北美作业代写：Application and development of artificial intelligence

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Application and development of artificial intelligence，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了人工智能的运用与发展。人工智能是通过大量的研究，运用计算机来模拟人的某些思维过程和智能行为。早在二十世纪五十年代，科学家们在一起聚会时就开始讨论用机器模拟智能等相关的问题，会议上同意使用提出的人工智能这一术语，标志着人工智能这一学科正式诞生。直到二十一世纪，更深层次的神经网络学习技术出现，人工智能逐渐在图像识别、数据分析等众多领域大幅发展。

Artificial intelligence is through a lot of research, using computers to simulate human thinking process and intelligent behavior such as discipline, mainly including computer, the principle of the intelligent manufacturing computer is similar to the human brain intelligence, enable the computer to have a higher level of application. Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, it attempts to understand the essence of intelligence, can produce a new kind of response in the form of human intelligence similar intelligent machines, research in this field include robot, speech recognition, image recognition, natural language processing and expert system, etc. Since the birth of artificial intelligence, theory and technology have become more and more mature, and the application field has been expanded.

Artificial intelligence technology is now need to implement the main goal is to make the machine can automatically to do tedious work, and these tedious work is done through artificial intelligence, it is also a computer artificial intelligence technology needed to realize the reason why. In addition, the computer artificial intelligence technology also needs the information basic theory, the automation technology, the mathematical logic logic logic and the language and so on a variety of specialized and the subject melt through.

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In the early 1950 s, headed by Michael card game such as a group of far-sighted young scientists together at the party began to discuss with related issues, such as machine simulation intelligent meeting agreed to use McCarty proposed the term "artificial intelligence", marks the appearance of artificial intelligence, the subject. However, due to the limitations of hardware, the development of artificial intelligence is always slow. In addition, most computers can't deal with the data in real time, which hinders the early development of artificial intelligence technology.

By the 1980s, the BT neural network algorithm suggested that the development of artificial intelligence technology began to enter into the normal. Artificial intelligence is also gradually being used by people, such as voice recognition, language translation and the generation of the fifth generation computer. However, artificial intelligence has not brought practical changes to human life. Until the 21st century, the deeper neural network learning technology emerged, and artificial intelligence gradually developed in many fields such as image recognition and data analysis. And all this, also put forward higher requirements to artificial intelligence, theory, technology and so on need further optimization.

There are two main ways in which artificial intelligence can be realized on a computer. One is to use traditional programming techniques to make the system appear intelligent, different from the methods used in humans or animals. This method is called the engineering method, and has already achieved certain results in some fields, such as word recognition, computer chess, etc. Another way for simulation, relative to character, this method is more demanding, not only to have the effect of intelligence, also requires implementation method with humans or organisms use the same or similar. Both genetic algorithm and artificial neural network belong to simulation method. The genetic algorithm is a way of simulating the activity of nerve cells in human or animal brain by simulating the genetic and evolutionary mechanism of human or organism. Both methods can be used, and how to apply it to the programmer's choice.

Computer ai technology enables the operation and control of aircraft in space millions of kilometers away on earth. For example, a space agency USES a computer's intelligence program to operate and control aircraft on the ground. For now, the United States is the first country to use computer artificial intelligence to control aircraft remotely. Remote control can predetermine tasks and targets, and then combine them effectively with aircraft, and can plan autonomously. And remote control on the basis of supervision and spacecraft, can also on the practical operation of spacecraft have a more comprehensive understanding and grasp, in the operation of the spacecraft in the program does not match the situation, able to timely issue instructions, adjust, and test of spacecraft, detection and prompt reply. This will enable the spacecraft to operate in outer space.

Computer artificial intelligence technology to known is recently in the application of the computer game, artificial intelligence, can be in the process of some technologies into play chess, play chess will all kinds of concrete, cumbersome steps are decomposed, then these steps are divided into a number of known problems, will be one of the favorable information to play chess, and summarized the work of search and problems, make people play chess according to the summarized data to make reasonable decisions. This kind of problem induction is not only reflected in the computer game, all walks of life have application. From the point of the present situation, the computer artificial intelligence technology has reached the standard of international chess tournament, but still can't like human contestants have a high degree of insight and expression ability, can only analyze the specific question. Therefore, there is still room for improvement.

The visual system in computer artificial intelligence technology can also be used effectively in guiding the automobile along the road. Currently, the United States has put the technology into small cars, and it has been a big breakthrough in the case of autonomous navigation, where it can travel two thousand kilometers. However, although most of the time is controlled by the visual system, there is still a need for human control of the vehicle. Through relevant data analysis, we need human control mainly to find the exit of highway. According to these problems, in the artificial intelligence technology constantly improve at the same time, also can work out a better driving direction, analyzed the driving direction, so that the unmanned target can be implemented more quickly.

The application of computer artificial intelligence technology in medical field is mainly reflected in the defects that can make up for the traditional medical process, so as to improve the modern medical technology level. For example, in terms of probability analysis, the use of medical diagnostic procedures have been effective, also obtained the ideal effect, on the other hand, there is conducive to improve the treatment level of experts and physicians. For now, some doctors are failing to reach a consensus on how to use the technology in health care. However, the application of this technology can on when the inspection is proposed for judging the patient related factors, and also please explain complications related situation, detailed analysis to obtain the common recognition of experts and physicians. The application of computer artificial intelligence technology in the medical field can not only treat the patients' complicated diseases, but also improve the medical level effectively.

Intelligent AGENT acted an important role in computer artificial intelligence technology, the use of the application to the robot system, can better understand the human emotional state and behavior motivation, and effective communication and exchanges with the human. In the process of communication, you can also use polite expressions such as greetings. In addition, robots with normal human emotions can also perform difficult tasks on the basis of human-computer interaction. Computer artificial intelligence technology in other areas also can give full play to the effectiveness of its own, because of the artificial intelligence technology itself has the content of the philosophy and psychology, etc, also make it contains similar to human's imagination and creativity. In normal work, compared with humans, we can exert our potential more and create more value. It can be learned that artificial intelligence technology can not only promote the development of all trades and professions, but also greatly change the human way of life.

Computer artificial intelligence technology is currently the main goal is to develop and research the function of can carry on the mental labor as human computer, even though not foresee the development of artificial intelligence technology in the future, but a lot of prospective research can help understand the general development direction. As things stand, people associate with computers to nature, the key factors that emotional ability is a focus in the study of computer artificial intelligence technology, the artificial intelligence can like humans have emotional or an unknown answers.

The future development trend of computer artificial intelligence technology can't to understand, but about the problems such as human concern, whether the machine of artificial intelligence can go beyond the human existence, even smarter than humans. Many researchers think it's just a matter of time, and the ai software designer, kurtz, IBM researcher horne hohn, has described it. Humans are also beginning to worry about whether artificial intelligence will become self-aware and hostile to humans. Horne believes that even though artificial intelligence can surpass humans, it is impossible to possess the unique characteristics and consciousness of humans. Kurtz points out that human beings' research on artificial intelligence technology enables human beings to walk in front of artificial intelligence and continuously strengthen the guidance of artificial intelligence to obtain absolute control. Therefore, the research on artificial intelligence is to overcome the obstacles and problems that arise like other disciplines, so that artificial intelligence can bring more comprehensive services to human's work and life.

To sum up, the application of computer artificial intelligence technology in various fields can give full play to the advantages that the field has, and these advantages can not be realized by other tools. Coupled with the characteristics of artificial intelligence itself, humans are increasingly relying on this technology. Visible, computer artificial intelligence technology in the human's life and work in the future more widely applied, the resulting system of artificial intelligence and expert decision system with higher cognitive will further affect people's production and life in the future. The development and research of computer artificial intelligence technology should be carried out along the right track, and it should not violate its principle.

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英文论文挂了该怎么修改

在国外留学，论文挂了是很正常的事情，就像国内大学挂科一样，我们只要想办法补救就行了。一般来讲，英文论文挂了是需要进行重写的，但并非绝对。我们可以先去询问一下导师论文的问题在哪里，以此作对应的修改即可。下面就给大家讲解一下英文论文挂了该怎么修改。

一、修改论文的思想观点

读者要能从论文中读出核心观点、主张，论点是文章的统帅，所以在修改时要尽量让主题认识深刻，当然前提是中心论点要正确集中，与文题相符，最好具有创新性。

要推敲文章的标题。阅读一篇论文，首先看到的就是标题，所以必须在推敲标题上下功夫。什么是好标题呢？既要能总结概括文章内容，又要简练，英文题目还不能出错。

二、修改文章使用的材料

要证明论点就要使用论据以及科学的论证方法，论证的前提就是有材料，对材料的修改主要是对材料进行增加、删减、调整。一般是先查核校正，看材料本身是否真实可信准确，其次是根据论证中心论点和个分论点的要求修改材料，增加必须要用的材料，跟主题有关的可以多使用几个；删去多余的冗杂的例子、数据。

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三、修改论文的结构

结构是文章的骨架，结构的好坏直接关系论文内容的表达效果，检查的重点是看论文是否构成一个完整严密的整体。修改结构要达到以下标准：结构严谨，结构完整的同时要保证大小论点之间有紧密的逻辑性；层次清楚，从文章的目录可以看出大标题和小标题是否出现混乱现象；思路连贯，检查上下文之间有没有出现断层，一般上文论证的小论点对下文有启发作用，下文对上文有总结作用；详略得当，重点的地方要不惜笔墨，该少写的就要惜墨如金。

四、修改文章的语言

语言的修改要达到：1、表达清楚简练；2、表达准确；3、语言连贯。语言要符合论文的要求，文字标点使用恰当准确，纹面书写规范。

就想做作业一样，做完了总要检查正确率、格式等等，写论文也要检查哦，留学生可以从以上四个方面审视自己的大作。

以上就是关于英文论文的修改方法，相信只要遵循以上的几点，同学们重新修改过的论文一定没问题的。

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Paper代写：Platon's musical aesthetic thought

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Platon's musical aesthetic thought，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了柏拉图音乐美学思想。柏拉图是古希腊伟大的哲学家，从他的著作对于音乐的零散的评述中，我们可以大概了解到他关于音乐美学的思想，即音乐的定义，音乐的和谐论以及音乐的功能。柏拉图认为音乐和谐与宇宙和谐、灵魂和谐是相通的，音乐反映了万物的本原，显示出造物者无边的力量。作为一个社会改革家，他把音乐当作改造社会的重要手段，把音乐作为对公民进行道德教育的得力工具。

There are three definitions of music by Platon. The first is science; the second is art; the third is the system of virtue education. In the "Symposium", by Platon Elishenmake eduarado said: "music can also be said to be in harmony with the rhythm of love phenomenon within the scope of science." There is a need to explain the "love phenomenon". "Symposium" is a discussion of love dialogue, Eli what Mark said "love phenomenon" refers to the coordination between the opposite factors, therefore, fusion, "love" phenomenon within the scope of the rhythm and harmony refers to the coordination between the high and low voice fusion between fast and slow rhythm, fusion, music is the study of these phenomena. The definition of music as science is derived from Pythagoras. Platon has fully accepted Pythagoras's view in music, and the concept of music is certainly no exception.

In the "dialogue" by Platon Gorgias, Socrates said the definition of second music: "music is the art of melody creation." This definition reflects the general situation of ancient Greek music, that is, monosyllabic music, that is, it only melodies without the harmony in modern sense, so music is the art of melody creation.

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The third definition is: "when the sound penetrates into the soul, we regard it as virtue education. We try to describe it in music." Although this is not a straightforward definition about music, but it still tells us what the music is, that is, music is about virtue education. In Platon's "the Republic", other kinds of art, such as painting and poetry, are imitated. They are of little value to truth and cater to the inferior part of human nature, and poets are also expelled from the ideal country. Only music, he thought, has the power to win the hearts of the people. It is more important than any other education: "music education is much more important than other education. Is that for these reasons? After being well-developed, he was close to reason and regarded her as an old friend, because his past music education had made him familiar with her. He also said, "exercise the body with gymnastics, and edify the mind with music." Therefore, in Platon's view, music as a virtue education compared with other education is an incomparable and deep mind education, which edify the human mind and make human character noble and beautiful.

First, harmony is the integration of the opposite. Has been mentioned in the first definition of music, Platon first thought that music is the coordination between the high and low of sound, fast and slow pace of integration between the integration of these phenomena, he followed the Pythagoreans for harmonious judgment, advocate harmony is the harmony, the fusion of opposites, instead of both opposite and complementary. The unity of opposites. As Heraclitus thought, harmony is the combination of "mutually exclusive things", and different tones lead to the most beautiful harmony. Everything is produced by struggle. The point of view, Platon thought it was "vague and absurd" and "extreme absurdity". He said that in the "Symposium": "Heraclitus might have meant that the originally opposite treble and bass tuning now, so the art of music to create harmony. If the treble and bass are still on the contrary, they must not have harmony, harmony is because sound regulation, and coordination is a fusion of two kinds of factors, if still instead, could not merge with each other; when the opposite factors have each other in fusion there can be no harmony."

Secondly, the harmony of music should also be established by the agility of hearing. Platon thinks that music is both the art of number and the art of imitation, and he is interested in the concrete and perceptible mathematical relationship of music. In "nature", he praised the beauty of all kinds of proportions in music. At the same time, he used a contemptuous tone to belittle those musicians who could only play and know nothing about the number on the string and melody. However, Platon was a step ahead of Pythagoras for the understanding of the complexity of music. He believes that music should also rely on experience and intuition in addition to measurement and calculation. He said in "Flip Buss": "the music is not according to the size of the figures, but according to the auditory sensitivity exercise to establish the consonance, belonging to all the music playing method kithara". Music is a kind of architectural art that is based on calculation and measurement.

Finally, music can also reflect the harmony of the soul, and compared with it, the harmony of music is temporary, and the harmony with the idea will never disappear. Platon put the music of harmony and cosmic harmony analogy, in the "four", he describes a harmonious universe theory. The relationship between the relationship between the seven planets and the musical range is consistent. Music, on the one hand, is the art of numbers, and it is also the art of imitation. The harmony of music is the imitation of the idea of harmony. Therefore, music has something in common with the soul. Its common point is the concept of harmony, and music can embody the harmony of the soul.As mentioned above, Platon believes that the harmony of music is harmonious with the harmony of the universe and the harmony of the soul. Music reflects the essence of everything and shows the boundless power of the creator. As a social reformer, he regarded music as an important means of reforming the society and regarded music as a powerful tool for moral education for citizens. The fundamental reason is that he gives a very high value to the function that music can play.

The advantage of Platon's negation of music is to give people a sense of pleasure. He thinks that if music gives people a sense of pleasure is to degrade the function of music, the function of music is more noble and sacred than the pleasure of giving people a sense of pleasure. Even if he was happy, he added a lot of restrictions. "I agree with the majority on this point: the beauty of music is measured by pleasure. But this kind of pleasure should not be any pleasure only like this one and that one; for the best and the best education of music, especially popular in virtue and education of people's music is the most beautiful music". Fundamentally speaking, Platon still believes that music is not a meaningless pastime and pleasure. Its mission is to educate people to achieve spiritual harmony, cultivate people's moral sentiments and edify people's feelings. Music has the function of "taking beauty to infiltrate the mind and making him beautify". Music can make the character of the young, beautiful, good sense of sublime beauty, so as to guide their behavior. He believes that music education is essential for a "harmonious mind" form, that people will tend to "in complex things to contain and express the nature of the various understanding of temperance, courage, justice, noble and various properties of these properties, in contrast, no matter where they occur, we can identify they themselves and their image, regardless of the performance in big things or small things do not ignore them, believe they know themselves and their images belong to the same kind of skills and learning." Platon believes to be a mind and body beauty will be accepted blended with music education, reason to live. Therefore, Platon stipulates that in the "ideal country", music education is the most important in all education.

In general, although Platon's musical aesthetic thought is only scattered in the text, it has a great and far-reaching influence on the later generations. These ideas are of age and social limitations, but certain xiabuyanyu, Platon's music aesthetics still has high value for our understanding of Platon's aesthetic thought and his philosophy, but also has a positive significance.

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Paper代写：Analysis and Comparison of Two Classic Paintings

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Analysis and Comparison of Two Classic Paintings，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了两幅古典绘画的分析与比较。梵高和马列维奇都被认为是绘画大师，艺术风格都非常迥异。在马列维奇的作品中，存在着更多的合理性。马列维奇画笔下的世界被简化到了极致。从精心安排的形状中可以瞥见一些情感，这深深根植于他童年的记忆和文化背景。相比之下，梵高在《星夜》中表现出对世界和自己的强烈情感。在暴风雪之后的村庄里，清晨的线条和简单而笔直的线条不同，星夜的线条都是弯曲的。颜色的运用也体现了情感层次上的差异，就像把颜料挤到画布上一样，成功地展现了梵高的强烈情感和内心的挣扎。

Introduction

Van Gogh and Malevich are both considered masters of painting, with entirely different styles. In this essay, an analysis of the representative works of both artists will be made, to explore the meaning of the painting under the historical context. Furthermore, a more in-depth analysis will be made to decipher the use of structure, lines and colors in each painting, as well as their contributions to the expression of the painting themes. Finally, a comparison between the paintings will be made, to find out the connections and distinctions between the great artists.

Starry Night, Van Gogh

In 1889, Van Gogh cut his left ear off after a quarrel with Gauguin. After this incident, he went to Saint Paul de Mausole, a mental home in Arles for treatment, and spent 108 days there. During his time at the mental home, Van Gogh created large amounts of paintings, including over 150 oil paintings on canvas and over 100 sketches (Rapelli). It was during this time when the style of Van Gogh was growing towards expressionism. His works was full of dejected emotions and illusions. Starry Night is the representative of his work during that time. Despite the name of the painting, it was created before dawn, when the doctor allowed Van Gogh to go out to paint. Van Gogh wrote from France to his brother Theo (MoMA): "This morning I saw the country from my window a long time before sunrise, with nothing but the morning star, which looked very big." Obviously, the Starry Night was not a faithful representation of the nature. Instead, it showed the subjective impression of Van Gogh when he looked at the sky before sunrise. It showed the inner frustrations and disturbances of the artist.

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There are two interfering style of lines used in the painting, one is the swirled long lines, the other the shattered short ones. The combination of the two has created a dazzling visual effect, which is far from reality and takes the viewer into another dimension (Lovett, 28). In addition to the pure imagination of the sky by Van Gogh, there are also elements from the real world, which is the village at the bottom. The image is constructed in a way that the swirling and spinning sky night and the peaceful village form a contrast. Horizontally, the trees and the mountains form a balance with the sky. Van Gogh used almost wave-like strokes to express the stars and the trees, which are also like globes of burning fire, leaving a lasting impression for anyone who views it. The main color used for the painting is greenish-blue, and the entire picture is covered with the heavy use of color. The use of paint this way has also help Van Gogh express the motion in his painting. All elements in the painting have been dramatized: the huge, spinning stars, the incredible orange moon and the trees like burning fire. All the elements combine to show the inner struggles of Van Gogh, from his perspective, the world was like a turbulent wave trying to swallow him. The motion in the picture also indicates his struggles with his mental illness and the reality.

Morning in the Village after Snowstorm, Kazimir Malevich

Morning in the Village after Snowstorm by Kazimir Malevich was created during the period between 1911 and 1913, when most of the work by Malevich was of the subject of rural life in Russia. There are often two ways to interpret the works of Malevich, the one that focuses on techniques and painting style, and the one that incorporate social and political factors of the painter (Lauf). There tend to be less expressions of political point in the early paintings of Malevich, including Morning in the Village after Snowstorm. Looking at the painting, a mastery of colors and shapes form the perfect example of the Russian style, Cubo-Futurism. From the social perspective and combining the subject of painting with Malevich himself, Malevich are rooted in the rural areas and have an emotional bonding with it. Perhaps childhood memories in the village have helped Malevich construct the image. There are also distinctive senses of ethnicity from the painting. Looking at the use of color and the arrangement of element, one can immediately tell that it depicts a scene from eastern Europe. Thus, the painting is also culturally rooted which carry the identity and memories of Malevich.

Malevich was the first to use a geometric way of expression in paintings. After all these years, the simplicity in his works is still incredible for the viewers. As one of the pioneers of the abstract painting in the 20th century, Malevich opened new doors for future artists and inspired important movements in modern art (Somerville, 76). Morning in the Village after Snowstorm completely abandoned the traditional way of showing a 3D space. Instead, the most distinctive feature of the painting is the dominant use of 2D shapes, which should not possess any sense of weight and volume. There are the triangular shapes used for house; trapezoid shapes on the two women center of the image; round shapes for trees and curvy triangles for the snow-covered ground. Despite the use of the 2D shapes, they are all filled with gradually changing color, which has given the picture a third dimension. The balanced use of red, yellow and blue gives the picture the warmth it needs out of the white background. Instead of being swallowed in the coldness of white that dominates the image, the three primary colors pop out and bring liveliness to the painting. The color use also shows the identity of Malevich, which has distinctive ethnic features of Russia, or eastern Europe.

Conclusions

Comparing the works analyzed above, there are obviously much more rationality in the work of Malevich. Using geometric shapes, the world under Malevich’s brush is simplified to the extreme. There are glimpses of emotion shown from the carefully arranged shapes, which is deeply rooted in his childhood memories and cultural background. In comparison, Van Gogh showed intense emotions about the world and himself in the Starry Night. Different from the simple and straight lines in Morning in the Village after Snowstorm, the lines in Starry Night are all curved. The use of color also shows the differences in the emotional level. Based on the white background, Morning in the Village after Snowstorm shows restrained yet smart use of color. On the other hand, Starry Night is bold in color use, almost like squeezing the paint onto the canvas, which successfully showed the intensity of emotions of Van Gogh and his inner struggles. Despite the differences, there is no deny that both artists are pioneers in their own field. Both work have shown us approaches to create a third dimension with the use of 2D elements: Malevich achieved it by the careful arrangement of shapes and gradually changing colors, while Van Gogh did it by the bold use of color and dramatization of lines into curves to create the sense of motion in a still picture. One from the approach of simplicity, and the other of dramatization, both artists demonstrate the application of techniques for emotional responses to the perfection.

Works Cited

Lauf, Cornelia. “Kazimir Malevich Morning in the Village after Snowstorm.” Accessed February 18, 2017, fromhttps://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/2598

Lovett, Stephen, et al. "Painting by Parametric Curves and Van Gogh’s Starry Night." Math Horizons, vol. 18, no. 2, 2010., pp. 28 doi:10.4169/194762110x535989.

MoMA (The Museum of Modern Art). “Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night.” 2017. Accessed February 18, 2017, from https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79802

Rapelli, Paola, and Alfredo Pallavisini. Vincent Van Gogh: Masters of Art, Prestel, Munich, 2012.

Somerville, Kris. "Kazimir Malevich: The Evangelist of Abstraction." The Missouri Review, vol. 34, no. 2, 2011., pp. 73-84.

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Essay代写：Realism in Art Cinema

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Realism in Art Cinema，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了艺术电影中的现实主义。艺术电影是电影行业的重要组成部分，它打破了流行的规则，对人性和现实进行了探索。艺术电影给电影行业增添了多样性和活力，他们的思想和意识形态也越来越受到公众的青睐。艺术电影又被称为反叛，基本找不到常见的模式，这种背离的形式取决于导演的艺术风格。有的导演甚至会将影片中的人为因素剔除，将现实主义推向极端，以此激发观众真实的情感反应。

Art cinema is a significant component of the film industry. Firstly, it breaks out of the rules made by the popular and do honest explorations of humanity and reality. Secondly, many of the innovations in the film industry are possible thanks to the art film makers. Finally, as an integral part of the film market, and more so in recent years, art cinema is adding variety and vibrancy to the film industry, their ideas and ideologies are increasingly appreciated by the public.

One of the major functions of art cinema is how it breaks through the industrialized Hollywood classic formula. The increasing popularity of stale cinema and singular way of expression generated dissatisfactions of many film makers (Nowell-Smith, 11). Many directors wanted to express their film idea more freely, instead of being confined in the “popularity” cage. Thus, art cinema is created as rebellions. A common pattern is hardly found in art cinema, despite their deviations from the popular, stale way of film making. Such deviations are in different forms depending on the artistic style of the directors. Most of the Hollywood films tend to dramatize the ordinary with the use of unrealistic settings. However, the Italian film made in 1948, Bicycle Thieves, is the complete opposite. The entire movie was made on the streets where the director carefully arranged the positions and angles of the cameras to reproduce genuine social settings. Stripping away the artificial elements, the film pushes the level of realism to an extreme and succeeded in arousing genuine emotional responses from the audience.

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While the focus of the ordinary films is on casting, propaganda and box office, art cinema serves as explorer of the new areas of cinematography. Since many of the directors of art cinema must work under very limited budget, they are better at creating new ways of expression based on the existing film technology, which is significant for the development of the entire industry. Some of the new-wave directors didn’t not use colored film due to the financial limits (Nowell-Smith, 149). However, the requirement of lighting and cinematography technique for black and white pictures are times higher, opening new possibilities of expressions. Many other innovative techniques also reflect the original difficulties faced by art cinema directors, which goes on to be applied by the mainstream film industry. The lead actor of the film Bicycle Thieves is an unemployed factory work, instead of a professional actor, which makes the shooting much more difficult. But it also increases the level of realism once it works. The use of long shots is throughout the film, almost like the way a documentary is made, effectively minimizes the influence of unnecessary techniques and amplifies the actions of the characters.

In addition to the rebellious and innovative aspects, art cinema sometimes also blends into the cinema market, adding diversity and vibrancy to it. Although the sign of discrimination is inherited in art cinema, it is not intending to challenge and replace the mainstream in any way. The divisions between the two are embodied through art and industry, culture and entertainment, meaning and profit (Neale, 37). On the one hand, art cinema recognizes the status of the mainstream, their ideological and aesthetic bases, on the other hand, it strives to expand it in unexplored ways. As seen in recent years, many of the once art films are now being enjoyed by an increasing number of audience. If an ordinary film should align with its era, then it is the duty for art cinema of an era to go above and beyond it, which is why some old films are worth seeing even after decades. The Japanese film from 1950, Rashomon is an example. The observation and depiction of humanity in the film, through the four liars, the peasant, the samurai, the wife and the robber are so profound that even after 60 years, people are still fascinated by it.

The public used to perceive art cinema as boring and confusing, but it is in the seemingly dullness that the realism side of cinematography is explored. From the above discussions, it is found that art cinema has always been relevant to the mainstream film industry. Under the rebellious cover, art cinema serves as the true explorer of the innovations and new edges in film-making just as much as mainstream films do.

References:

Neale, S. "Art Cinema as Institution." Screen, vol. 22, no. 1, 1981, pp. 11-40doi:10.1093/screen/22.1.11.

Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey. Making Waves: New Cinemas of the 1960s, Continuum, New York, 2008.

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51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有；未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象，51Due保留一切法律追诉权。