目写下去，淹没主题，不知所云。这一步很少有一次完成的，往往会根据收集材料的情况、调查访问中遇到的新情况，经常变动。就像建筑师在盖房子前必须有图纸一样。

论文内容写作技巧

这实际就是论文写作本身，所以这样描述，意在让作者理解论文写作的过程。各种材料和论据，不是天生就可以证明论点或说明具体问题的，需要通过作者对材料的组织和论证，才能使其变得富有生命力，极其自然、有力地为自己所论的题目服务。紧紧围绕已经确定的理论假设或具体问题，调动自己所学的各种知识，通过正论(这是主要的)、反论、设论、驳论、喻论等等手法。

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必要时重新估量选题

原来的选题对自己不适当，或难以完成，那么就要及时调整整个论文写作的计划，改变选题。这种情形也是正常的，关键在于不要长时期犹豫不决，必须较快地做出决定，以便有时间重起炉灶。由于前面已经对本专业的学术研究有过较多的思考和文献检索，即使改变选题，重新做起，花费的时间不会很多，对此过多的担心是不必要的。

论文内容检查

文中的引证标示、注释及编号、文后的参考文献编排，以及不属于论文本身的内容提要(包括英文提要)、关键词等等，都要按照规范化的要求进行检查和调整。这些虽然属于技术性问题，但也反映出作者的学术态度。特别是引证，凡是使用了别人观点的地方，都必须注明材料来源。

以上就是比较实用的英文论文写作结构及技巧分享。同学们在写作论文的时候，要对论文有一个整体的规划，明确自己的写作方向。

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paper代写-The transnational mothers

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The transnational mothers，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了跨国母亲。众所周知，美国是最受欢迎的移民国家之一，有研究表明，越来越多的女性喜欢在25岁到34岁之间移居美国，其目的就是为了让孩子获得美国户口，享受美国人的权利。跨国母亲在某种程度上也培养了更多的精英。因为大多数跨国母亲至少精通两种语言，所以他们的孩子很可能精通两种语言，再通过美国的高等教育培养，他们有潜力成为优秀的人才。

2% of the world's population migrated from one country to another, legally or illegally with 1994 estimates by International Organization for Migration. As we all know, America is one of the most popular countries that people want to immigrate for a long time, and a research indicates that more and more women prefer to move into America between ages 25 and 34. One of the most attractive reason is that they, transnational mother can deliver their children in America, and then their baby will be an Asian-American and do have rights just like all American due to policy there. Therefore, many foreign mothers would like to try their best to migrate America and generate their children there, which on account of the policy in America, and globalization should be taken into consideration. Undoubtedly, globalization brings a lot of benefits for everyone in the earth, such as more information, more convenient transportation, growing economy, transnational mothers as well. Meantime, they influenced the world in turn, including transnational mother. Now, taking transnational mothers as an example to illustrate the advantages it brings about to the world.

Firstly, transnational mothers is helpful to global economy. Many women are wealthy, and they want to lead a happier life; hence, they move to America to seek for a better life. They need to prepare their visa before they leave. After they arrive in America, they need to rent or buy house and buy some daily necessities. They are required to work harder and harder once they decided to give birth to their baby, because they need to be sure that they can support themselves at first, and then they have to offer their children a better life condition as harder as they can even though the government will help them in some ways partly.

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Secondly, transnational mothers can cultivate more elites for any field of the world. Most of these transnational mothers have a good command of two languages at least, and their children are likely to have a good command of two languages like their mothers. For one thing, children are encouraged to be creative and independent in America in every aspect. For another, education level in America is very high. There are famous eight universities of the Ivy League in the U.S., including Cornell university, Harvard university, Brown university, Princeton university, Yale university, Columbia university, Dartmouth university, and university of Pennsylvania. Those new immigrant generations are expected to study or work at those famous universities in America, and they work quite hard to achieve their dream. Therefore, they are potential to be outstanding talents in such a studious environment. Perhaps they will become the next Steven Paul Job, the next Barack Hussein Obama, the next Franklin D. Roosevelt and some one in the near future. Who knows?

In conclusion, globalization brings a lot of benefits for the modern world, transnational motherhood just is one of the little parts. As one of the indivisible parts in the world, I am quite pleased to see such an Earth in its own way of progress by myself.

Reference：

[1] RM Sternberg, C Barry, 2011, Journey of Nursing Scholarship, 8th Edition, Chest.

[2] JC IIIanes, 2012, Journey of Comparative Family Studies, 3rd Edition, Circulation.

[3] P Boccagni, 2012, Journey of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 5th Edition, Circulation Research.

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Paper代写：Hazards of automobile

本篇paper代写- Hazards of automobile讨论了汽车的危害性。汽车无疑是人类历史上最伟大的发明之一，也是现代文明的象征。由于汽车提供的便利，人类活动空间也变得更加广阔。然而，汽车的快速发展也给我们带来了各种各样的问题，包括肥胖率的上升、空气污染和交通拥堵。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

The automobile is undoubtedly one of the greatest inventions in human history and acts as a symbol of modern civilization. Human activity space became broader because of the conveniences automobiles provide. With vehicles, people can select their places of residence more freely, enjoy short trips to visit relatives and friends, and shop without worrying about having to carry their “trophies” home. However, the rapid development of car culture brings a variety of problems, including increasing obesity rates, air pollutions, and traffic congestions.

Firstly, the popularity of vehicle transportation is closely correlated with the recent spike in global obesity rates. The advancement in technology created convenient tools for people that have dramatically changed the way they live within decades. However, humans are not physically ready for such conveniences, considering their highly strength-consuming lifestyle only centuries ago. The development of the vehicle culture makes the problem even worse for people who already neglect the importance of maintaining an adequate amount of daily exercises. Driving has become a popular mode of transport compared to walking and cycling, even when it is completely unnecessary to drive. Although driving is not the only reason for obesity, it is strongly correlated with it. Research has shown that by driving an extra hour per day, an individual has an additional six percent chance of obesity (Frank 91). The preference of the public for driving has created challenges related to not only obesity but also other health issues. Increased hours of driving leads to a reduction in exposure to the sun and vitamin D generation, which makes people more susceptible to depression (Parker, Brotchie, and Graham 57).Most people, especially students and office workers, spend time sitting in classes or offices every day, which means most people have few chances for exercise. Although going to gyms is an option for promoting health, few individuals have the time to go. Therefore, walking or cycling present a solution to the problem, by introducing ways to engage in exercises without sacrificing much extra time. For these reasons, driving causes a decrease in physical activity, which can result in obesity and related health complications.

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Secondly, driving severely damages the environment. In 2012, the WHO recognized automobile exhaust as a major source of air pollution; the number of deaths due to air pollution in the world was around seven million (WHO 54). With the acceleration of urbanization, the number of motor vehicles increases every year. Motor vehicle exhaust is a significant contributing factor for haze, photochemical smog, and other kinds of air pollution, significantly harming the environment and public health. To provide an example, Los Angeles experienced a photochemical smog in September 1955 due to increased car exhaust and high temperatures. The photochemical smog affected overall respiratory function, especially the lung function of children. During that time, more than 400 people died in two days, green vegetables growing in the suburbs became brown, the fruit and crop yields suffered, the leaves of trees yellowed, and innumerable trees and plants died. Although pollution of such a high concentration is rarely seen in the developed world, the increasing population of drivers in the developing countries is posing more threats to the environment. There are several important example cities, such as Tokyo, where people take public transportation instead of driving vehicles. Individuals who live in Tokyo are more willing to take public transportation like subways because the subway systems are as convenient as driving a car. Humans are a species that has knowledge and wisdom to discover and develop the resources on the Earth. Now that it is apparent that automotive exhaust emissions destroy the livability of the Earth, humanity has a responsibility to consider other animals, plants, and the environment itself, which humans need to survive. Additionally, all species living on the Earth deserve the same right to life that humans have. Therefore, the public should fund technological projects to improve the condition of the planet to halt the damage to the environment.

Lastly, driving wastes drivers’ time as a result of traffic jams. In this fast-paced society, many individuals believe that driving will help them reach destinations faster, therefore saving time. However, driving is often not the most efficient method of travel because traffic has become increasingly more prevalent, mainly related to the fact that civil engineering and construction cannot compensate for the growing number of cars quickly enough. Thus, traffic congestion has become an inescapable difficulty for large and crowded cities, forcing people to endure the “hypertension” of city traffic. Recently, traffic policies have come into effect to attempt to solve this problem. For instance, the Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system deployed in Singapore is useful in alleviating the congestion problem during rush hours (LTA). Similarly, a tax is levied on all vehicles entering the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ) in downtown London. The CCZ tax is also an important measure Britain uses to limit the driving. Furthermore, the British government took steps to restrict parents from shuttling their children to and from school with private vehicles to reduce traffic throughout the day. In the United States, no one has much ability to predict congestion or accidents; so many drivers lose time, making public transportation the better choice.

Though driving saves time in certain situations and comes with advantages, it has also created many problems for modern society, regarding public health, environment, and transportation. Revolutions have already been taking place in the automobile industry, trying to solve the pollution and congestion problems with unmanned driving and enhanced filtering systems on the discharge. However, people should also see the benefit of alternative transportation modes for their effectiveness in improving public health, and reducing the detrimental effects of driving. By taking buses, trains, and bikes, a life style closer to the natural is restored for the public, with reduced environmental and traffic problems.

References

Dalai Lama. “Ethics and The New Genetics,” The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality. New York: Morgan Road Books, 2005.187-201. Print.

Frank et al., 2004L.D. Frank, M.A. Andresen, T.L. Schmid. “Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27 (2) (2004), pp. 87–96

Land Transport Authority (LTA). “Managing Traffic & Congestion: Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)”. LTA.https://www.LTA.gov.sg. 2016.

World Health Organization. “The WHO pointed out that the premature death is related to air pollution”. China's Health Policy Research 4 (2014): 54-54.

Parker, Gordon B., Brotchie, Heather, and Graham, Rebecca K. "Vitamin D and Depression." Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 208, 2017, pp. 56-61, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.082.

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Essay代写：Reflective writing

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Reflective writing，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了反思写作。反思写作对于我们来说非常重要的，它可以帮助个人更好地理解自己。在反思写作中，它迫使个人更多地思考自己，明白事情对自己的好坏。从而知道自己哪些地方可以继续提升，哪里可以进行改正。

Introduction

Personal development is when you improve and develop yourself to become a better person. Self awareness is when you are aware of who you are. According to Beausaert (2011), better self development can give you better lives in the future. There are many other activities that can help an individual to become a better person. For example, counselling, teaching, guiding, mentoring, and managing.

Benefits of reflective writing

According to people, self awareness is the most important factor that will affect personal development. If one is aware of himself, he can discover more about himself. According to Johns( 1996), self awareness is a circle. Everything else is in or out of the circle. Things that are in the circle are things that this individual understands about himself. And things out of the circle are things that this individual does not understand about himself. If the circle gets bigger and bigger, the individual can understand more and more about himself. He argued that one has to improve himself always and not stop the process. If one stops improving himself, the others will become better than him and he will be worse than the others. Johns also said that personal development is the beginning and also the goal of self awareness.

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According to Riley-Douchet＆Wilson (1997), doing reflective writing is very important and it can help the individual to understand himself better. According to Shapior, the process is good for the individual because it can force the individual to think more about himself. Though this process, the individual will be able to realize his own price and the reason why he is on earth. He can improve his skills. The individual can understand why some things are good for him and why other things are bad for him. For example, if one learns new knowledge in analytical skills, marketing skills, and etc., he can use those skills in other places.

There is an ancient Chinese saying, every coin has two sides. Reflection writing also has its good sides and bad sides. On the one hand, reflection is important because it allowed the individual to know more about himself. For example, one can learn about delivering presentations and writing essays through reflective writing on the other hand, he can also improve the time management skills because he will be pressured to finish the works on time. The individual can also influence the others once he got those new skills. For example, if that individual works in a team. His time management skills can help the whole team to work at a good pace and finish the work early.

Another good aspect about reflective writing, as suggested by Shapior et a. (2006), is that reflective writing can help the individual to know the quality and level of his skills. Whether this skill is superior, satisfactory, or just so-so. Then that individual will know where else to improve and where he is already pretty good at. According to Boyd & Fales, (1983), reflective writing not only helped us to know who we are and what we are good at, but also helped us to know where to improve and how to improve in the future. Through reflective writing, the author can remember what has happen in the last semester and what happened in the group presentation. He can then have ammeter in his heart to measure how well he did and improve himself. If he found out that he is not very good at public speaking, then he will know in the future, to practice more on public speaking. He will know naturally to spare more time to practice public speaking. This example showed the benefits of reflecting writing. The individual that many modules are helpful and he learned to enhance his various skills.

Conclusion:

To sum up, reflective writing helped the author a lot, such as time management and improving skills. As Johns (1996) said, reflective writing had been contributing positively to the personal development by allowing the author to indulge in personal assessment and contemplation about the skill sets. Most importantly, it allowed the individual to assess himself and analyse his strengths and weaknesses. Reflective writing allowed the author to devise a strategy that could be used to improve himself.

References:

Beausaert, S., Segers, M., &Gijselaers, W. (2011a). The use of a personal development plan and the undertaking of learning activities, expertise-growth, flexibility and performance: The role of supporting assessment conditions. Human resource development international, 14(5), 527-543.

Beausaert, S. A., Segers, M. S., &Gijselaers, W. H. (2011b). Using a personal development plan for different purposes: Its influence on undertaking learning activities and job performance. Vocations and Learning, 4(3), 231-252.

Boyd, E. M., & Fales, A. W. (1983). Reflective learning: Key to learning from experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 23(2), 99-117.

Johns, H. (1996). Personal development in counsellor training (Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 26-26). RCN Publishing Company Limited.

Pavlina, S. (2008). Personal Development for smart people. Hay House, Inc.

Riley‐Douchet, C., & Wilson, S. (1997). A three‐step method of self‐reflection using reflective journal writing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(5), 964-968.

Shapiro, J., Kasman, D., & Shafer, A. (2006). Words and wards: a model of reflective writing and its uses in medical education. Journal of Medical Humanities, 27(4), 231-244.

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