作业代写：Modern European military system reform

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的paper代写范文- Modern European military system reform，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了欧洲近代军事制度改革。在早期的欧洲奴隶制国家，公民兵制是最早的正式的军事制度，它建立在欧洲农村公社基础上的兵役制度。为提高部队的作战能力，士兵必须接受严格的训练。后来面对村社土地制度带来的兵源枯竭现象，欧洲各国君主和大臣们不得不尽快寻求新的征兵办法，于是产生了骑士制度。骑士制度是一种特殊兵役制度，它以采邑分封制为经济基础，封君之所以赐地给封臣，是以他服军役为条件的、为前提的。

The Renaissance movement is a thought liberation movement, the western world it in a brand-new spiritual power and world view, to show the positive enterprising spirit, creative spirit and scientific spirit. Similarly, the military structure in the early modern Western Europe was also greatly influenced by humanism, and its basic idea of fighting for the country has been passed down to today.

In the early modern period, Europe experienced a large-scale and profound military system reform. The academic circle has little discussion on the change of military system, so long as I base on the discussion of its humanism spirit.

During the clan commune period, in order to unify the command and action of the tribal alliance, it was necessary to establish a military leader with great power. Later the gentile system was replaced by the state. The state has become a public power over society. The military, the police, the courts, the prisons and other violent institutions, but the gens own democratic institutions. The earliest countries in human history were slave countries. In the early European slave states, civil service was the first formal military system, which was based on the European rural commune. In order to improve the operational capability of the army, Roman soldiers must receive strict training. Later, faced with the depletion of military resources caused by the collapse of the village land system, European monarchs and ministers had to find new recruitment methods as soon as possible, and the chivalry system was born.

During the formation of the feudal system in Western Europe, the chivalry system is a special military service system which is not only related to the civil military system but also very different from the civil military system. It is based on the economic basis of the fiefdoms system. The reason why the Lord gave the land to the minister is that he served in the army as the prerequisite. In order to strengthen the connection with the feudal aristocracy, the king obtained a stable military source, so that the land was divided into the nobles under the condition of military service, thus forming the feudal military nobility group. The knightage aristocrat was a feudal military aristocrat with a career in war. The aristocrat in the early feudal period was a more sophisticated warrior, a professional warrior. At this time, the army can be seen as a private army. The feudal Lord divided his land between a private soldier and a professional warrior. This kind of land is a tenancy with a salary. The 14th-century Saxony commentary defines the name as "Lehn is the payment to knights." Eight century at the beginning of ninth century, fief packet in frank, the closure of large, medium and small nobles to serve in the army for riding for sealing the Lord's return, the knight can use a spear as a weapon to kill the enemy. Knights began to dominate the battlefield. A knight must be brave in battle, not less so than his fellow men, or he will be looked down upon by his own companions. As a vassal to the Lord, the knight must protect the Lord and his family, and protect his honor, territory and property. Another knight is also known as the protector of god in Christ, as Charlie ? matt had converted to Christianity, therefore, the knight must be a Christian, Christians are not accepted for the knight.

With the development of urban social economy and the continuous progress of production technology, capitalism has begun to sprout, the monetary economy has been greatly developed, and the demand for war has been continuously improved. The development of the money economy also made it easier for the rulers to build large armies.

From civilians as the main body of the infantry, due to the equipment the cost of a single infantry knights are much cheaper than the equipment, so the infantry to replace the feudal lords knight to become the master of the battlefield, civilians can through their own efforts to get a promotion at the same time, broke the traditional aristocratic monopoly officer, at the same time as the influence of the civilian military rise, its status in the political and social are greatly improved. Feudal rulers and their Kings were able to maintain their royal rule by establishing a large number of mercenaries and a strong standing army. The revolution of firearms against cold weapons in the early 15th century marked that the war had entered a technical stage, and the heroic individuals could not defeat the mechanical technology. Whoever can use superior weapons is a more formidable enemy, and his social status and courage do not matter. The use of gunpowder made all men equal in height and democratized war. As a result of the military revolution, by the 16th century, the system of chivalry, as a military system, gradually disappeared because it was useless. But there was one branch of the army, the cavalry. The foot soldiers were not monopolized by the aristocracy like the feudal knights, but were recruited from all walks of life. Revolution in the 14th century cavalry infantry, therefore, not only expanded the social source of soldiers, also reduce the cost of a single soldier equipment, for the expansion of early modern European armies laid the foundation.

Feudal forces no longer exists, the new army start by a large number of mercenaries programming, because the collapse of the feudal system makes mercenaries who have to pay the service of freedom, the result is a kind of similar standing army troops. The appearance of mercenary system broke the monopoly of knights on military power. Mercenaries became the main military force in the country and broke the tradition of knights monopolizing military power. Engels keen to point out the advantage of this change: "regular enlist recruits and soldiers as professional mercenaries, obviously than the occasional enlist recruits the mob and feudal servants higher" mercenaries to become a specialized profession, in war, blackmail captured a ransom of more profitable than kill the employer's enemies. War is their profession, and it is clearly better for them to delay a war than to end it. In European countries, mercenaries are used for war, and mercenaries are paid for their services. Every mercenary captain tries to postpone the war, because it is every mercenary's dream to take money and not fight. It's hard to really kill someone unless the pay is really high. Mercenary captains are reluctant to kill too many of their enemies, because as captives, they can earn a ransom or be employed by their own armies, and there is nothing to be gained by killing them. At the same time, mercenary captains have no interest in decisive battles and annihilation, for there is no war, no enemy, no livelihood. Clausewitz believes that this is not determined by the causes of war itself, but by external causes such as social conditions. The middle ages, large and small, are in the feudal monarchy army for war, the army is made from the feudal dependency associated with each parts, contact their ties, half is a statutory obligation, half is a voluntary alliance, the whole army is a great confederate body. Machiavelli railed against the evils of mercenaries, citing historical examples of monarchs who failed to fight with mercenaries. Even France, strengthened by mercenaries, was not impressed. He thinks that mercenaries are unfaithful, unreliable, and mercenaries who only want money. He thinks the sovereign should have his own army, which is an army of subjects or citizens, or other people you recruit. A new type of army was therefore necessary to replace mercenaries.

Gunpowder and its firearms, with their profound political and military significance, have changed the balance of power between society and its various groups. It changed the whole of Europe and had a complex impact on the interaction between countries. The first real military revolution in the history of mankind took place in Europe from the second half of the 16th century to the end of the 17th century. It was created by the Dutch militarist moritz, king gustav ii of Sweden, and finally completed. In addition to the standing army, the kingdom also recruited a large number of mercenaries. The Swedish king gustav ? human-being's of most land of 185000 people, but a large part of mercenaries. At that time, Europe was in the period of the dissolution of feudalism and the rise of capitalism. In keeping with this, great changes have taken place in the military field as well: musketeer guns have replaced spear swords, announcing the arrival of the era of firearms.

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北美作业代写：The cultivation of mathematical thinking

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- The cultivation of mathematical thinking，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了数学思维的培养。数学是严密的科学，拥有独特的概念和公式等，按照一定的逻辑规则组成的严密的科学体系，具有很强的系统性。而数学思维就是围绕这些概念和公式等的思维活动。对数学概念和公式等的教学可以让学生从一般现象中通过总结和计算，最后得出结论，以此培养学生的数学思维能力。

Is mathematical thinking logical? If mathematical thinking is logical thinking, can mathematics be called logic? But logic is really a separate science. To this end, we can concluded that there is a difference between mathematics and logic, we train and develop students' mathematical thinking, is based on mathematical problems and mathematical thinking, but it is not only a simple logical thinking training. The purpose of this paper is to distinguish mathematical thinking from logical thinking, not to confuse it, and to examine its unique thinking cultivation from a mathematical perspective.

When it comes to thinking, first of all, let us think of psychology, indeed, the phenomenon of thinking is one of the studies of psychology, the psychological thinking is the process of the human brain work to reflect the objective reality, is the human mind in the process of understanding the world to compare, analysis, comprehensive ability, and is a function of the human brain. There are many and many categories of thinking. Some divide thinking into image thinking, abstract thinking, calculus thinking, analogy thinking, imagination thinking, integration thinking, divergent thinking, logical thinking, judgment thinking and practical thinking. Some divide thinking into logical thinking, divergent thinking, intuitive thinking, integrated thinking, image thinking and creative thinking. These are all forms of thinking. No matter how they are classified, logical thinking is an independent form of thinking, which is not the same as mathematical thinking, but requires strict logic. So what is mathematical thinking? Let's first see what math is. Mathematics is a rigorous science, which has concepts, properties, theorems, formulas and so on. It is a strict scientific system composed of certain logical rules and has a strong system. Mathematical thinking is thinking around these concepts, properties, theorems, formulas and so on. Below we carry on the simple elaboration from these four aspects to its mathematics thought training.

Concept is an essential element of any subject. Every subject has its own unique concept. How can students understand, remember and apply concepts? The general practice is to teach, students remember, and finally do the questions. However, this approach is a concept, the teacher taught students remember a concept, teachers don't teach, students have the ability to summarize the concept of, so, we should teach students to learn to define concepts. For example, we want to the triangle next to define, can draw on the blackboard many different size and different angles of a triangle, or in real life to find out students' daily can see triangle, let the student through the observation of the triangle, summarizes the commonness of the triangle, triangle has three sides and three corners, in the same plane, the three sides end to end, the concept of the triangle nature is: in the same plane, composed of three edge end to end. So, through our observation and summary process, let the students to learn a kind of summary of the concept of method, if we mastered the concept of triangle, then we can summarize the concept of quadrilateral, pentagon and N deformation.

A property in mathematics is a description of a concept, a description of the object in question. Concepts tend to use "what's what" format, and nature is what format, in the concept of triangle, describe the nature of the triangle is: there are three sides and three angles, the same plane, end to end, and so on. When we summarize the nature, can't say it out directly by the teacher, but to allow students to summarize, if the results directly by the teacher to the student, killed the enthusiasm and initiative of students' autonomous learning, eliminated the students learn the opportunity to learn.

Theorem is after numerous logic reasoning judgement for the description of the "true", such as additive commutative law of teaching, we can't without understanding the students told students directly additive commutative law is the addition of two addend, exchanging the positions of the addend, and remains the same. Let students calculate many addition problem, and then in the process of calculation of each other by exchanging the positions of the addend, let the student see if concluded and equal, so, lets the student in practice to go through their own calculus additive commutative law are obtained. In the same way, such as the addition of associative law, associative law, multiplication commutative law, such as theorem, can use the same pattern for teaching, let the student through his own calculation summary conclusion.

Above all, can only say that the mathematical thinking ability of individual case, also can only say that some Suggestions, in mathematics teaching in the classroom, real situation is much more complex, because mathematics or other subjects, the object of education is people, people's thinking activity differ in thousands ways, to be able to do the thinking ability of students of differ in thousands ways according to their aptitude, targeted training, classroom teaching can not do that, we are talking about is only in view of the universal phenomenon of classroom teaching discourse on the topic. As for the cultivation of mathematical thinking, we dare not elaborate too much here. The above mentioned mathematical classroom teaching only sticks to the principle from practice to practice. Of mathematical concept, nature, theorem, formula of teaching makes students from the general phenomenon through induction, summary, calculation, finally came to the conclusion that in order to better develop the students' ability of mathematical thinking.

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Assignment写作高分秘籍

留学生们都非常清楚，每位老师对于Assignment的写作标准都是不一样的，因为他们对于文章都有不同的看法，但大致的标准还是差不多的。所以只要同学们朝着这个标准出发，那么就没什么问题了。下面就给大家分享一下Assignment写作高分秘籍。

1、语言

在一篇文章中，语言文字的使用不仅仅是你在全篇所使用的词语，还包括句子结构、文体选择、不同的形式、语法、用法、文字处理等。一篇好的文章中好的语言文字只能说是必备的，是基本的要求。可能你的整篇语言没有什么明显的问题，但也可能没有什么新意了。好的文章语言意味着你使用了不同种类的句子结构。例如，你可能会将一些简单句和复合句结合起来使用。你的文章形式和语气也要适合整篇文章，而不是一味使用自己熟悉的语言和俚语。比如说，当你在班里写一篇研究报告时，好的语言不会干扰到你的论点。如果你对一篇好文章满意，那么这篇文章肯定能够把你的论点讲清楚。

2、分析

“分析”一词本身就暗含有一定的深度。好的分析会使用清晰并能论证主题的推理和例子。支持也许是相关的，但也可能会显得过于宽泛或简单化。你可能已经触及到了主题，但你不能像那些复杂的例子一样进行深入探索。优秀的分析是对深入剖析思考后的批评。它对那些没有进行好好分析的设想和细节进行了批评。在上面的例子中，好的分析提到了暴力会导致自杀的危害，并且举出了三件由可能会发生在别人身上的事，但却并没有涉及一些会引发思考的领域，例如社会价值观、政府调控、对下一代人的影响。

如果你的目的是写出好文章，那文中Assignment写作提升的本质也是你所必需的，希望以上的要点对你有所帮助。

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Paper代写：Piano music style

本篇paper代写- Piano music style讨论了钢琴音乐的风格。钢琴音乐的演奏，风格是一个非常重要的问题。不同的音乐就要有不同的演奏风格，而不同时代的作品，也要有不同的风格。风格把握不对或表现不对甚至比弹错音或背错谱还严重。因此正确掌握和理解体现各个不同时代的风格特征尤为重要。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

For a piano student, from the first day of learning the piano, there was actually a stylistic problem. Different textbooks have different playing styles. Works of different ages have different styles. It is more serious than playing the wrong tone or memorizing the wrong music. Therefore, it is particularly important to correctly grasp and understand the style features of different times.

Every piano player should not only learn how to play, but also know why to play like this. This is just like when we study lu xun's articles, the teacher will certainly emphasize the time background and life of lu xun's writing. Only in this way can we better understand lu xun's concise and sarcastic style of writing. Therefore, we should not only learn the technical skills of playing the piano, but also learn the style of piano works, composers and the background of The Times. According to the division of the current generally accepted western music history, the development history of piano art: baroque period, Vienna classical style, romantic style period, impressionism style and modern style of music in the 20th century so the style of the four main forms. Different countries, different ethnic groups, will show different styles in music. For example, French works tend to be elegant. Italy's music is more free-spirited and enthusiastic. Nordic cold Finland, music heavy weight low, thick; And hot Spain, the rhythm of the lively music with a bit of lazy feeling. In addition, the evolution of Musical Instruments, the composer's personality and religious beliefs will also leave a mark on the works. Only the music works of nationality, age, musicians themselves experience and personality, and even the evolution of the instruments have a certain mastery and learning and to compare correctly grasp the music playing style. It would be funny to play Mozart as Beethoven or Chopin. The higher the level of piano learning, the more attention should be paid to the work itself and the study of composers.

In order to better understand music works, we must have a correct understanding of the style of works. Music style is wrong, to some extent more serious than playing the wrong tone or memorizing the wrong spectrum. To perform these works well on the piano, so that he not only conforms to the characteristics of The Times, but also conforms to the intention of the composer, and the performer's own performance style, is really not an overnight task. This must have quite solid piano basic skills, profound artistic accomplishment and noble appreciation interest. Therefore, we must learn the music style of each period and the works of representative musicians of different music periods. Don't forced to recite or accept the change of the music style, and should understand some social factors affecting these styles, times background, and then to play music every time, can we truly understand music. Therefore, only by mastering and understanding the style of music in each period can we play the piano works conforming to music in each period.

Mastering the style of the work correctly is the key to playing good music. Style is the composer's temperament, temperament, thoughts and feelings, ethos and culture combination, reflected in the length of the phrase, timbre, the idea of speed and processing of the pedal, reflects the characteristics of music melody, harmony, and rhythm. For example, in terms of tone and color, when playing classical Mozart, pay attention to every sound as round as beads. Impressionism Debussy's works pay attention to the hazy tone; The works of the romantic school Chopin require a round and rich tone. Music is different in each era, and the works of the same generation and different composers are different. Even for the same composer, the music created in different periods has many subtle differences. Piano music is different from the sound of music, we can't know work content directly from the lyrics, all players should be further study of the sheet music symbols, consulting relevant literature, and listen to performers, correct understanding of works. Grasping the style is the first step in dealing with works. Music works of different periods have different music styles. Because of a composer's works is positioned in a certain era is based on a certain a certain style, thus different works with the style of the classic features are not consistent, players should probably comprehensively collected and further study of all relevant data, such as the background of his works. As the composer when political historical background, the composer's style and personality characteristics, the creation background, purpose, and the technique of expression, music, strength of the overall arrangement of the processing, and processing, such as orgasm, players must be made a careful study, achieve mastery through a comprehensive study. In different periods, different style of work, want to be in touch, strength, pedal, acoustics, phrases, strength, breathing, decoration, structure, level lines and breath almost involves all the links, playing the piano, corresponding to different processing. As professor zhao said, "With the voice of inappropriate, speed, strength, structure, processing to play music that the style of a certain period, is the most serious, the most intolerable" strategic mistakes ", the worse than playing back wrong spectrum error."

The study of the whole history of piano music art is about the study of the study of the intergenerational style. For example, the style features of keyboard music in the 17th century, music and piano music in the 18th century, the further development of piano music in the 19th century, and piano performance techniques in the 20th century, etc.

Cross-sectional study refers to the study on the representative composers of piano music in various important ethnic groups and countries. Deo, for example, the piano music style, the style of piano music, Russia's piano music style, the Chinese piano music style, Italian style of piano music, piano music in France, Spain's piano music style, and so on.

Individual study refers to the study of important and representative musicians or composers. He kara, such as Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, schumann, Chopin, liszt, Tchaikovsky, scriabin, Debussy, ravel, rachmaninoff, schoenberg, stravinsky, messiaen, bartok and others creative research.

Work centered research. That is, the performance of the track as the center, put it in the development of piano music art history for a detailed comprehensive study.

Understanding the composer's life is the first step in understanding his work. Many biographies of famous composers have been published, which is of great research value for players to understand the style of works. It is impossible for a performer to know nothing about a composer's life and expect to understand his work properly. The fact that most players read only a handful of biographies about the composer is a terrible reality.

Any work is produced in a certain period of history, and its creative thought must be influenced by social, political and cultural factors at that time. For example, Beethoven, the classical master and the pioneer of romanticism, was in the period of European bourgeois revolution. He worships the freedom, equality and fraternity of human beings, and strives for this goal all his life. So his works reflects the period people pursuit of light and the resistance of the forces of the dark, and the despair of bourgeois revolution and unwilling to give up good wishes for the future vision of ambivalence. This historical background and outlook on life are reflected in his 32 piano sonatas. Music needs to show a lot of content that cannot be expressed in language. Respect for the original work means to understand the spirit of the work itself. The different styles of composers depend on their social environment and their psychological factors. Mozart's six early "home sonatas", for example, were named after most of them written in his hometown of salzburg in 1774. At 18, Mozart was no longer able to win the audience's affection, curiosity and admiration under the guise of a prodigy. Therefore, he wrote sonatas under the supervision of his father, hoping that they would enable him to take permanent office in the court. The six sonatas embodies the adolescent Mozart music characteristics of sincere, frank, and faintly bring out a person grow up of Mozart's mental outlook, embodies the author content simple and profound life in my hometown. When we understand this, we understand the style of the work. Style and features complement each other. Only on the basis of understanding the characteristics of the work can we master the style of the work and the voice of the author.

In order to understand the spirit of works, we must understand the age and historical background of the composer and the personal experience of the composer and the works of different periods. Through the study of work background, uncover the composer writing state of the soul, detection of his love, hate, think, think, can help us to correctly understand without distortion. Piano master's words: "if you want to know a composer of a work, so it is very important is to study the composer's oeuvre, so as to better understanding of his language."

In order to understand the work in a more comprehensive way, the performer must try to find relevant materials. In addition to published books on piano works, the development of the Internet has brought great convenience to players. Today's students have easy access to detailed material on a wide range of subjects, and even so, many players don't bother to spend some time surfing the Internet for material about their work. Piano teaching usually takes one or two specialized courses every week, which is very limited if it only depends on the content of the works explained by teachers. Lack of adequate understanding of the contents of piano works, and how to accurately and comprehensively represent music? There are many books on the analysis of the piano works explained in detailed, and even a work of each section is analyzed, players must not only read the documents, the best work analysis of important standard in pencil to music related position, for the accurate, exquisite performance music undoubtedly has considerable significance.

Renowned composer and piano master rachmaninoff said: "how can students have a correct understanding of a whole work? Obviously the best thing to do is to listen to how the prestigious and authoritative pianists of music play. Of course live music is the best thing to do, but not always. Fortunately, almost all excellent piano works have recording materials for learning and reference, and some even have video materials. These data has a very high reference value for players, to correctly grasp the familiar with and work style, mood and emotion expression, and exquisite performance, must bring a lot of help. The same works as compared to 2 ~ 3 above, as far as possible, play the tape, multiple versions of the control sheet music, study them carefully on artistic processing the different and same place, can hear more details. This is a very important and effective method in piano teaching.

In studying a work, the first thing to note is melody structure also nots allow to ignore, know the climax of the melody structure to establish the whole song, understand music, distinguish the development of the theme subtitle connection, read carefully on the surface of the spectrum all relevant signs, such as expression markings, speed marks, tonality, clauses, pedals and repetitive mark and so on. Rubinstein has said "first of all to be exactly as written in the spectrum play, if you have been completely honest to do this, but still feel I add something or change something, then you can do it". Hofmann once said, "I will prove to anyone who plays it to me that he plays no more than it says on the score, but in fact he plays far less than it says on the score." In the study of a work, the most important thing is to fully respect all the information the author wants to convey in the work, and the second is to give full play to his understanding and deduction of the work.

Any work of music is not an isolated music fragment, but is related to each other and has its overall layout and idea. The key to making a work expressive and engaging is to find out the climax of a work and the relevant contrast passages. All means of artistic expression have their inherent laws, just like the "uplifting, inheriting and combining" in Chinese classical poetry, piano works usually have such ways of expression. A piece of music emotions tend to be like the waves in constant rise, fall, fall, rise in the process of gradually to a climax, often appears in the climax of a work two-thirds of the work. Therefore, no matter how exciting the preceding paragraph is, we should keep certain strength and passion in full play at the climax and leave room for expression marks before reaching the climax.

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Essay代写：Cultural differences between Chinese and western wine

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Cultural differences between Chinese and western wine，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了中西方酒文化的差异。由于中西方文化的差异，造成了中国人与西方人品酒的角度有所不同，也就延伸出中西方酒文化的差役。中国以白酒为主，因为中国五谷类粮食产量大、品种多，这为粮食酿酒奠定了坚实基础，中国的酒大多都是由粮食制成。而西方的酒种主要是主要指的是以葡萄为原料酿造的香槟、白兰地等酒。

Wine is one of the important drinks in human life, it has made an important contribution to the improvement of human life quality. Alcohol is produced almost simultaneously in eastern Asia in China and Western Europe in Greece. But different regions have different wines, and different wines have different wine cultures. In the long history of human culture, wine is not only an objective material existence, but also a cultural symbol. Due to the differences between Chinese and western cultures, Chinese people and westerners have different perspectives on wine tasting, which also extends the differences between Chinese and western wine cultures.

There are various legends about the origin of Chinese wine culture, including the following: the ape-monkey wine making theory, the yi di wine making theory, the dukang wine making theory and the heaven wine making theory. But more was/is inclined to "du kang made wine said," according to legend du kang is a person of grazing, accidentally lost in grazing bamboo tube with millet congee, and a half months after again, he found unexpectedly watery fermentation and become mellow tangy nectar. Therefore, dukang stopped grazing and established a wine shop, which made wine, opened wine shop, and became famous all over the world. From then on, dukang also became a synonym for wine.

There are also many theories about the origin of wine in the west. Ancient Egypt believed that wine was invented by the patron god of the dead, orsis, while Greece believed that wine was brought to the world by the god Dionysus. The most popular of these legends is the "god of wine makes wine" theory. Dithyrambs wine god Dionysus is the god in Greek mythology, legend is the father of the gods Zeus and the princess of Thebes plug mill Sally, raised by a goddess ino and mountains all the fairies, wandering in Asia minor and Greece, around teaching technology, growing grapes and making wine, and was gradually popular in continental Europe.

Among many kinds of liquor in China, baijiu has a long history, mature technology and is still the world's largest distilled liquor by far. Although the longest history is yellow rice wine, but the most representative Chinese wine is white wine, in a way, Chinese wine culture is white wine culture. China has a large grain output and a large variety of grain, and the grain has been able to meet people's consumption function and surplus, which has laid a solid foundation for grain brewing. So much of China's wine is made from food.

In the west, Greece, known as the cradle of western civilization, is located in the Balkans, surrounded by the sea on three sides, and its territory is covered with mountains and islands. It is not conducive to the growth of food crops. Cereal crops are low in yield and can only be used for food. Prefer grapes of gravel soil, with its drought resistance and adaptability to the Mediterranean climate and widely cultivated in Greece, so western people use grape wine, the wine meet the needs of the westerners to alcohol. Western wine mainly refers to champagne, brandy and other wines made from grapes.

Chinese wine wares are civilized by bronze ware, lacquer ware and porcelain. Chinese wine wares are famous for their elegant appearance and gorgeous decoration. Moreover, most of the Chinese wine wares appeared in a set, among which the most typical was the bronze wares in the shang and zhou dynasties. There are all kinds of burners, wine vessels, wine vessels, wine vessels, wine storage vessels and ritual vessels in bronze vessels, just as there are tea sets now. Later, the pattern on lacquer ware and porcelain was also very beautiful and moving. There are also some very strange wine vessels, such as: luminous glass, inverted pot, mandarin duck incense pot, Kowloon justice pot, tu shan yuhai, etc. In modern times, most Chinese families use wine made from porcelain or western wine.

Western wine implement is glass product mostly, pay attention to transparent, such ability observes the grade of wine. Western wine is light and convenient, and is now used by families in most countries. Westerners pay attention to what wine to drink and what wine to use. In Europe, especially France, famous for its wine and romance, what kind of wines to drink and what kind of corresponding glasses to use. Generally a complete set of wine should include a wine bottle, a set of water glasses, a set of champagne glasses, a set of white wine glasses, a set of hard wine glasses. By far the most popular glass in Europe is pure crystal. Each crystal cup with different cup mouth and body shape, different thickness of cup wall, different decoration and different design families seems to represent a beautiful mood.

From the perspective of drinking etiquette, there are great differences between Chinese and western wine culture. After careful consideration, it can be found that Chinese people attach importance to people when drinking. What westerners value in drinking is wine. It depends on what kind of wine they drink and what kind of taste they enjoy.

Chinese drinking etiquette shows respect for drinkers. Who is the host, who is the guest, all have fixed seat, all have fixed toast order. Toast should start from the host, the host irreverent, other people are not qualified to respect, if the disorder is punishable. And the toast must start from the most honored guest, the wine glass should be full when the toast, it is also a sign of respect to the toastee. The younger should offer a toast to the elder and the lower, and pay attention to doing it first. The drinking etiquette, such as drinking alcohol orders and punches, is also created to make the drinker drink more fully. Obviously, the Chinese wine culture is deeply influenced by the traditional Chinese culture of respect and inferiority. In the process of drinking, respect for the drinker is given priority.

Western wine etiquette reflects respect for wine. To appreciate wine, we should observe its color, smell its fragrance, taste its taste, mobilize all kinds of senses to enjoy the wine. On the drinks the order, pay attention to drink white wine before drink red wine, with lighter taste the wine and full-bodied wine, young drink and then drink a long years of wine, in accordance with the law of taste changes, gradually in-depth enjoy the change of the wine flavor. And on the choice of wine vessel, it is also around how to let the drinker fully enjoy the requirements of wine to choose. Let aroma close together the tulip goblet of wine, let the body spread out fully the decantation, and even to grasp and specially designed for drinks the wine temperature thermometer, which reflects the westerners' respect for wine, their drinking etiquette, drinking culture is to better appreciate the delicious.

In some places, such as jiangxi folk, after planting the grass seedlings in the spring, we should get together and drink wine, especially when celebrating the harvest. Nowadays, there are almost daily festivals to celebrate, such as Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn festival, double ninth festival, New Year's eve, marriage and wine custom, funeral and wine custom, childbirth wine custom, birthday wine custom and so on. There are also many minority drinking habits, such as banquets for women, yaoyang wine, maonan, lisu, each ethnic group has its own unique way.

In the west, different countries have different wine customs. In Australia, alcohol is only allowed after 6 PM. If it's winter, it's an hour late, and as for New Year's and holidays, drinking doesn't start until 11 o 'clock. In Canada, it varies from place to have different rules, such as from Quebec where alcohol is allowed, but in Toronto, in addition to a cocktail party, removing for dinner in other occasions from drinking alcohol. In Oklahoma and Mississippi, only unsweetened alcohol is allowed. In Sweden, men are only allowed to drink three kilos a month. Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, which have a temporary alcohol ban at election time, have taken such measures to prevent voters from getting drunk. In France, alcohol is usually unlimited, so you can see a lot of drunks lying on the side of the road from the weekend until late at night. Drink for up to 19 hours a day. Arab countries have had a way of making wine since 3,000 years ago, but there is no other way they can get past it now than by going to an underground bar. In India, the only time to drink alcohol is in the wine market. In many parts of Germany, residents are allowed only beer and other spirits are banned.

Chinese wine culture and western wine culture have their own characteristics. Only observe the similarities and differences between Chinese and western wine culture, can better understand the differences between Chinese and western cultural values, give full play to the wine in associate with western nation should play a role in the exchanges, in order to better, faster to achieve the desired effect.

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