assignment代写：Internet and Web Systems

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Internet and Web Systems，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了一个用java编写的简单web服务器程序的项目，旨在处理各类http请求等相关任务。

We are all familiar with how one accesses a Web server via a browser. The big question is what is going

on under the covers of the Web server: how does it serve data?, what is necessary in order to provide the

notion of sessions?, how is it extended?, and so on.

This assignment focuses on developing an application server, i.e., a Web (HTTP) server that runs Java

servlets, in two stages. In the first stage, you will implement a simple HTTP server for static content (i.e.,

files like images, style sheets, and HTML pages). In the second stage, you will expand this work to emulate

a full-fledged application server that runs servlets. Java servlets are a popular method for writing dynamic

Web applications. They provide a cleaner and much more powerful interface to the Web server and Web

browser than previous methods, such as CGI scripts.

A Java servlet is simply a Java class that extends the class HttpServlet. It typically overrides the doGet

and doPost methods from that class to generate a web page in response to a request from a Web browser.

An XML file, web.xml, lets the servlet developer specify a mapping from URLs to class names; this is

how the server knows which class to invoke in response to an HTTP request. Further details about servlets,

including links to tutorials and an API reference, as well as sample servlets and a corresponding web.xml

file, are available on the course web site. We have also given you code to parse web.xml.

2 Developing and running your code

We strongly recommend that you do the following before you start writing code:

1. Carefully read the entire assignment (both milestones) from front to back and make a list of the

features you need to implement.

2. Think about how the key features will work. For instance, before you start with MS2, go through

the steps the server will need to perform to handle a request. If you still have questions, have a look

at some of the extra material on the assignments page, or ask one of us during office hours.

3. Spend at least some time thinking about the design of your solution. What classes will you need?

How many threads will there be? What will their interfaces look like? Which data structures need

synchronization? And so on.

4. Regularly check your changes into the Git repository. This will give you many useful features,

including a recent backup and the ability to roll back any changes that have mysteriously broken

your code.

We recommend that you continue using the VM image we have provided for HW0. This image should

already contain all the tools you will need for HW1. If you have already checked out the code from your

CIS 455/555: Internet and Web Systems

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Git repository, all you need to do to get the HW1 framework code is open a terminal and run “cd

~/workspace” followed by “git pull”. After this, there should be a new “HW1” folder in the workspace

directory; you can import this folder as a project into Eclipse using the same approach as in HW0.

Of course, you are free to use any other Java IDE you like, or no IDE at all, and you do not have to use any

of the tools we provide. However, to ensure efficient grading, your submission must meet the requirements

specified in 3.5 and 4.7 below – in particular, it must build and run correctly in the original VM image and

have a Maven build script (pom.xml). The VM image, and Maven, will be the ‘gold standard’ for grading.

We strongly recommend that you regularly check the discussions on Piazza for clarifications and solutions

to common problems.

2.1 Testing your server

To test your server, you have several options:

• You can use the Developer Tools in Chrome to inspect the HTTP headers. Open the menu, choose

“More Tools”, and click on “Developer tools”. This should pop up a new tab; click on “Network”

to open a list of all the HTTP requests processed by Chrome, click on a request for extra details,

and then click on “Headers” to see the headers.

• If you want to check whether you are using the correct headers, you may find the site websniffer.net

useful.

• You can use the telnet command to directly interact with the server. Just run telnet

localhost 80, type in the request, and hit Enter twice; you should see the server’s response. (If

your server is running on a different port, replace ’80’ with the port number.)

• You may also want to consider using the curl command-line utility to do some automated testing

of your server. curl makes it easy to test HTTP/1.1 compliance by sending HTTP requests that

are purposefully invalid – e.g., sending an HTTP/1.1 request without a Host header. ‘man curl’

lists a great many flags.

• To stress-test your server, you can use Apachebench (the ab command, which is already preinstalled

in the VM). Apachebench can be configured to make many requests concurrently, which

will help you find concurrency problems, deadlocks, etc.

We suggest that you use multiple options for testing; if you only use Firefox, for instance, there is a risk

that you hard-code assumptions about Firefox, so your solution won’t work with Chrome, curl, or ab.

You may also want to compare your server’s behavior with that of a known-good server, e.g., the CIS web

server. Please do test your solution carefully!

3 Milestone 1: Multithreaded HTTP/1.1 Server

For the first milestone, your task is relatively simple. You will develop a Web server that can be invoked

from the command line, taking the following parameters, in this order:

1. Port to listen for connections on. Port 80 is the default HTTP port, but it is often blocked by

firewalls, so your server should be able to run on any other port (e.g., 8080)

2. Root directory of the static web pages. For example, if this is set to the directory /var/www, a

request for /mydir/index.html will return the file /var/www/mydir/index.html.

(do not hard-code any part of the path in your code – your server needs to work on a different

machine, which may have completely different directories!)

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Note that the second milestone will add a third argument (see below). If your server is invoked without any

command-line arguments, it must output your full name and SEAS login name.

Your program will accept incoming GET and HEAD requests from a Web browser (such as the Firefox

browser in the VM image), and it will make use of a thread pool (as discussed in class) to invoke a worker

thread to process each request. The worker thread will parse the HTTP request, determine which file was

requested (relative to the root directory specified above) and return the file. If a directory was requested,

the request should return a listing of the files in the directory. Your server should return the correct MIME

types for some basic file formats, based on the extension (.jpg, .gif, .png, .txt, .html); keep in mind that

image files must be sent in binary form — not with println or equivalent — otherwise the browser will not

be able to read them. If a GET or HEAD request is made that is not a valid UNIX path specification, if no

file is found, or if the file is not accessible, you should return the appropriate HTTP error. See the HTTP

Made Really Easy paper for more details.

MAJOR SECURITY CONCERN: You should make sure that users are not allowed to request absolute

paths or paths outside the root directory. We will validate, e.g., that we can’t get hold of /etc/passwd!

3.1 HTTP protocol version and features

Your application server must be HTTP 1.1 compliant, and it must support all the features described in

HTTP Made Really Easy. This means that it must be able to support HTTP 1.0 clients as well as 1.1 clients.

Persistent connections are suggested but not required for HTTP 1.1 servers. If you do not wish to support

persistent connections, be sure to include “Connection: close” in the header of the response.

Chunked encoding (sometimes called chunking) is also not required. Support for persistent connections

and chunking is extra credit, described near the end of this assignment.

HTTP Made Really Easy is not a complete specification, so you will occasionally need to look at RFC 2616

(the ‘real’ HTTP specification; http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt) for protocol details. If

you have a protocol-related question, please make an effort to find the answer in the spec before you post

the question to Piazza!

3.2 Special URLs

Your application server should implement two special URLs. If someone issues a GET /shutdown, your

server should shut down immediately; however, any threads that are still busy handling requests must be

aborted properly (do not just call System.exit!). If someone issues a GET /control, your server

should return a ‘control panel’ web page, which must contain at least a) your full name and SEAS login, b)

a list of all the threads in the thread pool, c) the status of each thread (‘waiting’ or the URL it is currently

handling), and d) a button that shuts down the server, i.e., is linked to the special /shutdown URL. It

must be possible to open the special URLs in a normal web browser.

3.3 Implementation techniques

For efficiency, your application server must be implemented using a thread pool that you implement, as

discussed in class. Specifically, there should be one thread that listens for incoming TCP requests and

enqueues them, and some number of threads that process the requests from the queue and return the

responses. We will examine your code to make sure it is free of race conditions and the potential for

deadlock, so code carefully!

We expect you to write your own thread pool code, not use one from the Java system library or an external

library. This includes the queue, which you should implement by yourself, using condition variables to

block and wake up threads. You may not use the BlockingQueue that comes with Java, or any similar

classes.

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3.4 Tips for testing and debugging

When you test your solution with Firefox or Chrome, you will sometimes see more than one request, even

if you open only one web page. This is because the browser sometimes checks whether there is an icon

(favicon.ico) for the web page; just handle this additional request as you would handle any other

request. Another common problem when requesting binary files, such as images, is that the file is not

displayed properly or is shown as ‘broken’. Typically, the reason is that your server is sending a few extra

bytes or is missing a few bytes, e.g., due to an off-by-one error; it might also be converting some

character sequences, e.g., a \n to a \r\n. Try saving the file to disk in the browser, and then compare its

length and contents to the original file.

When stress-testing your solution with Apachebench, you may sometimes see some failed connections

(“Connection reset by peer”). To fix this, try turning off any console logging during the stress test, since

this will slow down your server and prevent it from keeping up. You can also increase the second

argument to ServerSocket, which limits the number of connections that can be “waiting” at any given

time. Finally, you may want to try running the following two commands in a terminal:

sudo sh -c ‘echo 1024 > /proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn’

sudo sh -c ‘echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies’

The first one increases a relevant kernel parameter, and the second disables a defense against denial-ofservice

attacks that is sometimes triggered by the benchmark.

3.5 Requirements

Your solution must meet the following requirements (please read carefully!):

1. Your main class must be called HttpServer, and it must be located in a package called

edu.upenn.cis455.hw1.

2. Your submission must contain a) the entire source code, as well as any supplementary files needed

to build your solution, b) a Maven build script called pom.xml (a template is included with the

code in your Git repository), and c) a README file. The README file must contain 1) your full

name and SEAS login name, 2) a description of features implemented, 3) any extra credit claimed,

and 4) any special instructions for building or running.

3. When your submission is unpacked in the original VM image and the Maven build script is run

(mvn clean install), your solution must compile correctly. Please test this before submitting!

4. Your server must accept the two command-line arguments specified above, and it must output your

full name and SEAS login name when invoked without command-line arguments.

5. Your solution must be submitted using the online submission system (see the link on the course

web page) before the relevant deadline on the first page of this handout. The only exception is if

you have obtainend an extension online (using the “Extend” link in the submission system).

6. You must check your submission into your Git repository after you submit it. Run “git status” in

the workspace directory to check for modifications, use “git add” to add any new files or directories

you created, and then run “git commit” followed by “git push”. Be sure to check whether these

commands actually succeed. If necessary, consult https://git-scm.com/documentation.

7. Your code must contain a reasonable amount of useful documentation.

You may not use any third-party code other than the standard Java libraries (exceptions noted in the

assignment) and any code we provide.

5/10

4 Milestone 2: Servlet Engine

The second milestone will build upon the Web server from Milestone 1, with support for POST and for

invoking servlet code. To ease implementation, your application server will need to support only one web

application at a time. Therefore, you can simply add the class files for the web application to the classpath

when you invoke you application server from the command line, and pass the location of the web.xml file

as an argument. Furthermore, you need not implement all of the methods in the various servlet classes;

details as to what is required may be found below.

4.1 The Servlet

A servlet is typically stored in a special “war file” (extension .war) which is essentially a jar file with a

special layout. The configuration information for a servlet is specified in a file called web.xml, which is

typically in the WEB-INF directory. The servlet’s actual classes are typically in WEB-INF/classes.

The web.xml file contains information about the servlet class to be invoked, its name for the app server,

and various parameters to be passed to the servlet. See below for an example:

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高分essay写作方法分享

想必留学生们一定都经常需要写作essay，那么不知道大家写出来的essay质量如何，能否拿到高分？假如同学们不能做到的话，那么就需要努力去练习，提升自己的写作水平。下面就给大家分享一下高分essay的写作方法，同学们可以借鉴一下。

优秀的essay一般都有以下几个特征：

1、开头吸引人。打仗先打头阵，尤其是第一句话，“开门红”不免使导师眼前一亮，那么您的文章就在essay大军中占到了先机，或是开门见山亮出观点，或是几种观点进行对比，总之要给导师强烈的image，吸引对方循着你铺的路线看下去，寻找文章的线索和逻辑。

2、突出论文核心部分，内容布局紧密有致。整篇文章紧紧围绕要论述的核心展开，并不是各自分散，平均用力，文章内部如同一张网，看似分开却又紧密结合，由某一点散发，最后却又收在了一起。

3、思维逻辑清晰。有中心有重点了文章论述也要讲求先后顺序，并且引导对方去探求你的思维逻辑。

4、句式处理妥当。内容和形式相辅相成，作为形式的句式和语言，对于essay的修饰会起到不可估量的作用。首先是选词，外国人不能接受范围、概念很宽很广的词，喜欢恰当的、精准的表述；其次是句式的使用，不管是英文还是中文都切忌使用一种句式，要么很长，要么很短，最好的长短句相结合，适当的情况下穿插一些气势如虹的排比句和简明扼要的短句会使文章很有“弹性”。

5、essay能体现笔者灵魂。一篇文章最难得的就是有思想有灵魂，文章独立，能极度体现作者的思考能力，这样的文章怎能不让导师拍案叫绝呢？

以上就是给大家总结的高分essay写作方法，对essay写作不满意的同学可以按照这些方法去提升。

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Paper代写：Indian cuisine

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Indian cuisine，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了印度菜。印度菜作为一种独特的菜肴，给世界各地的人们留下了深刻的印象。一般而言，印度菜会有不同的农作物，水果和蔬菜，肉类和奶制品，还有各种各样的药草和香料，这就形成了印度风味的主要特征。由于宗教原因，某些宗教团体不允许吃一些肉类，所以印度有相当数量的素食者。草药和香料是印度菜中不可缺少的一部分，其中辣椒是最常用的一种。

Indian food as a unique cuisine has impressed people from most other cultures around the world. The major charm of it, besides different crops, fruits and vegetables, meat and dairy, is the variety of herbs and spices, which build up the main character of Indian flavor (Sengupta et al., 2004). This essay explores Indian cuisine in both its features and the cultural factors behind it.

First of all, when referring to Indian food, it is irresponsible to adopt certain dishes as a representation as food in India is influenced by various cultures (Achaya, 1998). With a wide range of religions and the large scale of the land, Indian food varies accordingly throughout the country. However, there are typical styles of cooking and ingredients that can illustrate Indian cuisine (Sen, 2004). For instance, crops such as rice, black gram, red lentils,pigeon peas,mung beansandpearl millet are often used as the staple food. The ingredients of main dish include most vegetables and meat, though chicken and lamb is most common used. Due to religious reasons, some food is not allowed among certain religion groups, such as beef to Hinduisms and pork to Muslims. There are a considerably amount of vegetarians in India for the same reason (Gregory and Grandin, 2007). Herbs and spices, as an indispensable part of Indian cooking, include ginger, mustard, turmeric, curry, garlic, cloves, aniseed etc., among which chilli pepper is the most common used one (Sengupta et al., 2004).

Secondly, similar to the food, dining traditions vary throughout the country as well. In general, people have their hands well cleaned before they start meals in India. It is their belief that to feel the touch of food with their bare hands is as important to appreciate the food as eating. Food is placed on banana leaves or Thali, a traditional silver plate, usually served without cutlery. Fingers are used not only for picking up the food, but also for mixing the flavors up. Normally the thumb, index finger and middle finger are used to do the holding and mixing. In a proper meal, only the right hand is required to help eating, while the other one is left free in order to hold glass or serve food(Adamson; Segan, 2008). However, it is in fact a relatively neat manner, unlike the common belief, that only the tips of the three fingers areused. Nevertheless, it is impolite to use fingers too much, such as dipping the whole hand in food or licking fingers. People usually sit either on the floor or on cushions to have the meal, with the homemaker or any volunteers as the server to bring different courses and beverages. In some occasions, the servers do not join the meal (Hooker, 2003). Moreover, the role of the servers is mostly women (Waheneka, 2005).

Thirdly, family and friends often have meals together. Although it is allowed for people with different religions to have meals together, they cannot take food from the same course (Gregory and Grandin, 2007). Besides, it is vital to respect different beliefs while preparing as well as serving food.

Last but not least, in Indian cuisine, beverage is also a significant part. Tea and coffee are major non-alcoholic beverages in the country, which are consumed with breakfast and lunch. There are also traditional beverages made by diary productions, fruits and flowers. Moreover, alcoholic drinks are popular in India for a long term as well, especially among males. Apart from beer, alcohol is also served mixed up with various herbs and spices.

In conclusion, researches on Indian cuisine revealed the wide range of ingredients of Indian food, the common process and habits of traditional meals, the status and influence of religion over dining and the beverage traditions. Although in modern life, habits and traditions varies due to the development of information, economy and technology, traditions of Indian cuisine is not likely to lose the importance to the race.

References:

Achaya, K. T. 1998, “historical dictionary of Indian food.” Historical dictionary of Lithuania /Scarecrow Press, pp. 578-581.

Adamson, M. W.&Segan, F. (2008), Entertaining from Ancient Rome to the Super Bowl: An Encyclopedia.p. 311.

Gregory, N.& Grandin, T. 2007, “Animal Welfare and Meat Production,” CABI, pp. 206-208.

Hooker, J. 2003, Working Across Cultures. Stanford University Press. pp. 239–240.

Sengupta, A, et al. 2004, "Indian food ingredients and cancer prevention - an experimental evaluation of anticarcinogenic effects of garlic in rat colon." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention Apjcp, vol.5, no.2, p.126.

Sen, C. T. 2004, "Food culture in India." Greenwood .

Waheneka, M. 2005, "Indian Perspectives on Food and Culture." Oregon Historical Quarterly, vol.106, no.3, pp.468-474.

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Paper代写：The government should not intervene in the economy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- The government should not intervene in the economy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了政府应不应该干预经济。一些学者认为，政府干预经济是没有必要的，因为市场可以实现社会所需要的一切。然而，这种想法是错误。首先，政府可以帮助市场实现更好的社会效益。此外，政府还可以帮助改善无法通过纯粹市场经济实现的社会平等。所以政府有必要干预经济的发展，因为它是有利的。

Introduction

The main purpose of the essay is to discuss whether government should intervene in the market economy. Some scholars have argued that it is unnecessary for government to intervene in the economy because markets can achieve all that society requires. However, others put forward that government should participate in the economy in some specific areas to certain degree. This essay will more tend to later argument that it is necessary for the government to participate in the markets to help solve some issues markets can not solve such as market failure, society equity and so on.

Government and the markets

Although markets can depend on its original systems and regulations to achieve some objectives that society requires, it can not solve all issues in the society such as the equality and market failure. Therefore, it is necessary for government to participate in the market to some extent in order to achieve better market economy.

First of all, the government can help solve the market failure to achieve better social benefit (Wade 2010). For example, the government provides some public goods such as police and laws defense which are not provided in free markets without paying them. In addition to the public goods, the government intervention also can help solve the negative externalities (Wade 2010). For example, some companies that pursuit the maximized profits may ignore the environment problems and cause the huge pollution, which will further increase the external cost and affect the whole society’s welfare. However, the government can achieve larger society welfare through taxing more for these enterprises that bring external costs and giving some subsidies for those enterprises that produce the positive social efficiency (Wade 2010). In particular, the government can help control and regulate the monopoly strength. For example, some large scale of firms may make higher prices for their products through depending on the strong monopoly power. However, the regulation of government on the monopoly enterprises can exert pressure on the higher prices and force them to make more reasonable prices for consumers. The role of the government on the markets will not be achieved in a free market.

In addition, the government also can help improve the society equality that can not be achieved through the pure market economy (Rothbard 2011). In fact, in a free market, there exist a lot of inequalities such as employment opportunity, income distribution and so on. The government intervention is conductive to solve these issues. For example, the firms in a free market may depend on their monopoly advantage to pay lower salaries for employees and make higher prices for consumers, which is not beneficial to achieve the social fairness and promote the market competition (Rothbard 2011). However, the government participation will regulate these firms and promote more income equity.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is necessary for the government intervention in the market economy. The government intervention can achieve the society equality such as the income distribution, wealth and opportunity equity. The government intervention is also conductive to solve the market failure issue that can not be achieved in a free market such as negative externalities, public goods and regulation of monopoly power.

References

Rothbard, M 2011, Power & market: Government and the economy, Ludwig von Mises Institute, US.

Wade, R 2010, Governing the market: Economic theory and the role of government in East Asian industrialization, Princeton University Press, US.

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Essay代写：Is communication a guarantee for democracy

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Is communication a guarantee for democracy，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了民主与沟通。沟通会是民主的保证吗？这个问题一直以来都存在着争议。一方面，民主的本质是人民有权表达思想的权利。在所有的利益相关讨论后，赢得最多支持的意见很可能被选为代表。因此，利益相关者之间的沟通对于民主的保障是非常重要的。外在的观点表达形式，这似乎是双方观点的交换，实际上与内心的意见交换没有任何关系。

Democracy comes from communication, but does it mean that enough communication can guarantee the implementation of democracy?

I don't think so.

The relationship between communication and democracy is quite controversial.

On one hand, the nature of democracy is a permission of people’s right to express their own ideas. After listening to and discussing among all the interest concerned party, the opinion that wins the most support is likely to be chosen as the representation of the group. Thus efficiency and heart to heart communication among interest holders is quite important for the guarantee of democracy.

On the other hand, communication does not seem to be a guarantee for democracy. According to dictionary, the initial meaning in the word of “communicate” is sharing and the exchange of sincere ideas from the heart of both parties’ (O’Mahnoy, 2015). However, the meaning of the word communication has been expanded to large that any verbal and written expressions among people are treated as communication. Thus, with expanded interpretations of the word communication, there are many external forms of opinions expressions, which seem like the exchange of both parties opinions, and actually have nothing to do with exchange of inner heart opinions (Mattes, 2016).

Many examples of non-democratic communications are found in the field of politics. In some case, the carrying out of policy is not likely to be democratic at all. For example, the carrying out of monetary policy by Federal Reserve System in America is unwelcomed by both government and industry(Mouhammed, 2008). According to the definition of democracy, a policy that is not welcomed by the majority is a violation of democracy. However, according to the decision making mechanism in the proposal process of policy in Federal Reserve System, it is actually a presentation of democracy. The board numbers of Federal Reserve System are carefully selected from different interest group, including monetary institutions, government and representatives from industries. To better ensure the implementation of democracy, the selection process even includes a requirement for board members to come from different states of America, in order to prevent the inequality caused by a concentration in a certain state. The decision mechanism begins with a full and thorough communications of the six representatives from different parties, and ends with a crucial choice of the chairman. In this mechanism, there is little choice for the chairman, because in most cases, chairman is likely to choose the side already with the major supports. Thus, the overwhelming supports won by one party are likely to form a kind of control and invalidate the rest of communication results, causing the controversial issue that communication boosts the development of democracy by the creation of control which will deactivate democracy in return.

Therefore, it is hard to tell what the exact relationship between communication and democracy is, because it is both the role of communication that boosts democracy and the role of communication that deactivates democracy.

Reference:

O’Mahony, P. (2015). Climate change: responsibility, democracy and communication. European Journal of Society Theory, 18(3).

Mattesm K. (2016). Consumer Democracy: The marketing of politics. Political communication, 33(1), 161-168.

Mouhammed, A.H., (2008). The Federal Reserve and the American business cycles, International academy of business and economics, 8(1), 34.

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