北美作业代写：The Sorrows of Young Werther

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The Sorrows of Young Werther，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了《少年维特之烦恼》。在歌德的小说《少年维特之烦恼》中，剧情都围绕着维特与绿蒂的爱情这条情节主线，不仅展示了社会生活的广阔画面，还体现了狂飙突进时期德国青年维特敏感、脆弱的人格及其悲剧的一生。维特的形象蕴含了十八世纪下半叶德国社会的现实和时代启蒙儿的矛盾，体现的是一代人的共性。

Victor's character is special, with the sensitivity, vulnerability, fantasy, passion and sentimentality of the period of violent outburst. "Vittellian life", not only belongs to vitter alone, but is the common face of a generation of young people in the society and literature at that time. It is a common life state of young people in Germany and Europe in the 18th century.

"The sorrows of young werther" around the victor and she love the plot of the main line, shows the broad picture of social life, reflects the surge period German young werther sensitive, fragile, fantasy, passion, sad the personality and the tragedy of life.

Goethe's young werther has the typical era color of the "surge movement" and the sensitive, fragile and emotional personality. "Character is destiny". Victor's tragic fate is closely related to his character.

Victor's character is radical and enthusiastic, which is reflected in the spirit of fighting against all restraints and self-expansion. In victor's day, "nature" was a hot topic. As early as in the middle of the eighteenth century, Rousseau witnessed since the private ownership, human creation of wealth and the spiritual civilization inhibited the development of the people, the greed and desire of people make people gradually deviated from the natural, simple and good nature. He believed that the best state of human beings is the state of nature. Therefore, he stressed that people must "follow nature" and called for "return to nature". Victor is the shadow of young Goethe is advocated a Lord, advocated to Goethe experienced a bourgeois culture, accept the advanced ideas, with outstanding talents, lofty sentiments, bold and unrestrained passion, ambitious, a new outlook on life and values, representing the German educated youth generation of awakening.

Victor is a heart that has been shaken from its foundations.

He is a romantic psychological confidant, a sentimental and fragile fantasy tragic image. Victor on the natural infinite admire, incisively and vividly, not only the young Goethe's own world view, religion, society, morality, aesthetics, etc., and more importantly, is tortuous reflects the new bourgeoisie reformers claim to the reality. Because, take measure of the scale of the "nature", the social system, religious belief, legal, moral, education, culture and life custom and so on, which do not is desirable, which do not can survive. His pursuit was an illusion, but in essence he was sentimental. He has a strong sentimental sentiment, he blindly emphasizes the feelings of the heart, love nature, love freedom, love true temperament, love beautiful fantasy. Victor is a warm pure, brilliant young, personality similar young Goethe, but we can see that he is much more feeling, more gentle, more weak, his emotions too slender, character too fragile, his good and bad of the world or the light and the dark, is the reflection of his own heart, destined to his pessimistic personality root, such a fragile heart can't be forever in this hard world.

Victor's character is not his character alone, but the radical and sentimental feelings Shared by his generation.

Victor pursuit of freedom and equality status, sentimental fragile personality and love longings and contradiction between the social hierarchy, caused his life tragedy, the final victor had to use their own way to seek their own reality.

Lottie is not just victor's lover, she is almost the embodiment of his ideal, the beauty representative. Not only was he his lover, but he had become the object and refuge of his soul. His love for her is hot, ecstasy, yet somewhat deviation from the true meaning of love, this is an irrational and abnormal love, is not the final result of the destruction of others, is to destroy them. It was not so much that he loved her as he loved himself, trying to prove his worth by conquering the opposite sex. Because of this, in the face of rational barriers, the heart of victor will produce such complex entanglements and deep pain. When he realized that he could not be accepted by Patty, victor chose reality. When reality turned him down, he went back to her, and the fact that he didn't have a loved one made victor even crazier. When she announced the disillusionment of his dream, victor all hope in life, the passion of youth, the courage of life is destroyed, and only to an extreme way -- suicide to show resistance of reality.

18 th-century Germany, the spirit of youth and life are under severe oppression and devastation, anguish, eager to get rid of feudal bondage, but lack the strength to fight again, can't see a way out, widespread negative and decadent sentiment. Although victor began to wake up, his spirit was still marked by The Times and classes -- the limitations and weakness of the new bourgeoisie in the struggle against feudalism. He was angry and resentful of reality and unwilling to live in the dark. Irritability, anxiety, into the pain and anxiety, for the social total despair, finally decided to use at the expense of their lives, the feudal system of the sin to the strongest condemnation and protests, he found himself no way out, no longer have any hope for the future, in this way, the unreasonable system of feudal society, the old order, habits and prejudices and pressure took the life of a wunderkind. German bourgeoisie cannot change reality according to the class interests, Goethe even declared that "filled with indignation, desperate, thinking that life now that couldn't be dragged down, from the earth, to succeed in one's scheme. This morbid emotion makes them more vulnerable to the vulgar social reality. After experiencing a series of setbacks, victor felt that his dream was very illusory and could not be realized in reality, so he chose to fight with death.

Victor is for freedom and equality. He is for self-esteem. He was a passionate, independent man who did not want to be bound by any rules and regulations. Victor used his career development to get rid of the emotional trauma caused by his love disappointment, so he went to the embassy to show his intelligence. But the German society is meanness, those constrained rigid, everywhere conformism, mere common courtesy, minister of do STH unconventional or unorthodox victor is very antipathy, those people around chasing level status. The humiliated victor was so angry that it was no wonder he lamented: "what annoys me most is the plight of the citizens." Feudal class to attempt to always keep their vested interests, advocating that approaches are different, the feudal hierarchy as the norm and cannot be changed, in such a society, hold the bourgeoisie to achieve its "personality liberation", "emotional freedom" and "all-round development of human nature" of the ideal. Victor was a self-conscious civic youth, unwilling to be submissive and submissive to others. Goethe once said victor said, "look at 'victor era we will find that it has nothing to do with the general process of world culture, and is associated with each person's individual career, people are born with instinct freely, but must adapt yourself to the narrow limits of the world" ups and downs.

Victor's death was both a social responsibility and a class limitation. Yang wuneng said, "the discrimination and oppression of the aristocracy once made victor angry and wanted to" pick up and Pierce his chest to express his depression ". So, dislike of civil society and disappointment, more to his harrowing experience, really 'end of life's journey,' "as luna child in to commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of Goethe's death as a report" near the end of Goethe's life, he has begun to see that the bourgeois social development brought about by the internal contradictions "" victor" more reveals the conflicts between social reality and personality. It is in this contradiction that victor, and all the progressive youth of his generation, are troubled and depressed. As Engels said: "victor established one of the greatest critical achievements", victor's image contained in the second half of the 18th century German society the contradiction between the reality and the age of enlightenment, and is by no means a person's characteristics, but embodies the commonness of generation.

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Assignment代写：Davit's verbal intuition

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的assignment代写范文- Davit's verbal intuition，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了戴维特的语言直觉。戴维特认为语言直觉是个体对现象的反应，它负载经验且有其处理中心，具有直接、非反思的特征，很少依赖于有意识的推理。普通使用者以语法作为语言直觉的证据，而语言直觉则是构建语言理论的关键证据。

Philosopher in recent years, some experiments based on some empirical research conclusion, questioning in semantic theory construction to resort to language intuition as arguments, the method of reliability, David began actively considering study about the philosophers of language intuition. He looks at the meaning of language intuition. The reliability of language intuition; The essence of language intuition is discussed from three aspects. It is of great importance to study the ontological and epistemological problems of the world.

David, in the theoretical construction of causal language intuition as the premise, starting from the definition of language intuition as to language intuition to justify, according to the methodology of naturalism of language intuition is given definition: "language intuition is the individual's reaction to the phenomenon, it load experience and has its own processing center, has a direct, the reflection characteristics, rarely rely on conscious reasoning". Davit's definition of language intuition has two characteristics: people are presupposed to understand the existence of the world through language; It is proposed to summarize the systematic observation and thinking of reality with experience theory, and to recognize the individual's grasp of reality on the basis of recognizing that intuition is experience and can be wrong.

David, it is pointed out that intuition is the direct reaction of the individual to the world first, the reaction is metaphysics, it by linguists expertise do defense for this reaction, the philosophers of language intuition theory. David further assume that all of these instincts are experts on the reflection of language data, into the brain were obtained through the access to the corpus of some conscious state, and then continue to translate into when using apriori unconsciousness. Therefore, in a way, we should believe that a person's linguistic intuition is based on his or her professional knowledge.

Davitt believes that the reliability of intuition is demonstrated by its role in language. Intuition is essentially an empirical judgment that we should oppose expert intuition with the use of empirical language, rather than with the intuition of the general public. The best way to understand tested intuitions is to interpret "ingredients" in terms of attributive rather than procedural terms.

Language intuition comes from the grammar of evidence for them. On the one hand, it is common to talk about a person's "voice of ability" as a kind of "knowledge". On the other hand, when we follow knowledge of the "voice of power" of the masses, we simply assume it is knowledge. Davit believes this is a great skill and ability to acquire a "competent voice." This ability shifts between the meaningful abilities that the mind wants to express, and eventually forms the formal language that the voice wants to express, increasing the utility of intuition.

He argues that the meta-language intuition is not evidence, because it is a priori, not empirical. Ordinary users use grammar as evidence of linguistic intuition. And linguists claim that "intuition should rely primarily on its own linguists." However, they may think that a speaker's verbal instincts are not unique. In terms of intuition, we equate it with logical thinking activities like typing and playing chess. A person can find data to react to because their intuition has the ability to generate relevant data. Like the inept empirical responses, they derive from empirical observations. The data mentioned here, we must mention the "mild explanation".

The so-called "data" of mild interpretation is mainly a model to understand language data. Data is a language form. According to the gentle explanation, intuition provides only this data. It does not provide any information about the data and true or false language propositions. The mild explanation also requires a relatively direct cognitive path: language concept is the language expressed according to rules. The rules here may well represent but do not represent a central reflective data system. In fact, Chomsky used the principle of analogy to discover that the visual system has similar intuitive rules.

Psychologists also believe that language is an implicit learning, which is a gradual accumulation of intuitive rules. Therefore, in general, when a normal person is asked a word of a string, he first simulates the behavior and tries to generate or understand the string, so as to exercise his language ability. So the supply of capacity is based on intuition, and language provides intuition. It is important to note here, pat orchid? Russell's "deny our informal conversation may constitute a language". According to this stance, a non-formal language in which we say that "every language is a metaclanguage, and for that language" verbal activity."

Language intuition is the key evidence for the construction of language theory. How to explain the cognitive pattern behind intuition is the focus of linguists.

Language intuition is the product of cognitive insight in the ability module, which exists and is disturbed by the results of the speaker himself. This is obvious: here's some intuition may reflect some kind of "voice", but the "voice" may include people's beliefs, linguists and the theory of intuition may reflect their theoretical bias. As a result, the resulting syntactic theory increasingly relies on the intuition of experimenters. In short, the idea that the speaker's verbal intuition is a product of cognitive insight in the ability module is acceptable if the "voice of competence" is correct.

Language intuition is a process of accumulating psychological impressions of the objective world. According to davitt, it is through the experience and knowledge accumulated in the past that linguists have acquired a kind of intuitive cognitive ability. After the overall investigation of the target system, under the leadership of this intuitive cognitive ability, they will form a psychological impression of the objective world, namely the structural sketch of the objective world. These efforts set the tone for future concrete model building. This shows that intuition is a cumulative process, not a direct one, as Chomsky believes. And intuition plays an important role in the representation of language cognitive model theory.

Language intuition is embodied with the body cognition, which is a kind of generative cognition. Because intuition is sensitive and intentional. That is to say, on the surface of intuition, you can defend the perceptual properties. People can talk a lot about pain or red feelings. If you want to complete the interpretation of the human consciousness about intuition produce activity, you need to belong to a related to the physical consciousness, attitude and belief system of body image with belong to without awareness under the control of the senses - sports ability system of the body schema integration, thus form a whole body of ideas could be involved and the constructive theory of cognitive science research framework.

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非常全面的essay写作指南

虽然如今国内大学是寒假期间，但国外的大学却正值开学，所以又有一大波新生奔赴国外求学。对于初到国外留学的同学们来说，必须要尽快掌握essay的写作方法，因为它是国外大学最常见的作业形式，所以是非常重要的。下面就给大家分享史上最全的essay写作指南。

Step 1: 首先要理解题目

不离题，不偏题，不跑题是essay的基本前提，留学生首先要确保自己essay所写的内容是否切合主题，必须要认真审题。可以在题目中画出哪些是topic words,哪些是instruction words. 主题词就是essay中主要讨论的内容。Instruction words 一般是critically evaluate，using xxx theory, under xxx circumstance之类的指导性话语，并且还要注意，题目中是否要求提出solution或者是否需要阐述如何improve。

Step 2: 其次构思文章结构

弄清楚题目后，可以开始写essay plan，有了plan就能够较有方向性的查找资料。不同的专业和题目的要求会有所不同，但是essay从大方向上来说可分为三个部分，Introduction, body part, conclusion。

Introduction部分就相当于一个hook的作用，吸引读者的注意，并于接下来要讨论的内容挂钩。这部分内容需要简单明了的介绍所讨论内容的背景，以及本篇文章将针对什么方面讨论什么问题，字数不宜太多。

Body 主题部分根据不同的要求有不同的策略。可以根据具体的内容在网上参考范文的分析模型。

一般可分为几种类型

1.讨论正方观点，反方观点

2. 分析利与弊

3.讨论目前所面临的问题并提出解决方案

4.分析问题产生的原因或结果

Conclusion结尾的总结需要简要概括在文章中所讨论的内容，结论是什么。并且需要与开头部分有相呼应的地方。这部分内容的字数也不宜写太多，并且最忌讳的是不能在结尾部分提出新的观点和新的解决办法。Conclusion中所提及的内容必须是基于文章中已有的内容进行总结概括。

Step 3: 运用批判性思维（critical thinking）

Critical thinking不是在对与错之间相互驳论，而是如何develop或者evaluate现有的观点和结论成果，而不是人云亦云。需要我们多角度的思考问题。这点在essay中写观点的时候非常受用。

Step 4: 文献综述（Reference）

Reference可以说也是essay里的重头戏。它决定了你这篇文章的level。Reference的来源可以是网址，报纸，书籍，论文，数据，图片等等。一般运用较学术的reference比较有权威性。例如期刊也分为普通期刊和学术期刊，那么如果能用学术型期刊里的文章将会使你的essay更加academic.如果资料是来源与网络那么尽量不要选择blog，这样不够学术和权威。可以在org,或者ac这类型的网页里找资料比较靠谱。

除了reference的来源之外，格式也是相当重要的。Reference一般采用Harvard system的格式。但是不同的学校，学院，学科以及老师的要求也许都有差别，所以大家一定要紧跟要求，把格式调整好，最常见的还有MLA，APA以及CMS等等。

看到文章的最后相信大家脑子里还会有的疑问就是，语法问题怎么办？这个是大多数中国学生都会感到苦恼的问题。想对大家说的就是，语法问题是需要长时间积累去解决的，无法通过一两次的essay写作得到彻底的改善。在自己对语法上的问题不确定的时候尽量避免写长难句，可以用相对简单的方式表述。虽然老师的feedback中不会列出每一个语法错误如何修改，但是在老师所标记的地方一点要自己仔细斟酌。

以上就是关于essay写作指南的分享，不会写essay的同学们可以参考一下，希望能帮到大家。

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Paper代写：Food regulation in Switzerland

本篇paper代写- Food regulation in Switzerland讨论了瑞士的食品监督。瑞士堪称是世界上饭店总数最多的国家之一，它的餐饮企业有着十分严格的行业食品卫生安全标准。在瑞士，正式注册的任何餐饮企业都必须达到HCE和GMP认证体系的各项标准，否则就无法经营。GMP和HCE两大卫生认证体系针对餐饮业设定的各项具体标准条款多达数百项，其中对于餐馆厨房硬件设施和餐馆食品供货链等设定的要求最为苛刻。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Switzerland has one of the largest number of hotels in the world. In Switzerland, which has a population of only 7 million people, there are now more than 26,760 restaurants on the list. In addition to the dining facilities in numerous star hotels, hotels, bars and teahouses in both urban and rural areas, more than half of Swiss residents can eat at restaurants at the same time. According to one statistic, about 2.75 million meals and fast food are sold every day from regular restaurants in Switzerland, a total of more than 1 billion for the whole year. Swiss catering enterprises have very strict standards of food hygiene and safety in the industry, and the proportion of Swiss national catering industry in the national economy has increased year by year. Average sales plan according to the recent 5 years, the Swiss national restaurant industry average annual income of about 2.117 billion Swiss francs, the restaurant industry in Switzerland in the national economy has become the second only to another pillar industries of tourism.

In Switzerland, any officially registered restaurant business must meet the standards of the HCE and GMP certification systems, or it will be "delisted" by law enforcement authorities. So what are HCE and GMP certification systems? In the verdant waters of lake Geneva lies the Swiss general surveyor, a renowned international agency specializing in inspection, testing, quality assurance and industry certification. Founded in 1878, the group now has 862 offices and 337 laboratories in more than 140 countries, with its headquarters in Geneva.

HCE and GMP are the health standards established by the Swiss general notary public for catering industry. HCE certification is based on the United Nations codex alimentarius commission's GMP standards. The GMP standard focuses on the inspection and assessment of the hardware and infrastructure of the catering industry. In comparison, the HCE mainly aims at the irregular inspection and assessment of the food hygiene dynamic standard of the catering industry. At present, both of the above standards have become internationally recognized standards for the standardization and management of food hygiene and safety in the catering industry.

SGS group is engaged in the catering industry health standard certification of senior manager gilles kepel tells a reporter, who officially registered in Switzerland any restaurant would be subject to the above two rules for its daily supply of food and the hotel's hardware constraints. This health management certification system, specifically implemented by a third party, enjoys a high reputation in the global catering industry for its strict grading mechanism in the certification process. At present, including McDonald's and KFC, all new chain stores around the world must pass the HCE and GMP system certification.

GMP and HCE two health certification system for food and beverage industry the specific standard terms up to hundreds of items, including the restaurant kitchen hardware facilities and restaurant food supply chain, the most demanding set of requirements. Gilles kepel told reporters, according to the GMP certification standard restaurant kitchen facilities used in lighting lamps must adopt flameproof glass, to prevent fall off when the accident broken glass fall into the dishes of food; Installed in the kitchen, the number of power sockets position must be strictly according to the number of types of home appliances and kitchen equipped with things to determine, not any increase or decrease in quantity or put everywhere socket outlet, to try to be easy to use, metope look neat and easy; Restaurant kitchen lighting set by the GMP system to avoid direct sunlight, so that we can properly to avoid direct sunlight and make indoor storage of grain, dry goods, spices thermal metamorphism, GMP kitchen ventilation, but cannot leave the window above the hearth, influenced by natural wind cannot avoid cookers flame stability, or even cause safety concerns. In addition, the lighting fixtures above the chef's operating table and above the kitchen sink must be equipped with strong light to ensure that the operator can see the operating items clearly without eyes in any weather condition.

The GMP system also has special provisions for the storage of food containers, refrigerators and other containers in the kitchen. GMP kitchen refrigerator container storage space, storage of fish, meat, vegetables, fruits and wheat flour foods such as must be in accordance with the type deposit respectively, refrigerator temperature according to different regulation by the food and need storage time length to determine; Raw food stored in the refrigerator must be kept strictly separated from cooked food. In general, cooked food stored in the same refrigerator should be stored in the upper layer, while raw food should be stored in the lower layer. The total storage quantity of food should be appropriate. There should be space between food and food, between food and the wall of the box, so that the air in the box can circulate. In addition, the deodorizing chemicals in the refrigerator must be replaced regularly to avoid the mixing of various food odors, which will make normal food taste and affect consumers' appetite. According to the requirements of GMP, the cabinet for storing dry goods in the kitchen is equipped with free moving device, so as to provide regular ventilation, dehumidification and keep clean all year round. The goods stored in the container should be stored in different layers according to the category.

The GMP system also requires that the operating table of chefs be equipped with automatic adjustment gear, so that they can be adjusted to high, middle and low gear as required, so as to suit chefs of different heights. Work station need special leave kicking at the bottom of the grooves, ground should have a certain height, can leave half a foot into below as appropriate, to the chef and dishes mechanic can free comfortably walk or stand on the edge of the table, ventilated at the same time also more advantageous, and wet surface erosion from the kitchen. In the kitchen of a French restaurant in Geneva, a restaurant that can accommodate 200 people at the same time has 17 chopping boards that can be turned up and down freely. It is said that these chopping boards are not used by chefs at the same time, some are used only as a backup, and some are used only as special cutting boards for certain fish, meat and fruits and vegetables.

The effect of HCE system on food hygiene of Swiss catering industry mainly lies in dynamic irregular inspection and assessment. According to the regulations of HCE certification system for third party executives at least every year for catering enterprises of food hygiene safety profile of jurisdiction 3 to 4 times irregular suddenly check, to ensure that each catering enterprises for its storage and use of food to HCE certification standards in each time period. Inspection examination average comprehensive evaluation must be kept in more than 80 points, if only one score in between 60 to 79 points, the inspection will give this catering enterprises an opportunity to rectification, if the rules during the spot check again not up to standard, then the enterprise will suffer "delisted" and informed criticism. Swiss food and beverage industry at present regulations on the implementation of specific to how to wear a hat to the cook, can smoke in the kitchen, the staff should shouldn't eat in the kitchen, hand washing facilities where the installation, hand sanitizer deposit whether enough quantity made detailed provisions.

Recently, the reporter specially the field to cover the lake Geneva and the number of the old restaurant, the reporter sees in the kitchen all display a large pool, by asking just know they are not used to flush the knife and fork or dishes such as container, but I use to rinse purchasing back herbs and fruit. Although to crops has been rarely used pesticides, the use of organic and inorganic fertilizer is also very cautious, but according to the regulations of the HCE certification, all purchase back of fruits and vegetables must be soaked in water for 30 minutes or more, in order to reduce their harmful residual material in the growth process.

According to the HCE certification system, there are not only safety standards for food hygiene used by the catering industry, but also specific and detailed standards for the main recipes frequently cooked in western restaurants.

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Essay代写：New trade barriers

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- New trade barriers，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了新贸易壁垒。随着国际贸易的不断发展，现在的贸易壁垒正在发生结构性的变化，传统贸易壁垒逐渐走向分化，其中的关税，配额和许可证等壁垒逐渐弱化，以技术壁垒为核心的新贸易壁垒将长期存在并不断发展，将逐渐取代传统贸易壁垒成为国际贸易壁垒中的主体。新贸易壁垒影响了国际贸易的增长，还有商品的结构和地理方向。

With the continuous development of international trade, trade barriers is undergoing structural changes, the traditional trade barriers gradually differentiation, including tariffs, quotas and licenses and other barriers to gradually weaken, technical barriers as the core of the new trade barriers will be long-term existence and development, will gradually replace traditional trade barriers become the main body in the international trade barriers. It has a profound impact on world trade.

The emergence of new trade barriers and development is not an accident, in recent years, mainly due to the economic growth in developed countries, trade protectionism has the potential of renewed, along with the weakening of the role of traditional trade barriers, seek new trade barriers, to protect their domestic industries.

So-called new trade barriers, it is compared with the traditional trade barriers, is a technical barriers as the core, including the green barriers and social barriers, all hinder the free flow of international goods new non-tariff barriers. Compared with traditional trade barriers, new trade barriers have the following characteristics.

New trade barriers tend to protect human life, health and protection of ecological environment as the reason, and the world trade organization (wto) agreement also allows each member to take technical measures, its necessity and rationality for its don't interfere with the normal international trade or cause discrimination to other member shall prevail. Therefore, new trade barriers have their legitimate and reasonable side. But the new trade barriers and tend to protect consumers, workers and the environment, reality of the trade protectionism, the products are interested in spite of some countries or discrimination, is its illegal and irrational side. It can be seen that the new trade barrier has dual nature.

Traditional trade barriers are relatively transparent and easy to grasp and deal with, whether in quantity restriction or price regulation. As a result of the variety of new trade barriers, most of them involve content other than product standards and products. These various measures are constantly changing, which makes the exporters feel that they cannot prevent them.

New trade barriers between rational and irrational, and very concealment and complexity, agreement between different countries and regions of the standard level of difficulty is very big, easy to cause controversy, and not easy to coordinate, to become the main content of international trade disputes. So the traditional commodity trade war will be replaced by the new trade barrier war.

The strengthening of the new trade barriers, inevitably lead to a drop in imports, on the other hand is imported from other countries to reduce, at the world trade within the scope of the total trade volume reduction inevitable international trade growth slowed, therefore, can be concluded that in the case of other conditions unchanged, the world's new trade barriers to strengthen the extent and speed is inversely proportional to the growth of international trade relations.

New barriers to trade commodity structure and geographical direction, due to the new characteristics of the targeted and discriminatory trade barriers, in the implementation process often to different countries, different articles adopt different policies. Therefore, it influences the change of international trade commodity structure and geographical direction to a certain extent. In general, the degree of trade of agricultural products is affected by the new barriers to trade more than manufactured products, labor-intensive products by new trade barriers affect more than the technology intensive products, developing countries and the area of foreign trade and at the same time affected by the new trade barriers of developed countries than developed countries themselves. These all influence the change of international trade commodity structure and geographical direction to a certain extent. Hinder and harm the development of foreign trade of developing countries.

Like traditional trade barriers, new trade barriers can restrict imports, raise the price of imported goods and protect the domestic market. In general, under certain conditions, the new technical barriers to limit the impact on prices may also for varies according to the following situation: the supply of foreign goods under import restrictions, the greater the importer of the margin of the domestic market prices, the greater the importer of domestic demand price elasticity, the greater the domestic market price rises is smaller; The greater the domestic supply flexibility of the importing country, the smaller the rise in domestic market prices.

The price increase caused by new technical measures and environmental protection measures has become an important price protection umbrella for similar products produced by importing countries. However, the strengthening of new trade barriers has caused huge costs to the people of importing countries. As domestic prices rise, consumers in importing countries must pay higher prices for the goods they need. At the same time, as the domestic market price rises, the cost and price of its export commodities will also increase correspondingly, weakening the competitiveness of export commodities. In order to expand exports, many countries have taken measures such as export subsidies to encourage exports, but this has increased the national budget expenditure and increased the burden on taxpayers.

Importer to strengthen practice the new trade barriers, especially with direct import restrictions, will make the exporter of goods export quantity and price are badly affected, falling export growth or reduction in the number of the export and export prices fall.

Due to the different economic structure and export commodity structure of the exporting countries, their export commodities may be affected differently by the new trade barrier measures. At the same time, all kinds of export commodities to different elasticity and its price is also different, goods for export to the elasticity is larger, the price of these goods by new trade barriers caused by falling prices will be smaller. On the contrary, the common elasticity of export commodities is small, and the resulting price drop will be large. Generally speaking, the goods exported by developing countries have less overall price flexibility, so developing countries and regions suffer more losses from new trade barriers than developed countries.

In the new trade barriers under the condition of strengthening, between the developed countries on the one hand to take various measures to encourage exports, on the other hand to take revenge and discriminatory measures to restrict imports of goods, thereby further intensified trade friction and conflict between countries.

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